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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

 

FORM 10-Q

 

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended October 31, 2023

OR

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-37493

 

 

Ooma, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

 

Delaware	06-1713274
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

525 Almanor Avenue, Suite 200, Sunnyvale, California 94085

(Address of principal executive offices)

(650) 566-6600

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001	OOMA	The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large Accelerated Filer		☐		Accelerated Filer		☒
Non-Accelerated Filer		☐		Smaller reporting company		☐
Emerging growth company		☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 30, 2023, there were 25.8 million shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

 

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited):	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	27
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	27
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	28
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	28
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	58
Item 5.	Other Information	58
Item 6.	Exhibits	58
Signatures		60

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 2

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

OOMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands)

		October 31, 2023			January 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	18,872		$	24,137
Short-term investments			—			2,723
Accounts receivable, net			9,224			7,131
Inventories			21,343			26,246
Other current assets			16,377			14,368
Total current assets			65,816			74,605
Property and equipment, net			9,754			7,996
Operating lease right-of-use assets			17,106			12,702
Intangible assets, net			29,637			10,463
Goodwill			22,917			8,655
Other assets			17,678			16,584
Total assets		$	162,908		$	131,005
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		$	6,992		$	13,462
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities			29,359			26,726
Deferred revenue			17,303			17,216
Total current liabilities			53,654			57,404
Long-term operating lease liabilities			13,691			10,426
Debt, net of current portion			18,000			—
Other long-term liabilities			14			31
Total liabilities			85,359			67,861
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock			5			5
Additional paid-in capital			207,758			195,605
Accumulated other comprehensive loss			(1)			(23)
Accumulated deficit			(130,213)			(132,443)
Total stockholders’ equity			77,549			63,144
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	162,908		$	131,005

 

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 3

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OOMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

		Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
			October 31, 2023		October 31, 2022			October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022
Revenue:
Subscription and services		$	55,886		$	51,749		$	163,661		$	146,467
Product and other			3,970			4,930			11,400			13,202
Total revenue			59,856			56,679			175,061			159,669
Cost of revenue:
Subscription and services			15,993			14,070			46,174			39,954
Product and other			6,924			6,689			19,408			18,026
Total cost of revenue			22,917			20,759			65,582			57,980
Gross profit			36,939			35,920			109,479			101,689
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing			17,912			18,019			54,744			51,602
Research and development			12,540			12,498			36,261			34,115
General and administrative			7,505			8,258			20,094			21,232
Total operating expenses			37,957			38,775			111,099			106,949
Loss from operations			(1,018)			(2,855)			(1,620)			(5,260)
Interest and other income, net			267			94			1,214			144
Loss before income taxes			(751)			(2,761)			(406)			(5,116)
Income tax benefit (provision)			3,036			(49)			2,636			1,878
Net income (loss)		$	2,285		$	(2,810)		$	2,230		$	(3,238)
Net income (loss) per share of common stock:
Basic and diluted		$	0.09		$	(0.11)		$	0.09		$	(0.13)
Weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding:
Basic			25,469,997			24,608,685			25,458,063			24,373,836
Diluted			25,990,264			24,608,685			26,052,180			24,373,836

 

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 4

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OOMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands)

 

		Nine Months Ended
		October 31, 2023				October 31, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)		$	2,230		$	(3,238)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense			10,838			10,383
Depreciation and amortization of capital expenditures			3,230			2,737
Amortization of intangible assets			2,226			1,492
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets			2,217			2,248
Deferred income tax benefit			(3,234)			(2,133)
Facilities consolidation (gain) charge			(956)			1,402
Other			(5)			34
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net			(1,903)			440
Inventories and deferred inventory costs			4,671			(8,135)
Prepaid expenses and other assets			(2,231)			(1,304)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities			(10,057)			1,244
Deferred revenue			(261)			301
Net cash provided by operating activities			6,765			5,471
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from maturities and sales of short-term investments			2,750			10,900
Purchases of short-term investments			—			(3,869)
Capital expenditures			(4,884)			(3,907)
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired			(28,910)			(9,771)
Net cash used in investing activities			(31,044)			(6,647)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock			2,725			2,677
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings on vesting of restricted stock units ("RSU")			(1,410)			(1,131)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt			18,000			—
Credit facility issuance costs			(301)			—
Net cash provided by financing activities			19,014			1,546
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents			(5,265)			370
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period			24,137			19,667
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period		$	18,872		$	20,037

 

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 5

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OOMA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands)

		Common stock										Accumulated					Stockholders'
Fiscal 2024		and APIC (1)					AOCL (2)					Deficit					Equity
BALANCE - February 1, 2023		$		195,610			$		(23	)		$		(132,443	)		$		63,144
Issuance of common stock under equity-based plans				1,724				—					—						1,724
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings on RSU vesting				(431	)			—					—						(431	)
Stock-based compensation				3,500				—					—						3,500
Changes in other comprehensive loss			—						12				—						12
Net loss			—					—						(326	)				(326	)
BALANCE - April 30, 2023		$		200,403			$		(11	)		$		(132,769	)		$		67,623
Issuance of common stock under equity-based plans				164				—					—						164
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings on RSU vesting				(483	)			—					—						(483	)
Stock-based compensation				3,624				—					—						3,624
Changes in other comprehensive loss			—						6				—						6
Net income			—					—						271					271
BALANCE - July 31, 2023		$		203,708			$		(5	)		$		(132,498	)		$		71,205
Issuance of common stock under equity-based plans				837				—					—						837
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings on RSU vesting				(496	)			—					—						(496	)
Stock-based compensation				3,714				—					—						3,714
Changes in comprehensive loss			—						4				—						4
Net income			—					—						2,285					2,285
BALANCE - October 31, 2023				207,763					(1	)				(130,213	)				77,549
		Common stock										Accumulated					Stockholders'
Fiscal 2023		and APIC					AOCL					Deficit					Equity
BALANCE - February 1, 2022		$		179,864			$		(20	)		$		(128,788	)		$		51,056
Issuance of common stock under equity-based plans				1,554				—					—						1,554
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings on RSU vesting				(348	)			—					—						(348	)
Stock-based compensation				3,337				—					—						3,337
Changes in other comprehensive loss			—						(39	)			—						(39	)
Net loss			—					—						(766	)				(766	)
BALANCE - April 30, 2022		$		184,407			$		(59	)		$		(129,554	)		$		54,794
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings on RSU vesting				(336	)			—					—						(336	)
Stock-based compensation				3,505				—					—						3,505
Changes in other comprehensive loss			—						(1	)			—						(1	)
Net loss			—					—						338					338
BALANCE - July 31, 2022		$		187,576			$		(60	)		$		(129,216	)		$		58,300
Issuance of common stock under equity-based plans				1,244				—					—						1,244
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings on RSU vesting				(447	)			—					—						(447	)
Stock-based compensation				3,541				—					—						3,541
Net loss			—					—						(2,810	)				(2,810	)
BALANCE - October 31, 2022		$		191,914			$		(60	)		$		(132,026	)		$		59,828

(1) Additional paid-in capital

(2) Accumulated other comprehensive loss

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 6

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Note 1: Overview and Basis of Presentation

Ooma, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, “Ooma” or the “Company”) provides leading communications services and related technologies for businesses and consumers, delivered from its smart SaaS and unified communications platforms. The Company is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.

On October 20, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of 2600Hz, Inc. ("2600Hz"), a provider of business communications applications targeted at resellers and carriers. See Note 13: Business Acquisition. On July 22, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Junction Networks, Inc., which does business as OnSIP, a provider of cloud-based phone and unified communications services for small and mid-size businesses.

Fiscal Year. The Company’s fiscal year ends on January 31. References to fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023 refer to the fiscal years ended January 31, 2024 and January 31, 2023, respectively.

Basis of Presentation. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 31, 2023 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date, but does not include all the disclosures required by GAAP. Therefore, the information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on April 7, 2023 (“Annual Report”).

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments that management believes are necessary for a fair presentation of the interim periods presented. The results for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any subsequent quarter or for the fiscal year ending January 31, 2024.

Principles of Consolidation. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ooma, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Comprehensive Loss. For all periods presented, comprehensive loss approximated net loss in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and differences were not material. Therefore, the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss have been omitted.

Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates include, but are not limited to, those related to revenue recognition, inventory valuation, deferred sales commissions, valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, operating lease assets and liabilities, regulatory fees and indirect tax accruals, loss contingencies, stock-based compensation and income taxes (including valuation allowances). The Company bases its estimates and assumptions on historical experience, where applicable, and other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements, and assumptions are inherently subjective in nature. Therefore, actual results could differ from management’s estimates.

Significant Accounting Policies. There have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies from those disclosed in the Annual Report.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 7

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Note 2: Revenue and Deferred Revenue

The Company derives its revenue from two sources:

Subscription and Services Revenue is derived from recurring subscription fees related to service plans such as Ooma Business, Ooma Residential and other communications services. Service plans are generally sold as monthly subscriptions; however, certain plans are also offered as annual or multi-year subscriptions. Subscription revenue is generally recognized ratably over the contractual service term. A small portion of revenue is recognized on a point-in-time basis from services such as: prepaid international calls, and advertisements displayed through the Talkatone mobile application.

Product and Other Revenue is generated primarily from the sale of on-premise devices and end-point devices, including Ooma AirDial, and to a lesser extent from porting fees that enable customers to transfer their existing phone numbers. The Company recognizes product and other revenue from sales to direct end-customers and channel partners at the point-in-time that control is transferred.

Revenue disaggregated by revenue source consisted of the following (in thousands):

		Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
		October 31, 2023				October 31, 2022		October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022
Subscription and services revenue		$	55,886		$	51,749		$	163,661		$	146,467
Product and other revenue			3,970			4,930			11,400			13,202
Total revenue		$	59,856		$	56,679		$	175,061		$	159,669

The Company derived approximately 58% and 55% of its total revenue from Ooma Business and approximately 39% and 43% from Ooma Residential for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company derived approximately 57% and 52% of its total revenue from Ooma Business and approximately 41% and 46% from Ooma Residential for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No individual country outside of the United States, and no single customer, represented 10% or more of total revenue for the periods presented.

Customers who represented 10% or more of net accounts receivable were as follows:

					As of
					October 31, 2023			January 31, 2023
Customer A					24%			18%

Deferred Revenue primarily consists of billings or payments received in advance of meeting revenue recognition criteria. Deferred services revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the term of the contract as the services are provided.

				As of
				October 31, 2023			January 31, 2023
Subscription and services				$	17,304		$	17,239
Product and other					13			8
Total deferred revenue				$	17,317			17,247
Less: current deferred revenue					17,303			17,216
Non-current deferred revenue included in other long-term liabilities				$	14		$	31

During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023, the Company recognized revenue of approximately $2.2 million and $16.0 million, respectively pertaining to amounts deferred as of January 31, 2023. As of October 31, 2023, deferred revenue was primarily composed of subscription contracts invoiced during the first three quarters of fiscal 2024, as well as amounts recorded during fiscal 2023 for annual contracts.

Remaining Performance Obligations. As of October 31, 2023, contract revenue that had not yet been recognized for open contracts with an original expected length of greater than one year was approximately $23.4 million. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately 40% of this amount over the next 12 months, with the balance to be recognized thereafter.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 8

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Note 3: Fair Value Measurements

The Company estimates and categorizes fair value by applying the following hierarchy:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2: Observable prices based on inputs not quoted in active markets but are corroborated by market data.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity.

As of October 31, 2023, the Company had no short-term investments. The Company had $18.9 million in cash. As of January 31, 2023, financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level were as follows (in thousands):

 

		Balance as of January 31, 2023
		Level 1				Level 2			Total
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds		$	11,380		$	—		$	11,380
Total cash equivalents		$	11,380		$	—			11,380
Cash									12,757
Total cash and cash equivalents								$	24,137
Short-term investments:
U.S. treasury securities		$	1,232		$	—		$	1,232
Commercial paper			—			1,491			1,491
Total short-term investments		$	1,232		$	1,491		$	2,723

 

The Company classifies its cash equivalents and short-term investments within Level 1 or Level 2 because it uses quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs to determine their fair value. The Company has no Level 3 assets or liabilities. For the periods presented, the amortized cost of cash equivalents and marketable securities approximated their fair value and there were no material realized or unrealized gains or losses, either individually or in the aggregate.

The Company had no short-term investments due as of October 31, 2023. Short-term investments due in less than a year was $2.7 million as of January 31, 2023.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 9

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Note 4: Balance Sheet Components

The following sections and tables provide details of selected balance sheet items (in thousands):

Inventories

 

				As of
				October 31, 2023			January 31, 2023
Finished goods				$	12,396		$	13,715
Raw materials					8,947			12,531
Total inventory				$	21,343		$	26,246

Other current and non-current assets

				As of
				October 31, 2023			January 31, 2023
Deferred sales commissions, current				$	8,352		$	7,826
Prepaid expenses and other					4,021			2,777
Convertible note receivable (see "GTC" below)					2,139			1,899
Other current assets					1,865			1,866
Total other current assets				$	16,377		$	14,368
Deferred sales commissions, non-current				$	15,080		$	14,467
Other assets					2,598			2,117
Total other non-current assets				$	17,678		$	16,584

 

Customer Acquisition Costs. Amortization of deferred sales commissions was $2.3 million and $2.0 million for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $6.7 million and $5.5 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Global Telecom Corporation (“GTC”). In December 2018, the Company invested $1.3 million in cash in GTC, a privately-held technology company, in exchange for a convertible promissory note that will convert to shares of GTC stock upon the occurrence of certain future events. As amended, the promissory note and accrued interest is due and payable upon the Company’s demand at any time after June 30, 2023. GTC is a variable interest entity for accounting purposes and the Company does not consolidate GTC into its financial statements because the Company is not the primary beneficiary. As of October 31, 2023, the Company’s maximum exposure to loss is equal to the carrying value of the convertible note receivable of $2.1 million, including accrued interest. As of October 31, 2023, the Company had $0.4 million in non-cancelable inventory purchase commitments to GTC.

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

				As of
				October 31, 2023			January 31, 2023
Payroll and related expenses				$	11,602		$	13,621
Acquisition related costs*					3,066			—
Short-term operating lease liabilities					3,711			3,617
Regulatory fees and taxes					4,223			3,609
Customer-related liabilities					1,065			1,045
Other					5,692			4,834
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities				$	29,359		$	26,726

 

*Acquisition related costs represent the remaining cash purchase consideration for the acquisition of 2600Hz paid by the Company in November 2023.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 10

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Note 5: Acquired Intangible Assets and Goodwill

 

For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023, the Company recognized intangibles of $21.4 million and goodwill of $14.3 million in connection with a business acquisition completed in October, 2023. See Note 13: Business Acquisition. The carrying amount of goodwill was $22.9 million and $8.7 million as of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, respectively.

The gross value, accumulated amortization and carrying values of acquired intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):

					As of October 31, 2023									As of January 31, 2023
		Estimated life (in years)			Gross Value			Accumulated Amortization			Carrying Value			Gross Value			Accumulated Amortization			Carrying Value
Customer relationships			5-7		$	16,545		$	(6,637)		$	9,908		$	14,745		$	(4,775)		$	9,970
Developed technology			2-7			20,817			(2,157)			18,660			2,219			(1,891)			328
Trade names			2-5			1,685			(616)			1,069			684			(519)			165
Total intangible assets					$	39,047		$	(9,410)		$	29,637		$	17,648		$	(7,185)		$	10,463

Amortization expense was $0.8 million and $0.8 million for each of the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and was $2.2 million and $1.5 million for each of the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

At October 31, 2023, the estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

Fiscal Years Ending January 31,					Total
2024 remainder					$	1,493
2025						5,797
2026						5,652
2027						5,097
2028						3,975
Thereafter						7,623
Total					$	29,637

 

Note 6: Operating Leases

The Company leases its headquarters located in Sunnyvale, California, as well as office space and data center facilities in several locations under non-cancelable operating lease agreements, with expiration dates through fiscal 2033.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):

									As of
								October 31, 2023			January 31, 2023
Assets
Operating lease right-of-use assets								$	17,106		$	12,702
Total leased assets								$	17,106		$	12,702
Liabilities
Short-term operating lease liabilities								$	3,711		$	3,617
Long-term operating lease liabilities									13,691			10,426
Total lease liabilities								$	17,402		$	14,043
Weighted-average remaining lease term									6.2 years			4.8 years
Weighted-average discount rate									6.0%			4.5%

Operating lease right-of-use assets and long-term operating lease liabilities are included on the face of the consolidated balance sheet. Short-term operating lease liabilities are presented within accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

The Company incurred total lease costs in its condensed consolidated statements of operations of $1.5 million and $1.3 million for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4.3 million and $3.8 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, in the third quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 11

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

recorded facilities consolidation charges of $1.4 million to general and administrative expense, in connection with the leased office facilities assumed in the OnSIP acquisition that the Company subsequently determined were not needed to support the future growth of its business. In July 2023, upon the lessor's sale of the property, the Company wrote off the remaining $1.0 million lease liability related to the lease as facilities consolidation gain in general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

In August 2022, the Company entered into a new operating lease agreement to expand its warehouse facilities and customer contact center in Newark, California to scale with the Company’s business growth. The lease commenced in March 2023 and will expire in March 2033. Total rental payments are approximately $6.9 million from the commencement date through the expiration date.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):

			Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
		October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022			October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022
Cash payments for operating leases		$	931		$	954		$	2,959		$	2,601
Right-of-use assets recognized in exchange for new operating lease obligations		$	1,718		$	238		$	6,619		$	1,955

 

As of October 31, 2023, maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

Fiscal Years Ending January 31,											October 31, 2023
2024 remainder											$	935
2025												3,845
2026												3,665
2027												2,925
2028												2,656
Thereafter												7,371
Total future minimum lease payments												21,397
Less: imputed interest												(3,995)
Present value of lease liabilities											$	17,402

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 12

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Note 7: Stockholders’ Equity

The Company has a stock-based compensation plan, the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, pursuant to which it has granted incentive and nonstatutory stock options and restricted stock units. Additionally, the Company's 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) allows eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock at a discounted price through payroll deductions.

Stock Options. Stock option activity for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 was as follows:

					Weighted-Average			Aggregate
		Shares			Exercise Price			Intrinsic Value
		(in thousands)			Per Share			(in thousands)
Balance as of January 31, 2023			1,217		$	9.93		$	5,949
Granted			—		$	—
Exercised			(54)		$	4.90
Canceled			(5)		$	13.36
Balance as of October 31, 2023			1,158		$	10.14		$	2,589
Vested and exercisable as of October 31, 2023			1,049		$	9.54		$	2,583

The aggregate intrinsic value of vested options exercised during the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 was $0.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively. There were no stock options granted during the nine months ended October 31, 2023. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended October 31, 2022 was $8.06 per share.

Restricted Stock Units. RSU activity for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 was as follows:

		Shares (in thousands)			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Balance as of January 31, 2023			1,466		$	15.81
Granted			1,079		$	13.18
Vested			(643)		$	14.68
Canceled			(54)		$	15.42
Balance as of October 31, 2023			1,848		$	14.68

Employee Stock Purchase Plan. During each of the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, employees purchased 0.2 million shares at a weighted-average price of $10.60 and $10.44 per share, respectively.

Note 8: Stock-Based Compensation

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022			October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022
Cost of revenue	$	255		$	239		$	757		$	713
Sales and marketing		502			503			1,499			1,513
Research and development		1,200			1,178			3,496			3,441
General and administrative		1,757			1,621			5,086			4,716
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,714		$	3,541		$	10,838		$	10,383

 

As of October 31, 2023, there was $27.1 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs, stock options and stock purchase rights under the ESPP, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average vesting period of approximately 2 years.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 13

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Note 9: Income Taxes

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $3.0 million and $2.6 million during the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023, and an income tax provision of $49 thousand and a benefit of $1.9 million during the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022. The income tax benefit recorded in the third quarter of fiscal 2024 was primarily attributable to the release of $3.2 million valuation allowance on certain preexisting deferred tax assets that were realized as a result of deferred tax liabilities assumed in the Company's acquisition of 2600Hz in October 2023. See Note 13: Business Acquisition. The income tax benefit recorded during the nine months ended October 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to the release of a $2.1 million valuation allowance on certain preexisting deferred tax assets that were realized as a result of deferred tax liabilities assumed in the Company's acquisition of OnSIP in July 2022. As of October 31, 2023, the Company continued to maintain a full valuation allowance against its remaining deferred tax assets.

As of October 31, 2023, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $10.3 million, none of which would currently affect the Company's effective tax rate if recognized due to the Company's deferred tax assets being fully offset by a valuation allowance. The Company does not anticipate that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits relating to tax positions existing at October 31, 2023 will significantly increase or decrease within the next twelve months. There were no interest expense or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits recorded through October 31, 2023.

A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position is audited and finally resolved. While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of resolution of any particular uncertain tax position, the Company believes that its reserves for income taxes reflect the most likely outcome. The Company adjusts these reserves, as well as the related interest, in light of changing facts and circumstances. Settlement of any particular position could require the use of cash.

Note 10: Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock (in thousands, except share and per share data):

 

		Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
		October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022			October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022
Numerator
Net income (loss)		$	2,285		$	(2,810)		$	2,230		$	(3,238)
Denominator
Weighted average common shares			25,469,997			24,608,685			25,458,063			24,373,836
Potentially dilutive shares from equity plans			520,267			—			594,117			—
Diluted weighted-average common shares			25,990,264			24,608,685			26,052,180			24,373,836
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share		$	0.09		$	(0.11)		$	0.09		$	(0.13)

 

Potentially dilutive securities of approximately 0.6 million and 0.7 million for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022 were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. These shares included the Company’s outstanding RSUs, outstanding stock options and stock purchase rights under the ESPP at the end of the respective period.

Note 11: Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase Commitments

As of October 31, 2023 and January 31, 2023, non-cancelable inventory purchase commitments to contract manufacturers and other parties were $2.8 million and $7.8 million, respectively. Additionally, the Company has a non-cancelable service agreement with a telecommunications provider that contains total annual minimum purchase commitments of $1.5 million between August 2022 and February 2024 and $2.5 million between March 2024 and February 2025.

Legal Proceedings

In addition to the litigation matters described below, from time to time, the Company may be involved in a variety of other claims, lawsuits, investigations, and proceedings relating to contractual disputes, intellectual property rights, employment matters, regulatory compliance matters, and other litigation matters relating to various claims that arise in the normal course of business. Defending such proceedings is costly and can impose a significant burden on management and employees,

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 14

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

the Company may receive unfavorable preliminary or interim rulings in the course of litigation, and there can be no assurances that favorable final outcomes will be obtained.

The Company determines whether an estimated loss from a contingency should be accrued by assessing whether a loss is deemed probable and can be reasonably estimated. The Company assesses its potential liability by analyzing specific litigation and regulatory matters using reasonably available information. The Company develops its views on estimated losses in consultation with inside and outside counsel, which involves a subjective analysis of potential results and outcomes, assuming various combinations of appropriate litigation and settlement strategies. Legal fees are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. As of October 31, 2023, the Company did not have any accrued liabilities recorded for loss contingencies in its consolidated financial statements.

Canadian Litigation

On February 3, 2021, plaintiff Fiona Chiu filed a class action complaint against the Company and Ooma Canada Inc. in the Federal Court of Canada, alleging violations of Canada’s Trademarks Act and Competition Act. The complaint seeks monetary and other damages and/or injunctive relief enjoining the Company to cease describing and marketing its Basic Home Phone using the word “free” or otherwise representing that it is free. On November 9, 2021, the Federal Court of Canada removed Ms. Chiu and substituted John Zanin as the new plaintiff in the proceeding. In connection with the substitution of Mr. Zanin as the new plaintiff, the Federal Court of Canada deemed the proceeding as having commenced on November 8, 2021 instead of February 3, 2021. In January 2022, the Federal Court of Canada heard arguments from counsel representing each of the Company and Mr. Zanin regarding jurisdiction and class action certification issues, and the parties are awaiting the Court to issue its ruling. The Company intends to continue to defend itself vigorously against this complaint. Based on the Company’s current knowledge, the Company has determined that the amount of any reasonably possible loss resulting from the Canadian Litigation is not estimable.

Indemnification

The Company enters into standard indemnification arrangements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company indemnifies, holds harmless and agrees to reimburse the indemnified parties for certain losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party. In some cases, the term of these indemnification agreements is perpetual. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future but have not yet been made.

The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of the individual. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company has director and officer insurance coverage that reduces the Company’s exposure and enables the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. To date the Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. No liability associated with such indemnifications has been recorded to date.

Note 12: Financing Arrangements

Revolving Credit Facility

On October 20, 2023, the Company, as borrower, entered into a three-year credit and security agreement (“Credit Agreement”) with CITIZENS BANK, N.A as Administrative Agent (“Agent”) and lender. The Credit Agreement provides for a secured revolving credit facility (“Credit Facility”) under which the Company may borrow up to an aggregate amount of $30.0 million, which includes a $10.0 million sub-facility for letters of credit. The Company and its lenders may increase the total commitments under the Credit Facility to up to an aggregate amount of $50.0 million, subject to certain conditions. Funds borrowed under the Credit Agreement may be used for acquisition, working capital and other general corporate purposes.

Loans under the Credit Agreement will bear interest, at the Company’s option, at either a rate equal to the Alternate Base Rate plus the Applicable Margin (as defined in the Credit Agreement) or Term Secure Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus the Applicable Margin (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Alternate Base Rate is the highest of (i) the Agent’s prime rate, (ii) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50% per annum, and (iii) the Daily SOFR rate plus 1.00% per annum. The SOFR Rate is a rate equal to the secured overnight financing rate as published by the SOFR Administrator and displayed on CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited’s Market Data Platform. The Applicable Margin for Alternative Base Rate Loans is 1.25% and the Applicable Margin for the SOFR Loans is 2.00%. Upon the occurrence of any event of

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 15

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

default, the interest rate on the borrowings increases by 5.00%. The Company is required to pay a commitment fee on the unused portion of the Credit Facility of 0.25% per annum.

The Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, events of default and indemnification provisions in favor of the Agent, lenders and their affiliates. Among other covenants, the Credit Agreement includes restrictive financial covenants that require the Company to meet minimum recurring revenue levels and maintain specified amounts of available liquidity on a quarterly basis.

As of October 31, 2023, the Company had $18.0 million in outstanding borrowings, which are recorded as debt, net of current portion in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The funds were used for the acquisition of 2600Hz Inc. at the Term SOFR interest rate of 7.5%. The Company is in compliance with the covenants contained in the Credit Agreement as of October 31, 2023. Accordingly, $12.0 million of borrowing capacity was available for the purposes permitted by the Credit Agreement.

As of October 31, 2023, the Company incurred $0.5 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the Credit Agreement, which was capitalized in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and is amortized on straight-line basis over the term of the Credit Agreement.

On January 8, 2021, the Company, as borrower, entered into a credit and security agreement (“Key Bank Credit Agreement”) with KeyBank National Association ("Key Bank") as Administrative Agent (“Agent”) and lender, and KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc. as sole lead arranger and sole book runner. Prior to its termination as described below, the Key Bank Credit Agreement provided for a secured revolving credit facility (“Credit Facility”) under which the Company could have borrowed up to an aggregate amount of $25.0 million, which included a $10.0 million sub-facility for letters of credit. The Company and its lenders were able to increase the total commitments under the Credit Facility to up to an aggregate amount of $45.0 million, subject to certain conditions. Permitted uses of funds borrowed under the Key Bank Credit Agreement included working capital and other general corporate purposes.

The Key Bank Credit Agreement contained customary representations, warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, events of default and indemnification provisions in favor of the Agent, lenders and their affiliates. Among other covenants, the Key Bank Credit Agreement included restrictive financial covenants that required the Company to meet minimum recurring revenue levels and maintain specified amounts of available liquidity on a quarterly basis.

The Company terminated the Key Bank Credit Agreement on June 7, 2023.

Note 13: Business Acquisition

On October 20, 2023, the Company acquired all outstanding stock of 2600Hz, Inc ("2600Hz"), a provider of business communications applications targeted at resellers and carriers. The Company acquired 2600Hz for total cash consideration of approximately $33.0 million, subject to certain working capital adjustments, of which approximately $29.2 million (net of $1.8 million in cash acquired) was paid in fiscal third quarter of 2024 and $3.1 million was paid in November 2023. These payments are not subject to any contingency requirements. The Company has included the financial results of 2600Hz in the condensed consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition, which for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 were not material.

The following table summarizes the preliminary purchase price allocation, as adjusted (in thousands):

		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents		$		1,840
Accounts receivable				484
Other current and non-current assets				639
Property plant and equipment, net				195
Intangible assets				21,400
Goodwill				14,262
Accounts payable and other liabilities				(1,470	)
Deferred tax liability				(3,234	)
Total purchase consideration		$		34,116

Intangible assets acquired primarily consisted of developed technology of $18.6 million, which represented the estimated fair values of the acquired 2600Hz developed platform technology and have an estimated useful life of seven years as of the date of acquisition. The goodwill recognized was primarily attributable to the assembled workforce and is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The fair values assigned to tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed were

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 16

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

based on management’s estimates and assumptions and may be subject to change as additional information is received and certain working capital adjustments to the purchase consideration are finalized. The primary areas that remain preliminary relate to the fair values of intangible assets acquired, certain liabilities assumed, legal and other contingencies as of the acquisition date, income taxes and residual goodwill. The Company expects to finalize the valuation as soon as practicable, but not later than one year from the acquisition date.

The Company believes it is not practicable to separately identify earnings of 2600Hz on a stand-alone basis due to the integrated nature of the Company's operations. On a pro forma basis, had the 2600Hz acquisition been included in the Company's consolidated results of operations beginning February 1, 2022, the Company’s total revenue would have approximated $62.0 million and $59.1 million for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, and approximated $182.0 million and $166.5 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022. These pro forma revenue amounts do not necessarily represent what would have occurred if the business combination had taken place on February 1, 2022, nor do these amounts represent the results that may occur in the future. Pro forma net income (losses) have not been presented because the impact was not material to the consolidated statements of operations.

In connection with the acquisition, the Company agreed to issue approximately 423,000 restricted stock units that are subject to on-going service conditions and vest over a 18-month period. The estimated fair value of these awards of $4.3 million will be recorded as stock compensation expense over the service period.

Acquisition-related transaction costs charged to general and administrative expense during the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 were approximately $0.4 million.

During the second fiscal quarter of 2023, the Company acquired Junction Networks, Inc. which does business as OnSIP for $9.5 million. During the nine months ended October 31, 2023, the Company received $0.3 million from the seller for certain working capital adjustments, which is recorded in investing activities in the Company's condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 17

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on April 7, 2023. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other legal authority. These forward-looking statements concern our operations, economic performance, financial condition, goals, beliefs, future growth strategies, objectives, plans and current expectations. The words “believe,” “will,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “predict,” “could,” “potentially” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Such statements are based on management’s expectations as of the date of this filing and involve many risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results, events or circumstances to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this Item 2. MD&A, as well as the section titled “Risk Factors” included under Part II, Item 1A below. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

Executive Overview

Ooma provides leading communications services and related technologies that bring unique features, ease of use, and affordability to businesses and residential customers through our smart SaaS and unified communications platforms. For businesses of all sizes, we deliver advanced voice and collaboration features including messaging, intelligent virtual attendants, and video conferencing to help them run more efficiently. For consumers, our residential phone service provides PureVoice high-definition voice quality, advanced functionality and integration with mobile devices.

We generate revenues primarily from the sale of subscriptions and other services for our business and residential communications solutions. We generate our product and other revenue from the sale of our on-premise devices and end-point devices. We primarily offer our solutions in the U.S. and Canada, with limited offerings in certain other countries.

On October 20, 2023, we completed the acquisition of 2600Hz, Inc. (“2600Hz”) a provider of cloud-based business applications targeted at resellers and carriers, for approximately $33.0 million in cash, subject to certain working capital adjustments. We believe the acquisition of 2600Hz will accelerate overall growth of Ooma Business. 2600Hz was not material to our financial statements for the periods presented because the acquisition occurred late in our third fiscal quarter.

We refer to Ooma Office, Ooma Enterprise, Ooma AirDial, 2600Hz, and OnSIP collectively as Ooma Business. Ooma Residential includes Ooma Telo basic and premier services, as well as Ooma Telo LTE services.

Third Quarter Fiscal 2024 Financial Performance

•

Total revenue was $59.9 million, up 6% year-over-year, primarily driven by the growth of Ooma Business.

•

Subscription and services revenue from Ooma Business grew 15% year-over-year, driven by user growth.

•

Total gross margin was 62%, comparable to 63% in the prior year quarter.

•

GAAP net income was $2.3 million, compared to net loss of $2.8 million in the prior year quarter, mainly due to the income tax benefits realized due to the acquired 2600Hz intangibles.

•

Adjusted EBITDA was $5.0 million, compared to $4.5 million in the prior year quarter.

•

As of October 31, 2023, we had total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $18.9 million, compared to $26.9 million as of January 31, 2023.

•

As of October 31, 2023, we had total debt of $18.0 million, compared to zero outstanding borrowings as of January 31, 2023.

Reconciliations of non-GAAP adjusted measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are presented below under Adjusted EBITDA and Non-GAAP Financial Measures.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 18

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Key Business Metrics

We review the key metrics below to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions (in thousands, except percentages):

 

			As of
		October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022
Core users			1,241			1,202
Annualized exit recurring revenue (AERR)		$	224,865		$	207,418
Net dollar subscription retention rate (1)			99%			99%
Adjusted EBITDA		$	4,990		$	4,504

(1) Revised October 31, 2022 due to new methodology as described below

Core Users increased year-over-year, which was primarily driven by growth in business users. As of October 31, 2023, Ooma Business users comprised approximately 38% of our total core users, up from 35% as of October 31, 2022. We believe that the number of our core users is an indicator of our market penetration, the growth of our business and our anticipated future subscription and services revenue. We define our core users as the number of active residential user accounts and business user extensions (excluding Talkatone and 2600Hz users). We believe that the relationship that we establish with our core users positions us to sell additional premium communications services and other new connected services to them.‌

Annualized Exit Recurring Revenue grew year-over-year due to an increase in the average revenue per core user, which was largely driven by an increasing mix of business users. We believe that AERR is an indicator of recurring subscription and services revenue for near-term future periods. We estimate our AERR by dividing our recurring quarterly subscription revenue from our Core Users by the average number of core users each quarter and annualize by multiplying by four. We then multiply that result by the number of core users at the end of the period to calculate AERR. Beginning in the third quarter of fiscal 2024, we have added $7.0 million annual recurring revenue from 2600Hz to AERR.

Net Dollar Subscription Retention Rate

Effective in the first quarter of fiscal 2024, we transitioned to a new calculation methodology for our net dollar subscription retention rate (“NDRR”). Since the majority of our subscription revenue is now generated from Ooma Business customers, we believe the new methodology better reflects our operational performance during the reporting period and is more in alignment with the reporting of our industry peers. We believe that our net dollar subscription retention rate provides insight into our ability to retain and grow our subscription and services revenue and is an indicator of the long-term value of our customer relationships and the stability of our revenue base.

Prior to the current fiscal year, we calculated the NDRR as a function of the year-over-year growth in average revenue per user and churn. Under the new methodology, we define our NDRR as (i) one plus (ii) the quotient of Net Dollar Change divided by Average Monthly Recurring Subscription Revenue. We define Net Dollar Change as the quotient of (i) the difference of our Monthly Recurring Subscription Revenue at the end of a period minus our Monthly Recurring Subscription Revenue at the beginning of a period minus our Monthly Recurring Subscription Revenue at the end of the period from new customers we added during the period, all divided by (ii) the number of months in the period. We define our Average Monthly Recurring Subscription Revenue as the average of the Monthly Recurring Subscription Revenue at the beginning and end of the measurement period.

For example, if our Monthly Recurring Subscription Revenue was $115 at the end of a quarterly period and $100 at the beginning of the period, and $18 at the end of the period from new customers we added during the period, then the Net Dollar Change would be equal to ($1.00), or the amount equal to the difference of $115 minus $100 minus $18, all divided by three months. Our Average Monthly Recurring Subscription Revenue would equal $107.5, or the sum of $115 plus $100, divided by two. Our NDRR would then equal 99.1%, or approximately 99%, or one plus the quotient of the Net Dollar Change divided by the Average Monthly Recurring Subscriptions.

Monthly Recurring Subscription Revenue is defined as recurring subscription amounts from Residential and Business customers at the end of the most recent month.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 19

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

The table below shows our historical NDRR for the two prior quarters calculated under the new method as well as under the old method (as historically reported):

			Q4'FY23			Q3'FY23
Historical NDRR under the new methodology			99%			99%
Historical NDRR as previously reported under the old methodology			94%			95%

 

Adjusted EBITDA

In addition, we use Adjusted EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest Tax and Depreciation and Amortization) to manage our business, evaluate our performance and make planning decisions. We consider this metric to be a useful measure of our operating performance, because it contains adjustments for unusual events or factors that do not directly affect what management considers being the core operating performance, and are used by our management for that purpose. We also believe this measure enables us to better evaluate our performance by facilitating a meaningful comparison of our core operating results in a given period to those in prior and future periods. Investors often use similar measures to evaluate the operating performance with competitors. Adjusted EBITDA represents net income before interest and other income, income taxes, depreciation and amortization of capital expenditures, amortization of intangible assets and acquisition-related costs, stock-based compensation and related taxes, facilities consolidation gain, and legal settlement costs.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

•

Adjusted EBITDA does not consider any expenses for assets being depreciated and amortized that are necessary to our business;

•

Adjusted EBITDA does not consider the impact of interest and other income/expense, income taxes, stock-based compensation and related taxes, amortization of intangible assets and acquisition-related costs, facilities consolidation gain, and legal settlement costs; and

•

Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should be considered alongside other financial performance measures, including net loss and our other GAAP results.

The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP net loss to Adjusted EBITDA, for each the periods indicated (in thousands):

			Three Months Ended									Nine Months Ended
		October 31, 2023					October 31, 2022					October 31, 2023					October 31, 2022
GAAP net income (loss)		$		2,285			$		(2,810	)		$		2,230			$		(3,238	)
Reconciling items:
Interest and other income, net				(267	)				(94	)				(1,214	)				(144	)
Income tax (benefit) provision				(3,036	)				49					(2,636	)				(1,878	)
Depreciation and amortization of capital expenditures				1,041					998					3,230					2,737
Amortization of intangible assets				793					794					2,226					1,492
Acquisition-related costs				408					580					408					1,381
Stock-based compensation and related taxes				3,766					3,585					11,056					10,592
Facilities consolidation charges (gain)			—						1,402					(956	)				1,402
Legal settlement costs			—					—						300				—
Adjusted EBITDA		$		4,990			$		4,504			$		14,644			$		12,344

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 20

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

Subscription and services revenue is derived primarily from recurring subscription fees related to service plans such as Ooma Business, Ooma Residential and other communications services, and to a lesser extent from payments associated with our Talkatone mobile application and prepaid international calls. We expect our subscription and services revenue to grow as we expand our core user base, driven primarily by growth in Ooma Business.

Product and other revenue consists primarily of sales of our on-premise devices and end-point devices used in connection with our services, including shipping and handling fees for our direct customers.

Cost of revenue and gross margin

Cost of subscription and services revenue includes payments made for third-party network operations and telecommunications services; certain telecom taxes and fees, including Federal Universal Service Fund (“USF”) contributions; credit card processing fees; costs to build out and maintain data centers; depreciation and maintenance of servers and equipment; personnel costs associated with customer care and network operations support; amortization of certain acquired intangible assets, and allocated overhead costs.

Cost of product and other revenue includes the costs associated with the manufacturing of our on-premise devices and end-point devices, including Ooma AirDial, as well as personnel costs for employees and contractors, costs related to porting our customers’ phone numbers to our service, shipping and handling costs, tariffs imposed on imported product and allocated overhead costs.

Subscription and services gross margin may fluctuate from period-to-period based on the interplay of a number of factors, including revenue mix and fluctuations in the costs described above. We expect our subscription and services gross margin to increase over the long-term, primarily as we achieve scale efficiencies and as Ooma Business revenue becomes a larger majority of total subscription revenue.

Product and other gross margin may fluctuate from period-to-period based on a number of factors, including total units shipped as compared to the direct costs of production and relatively fixed personnel costs incurred. We sell our on-premise devices at aggressive price points to facilitate the adoption of our platforms and services. Additionally, some product costs have become subject to significantly higher pricing we experienced due to supply chain constraints in the global macroeconomic environment as well as certain components becoming subject to end-of-life and we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Another factor is the high AirDial installation costs due to ramp up efforts. Accordingly, we expect our product and other gross margin during fiscal 2024 will be negatively impacted by these higher component costs and AirDial installation costs. We expect our product and other gross margin to continue to be negative for the foreseeable future.

Our subscription and services gross margin is significantly higher than product and other gross margin. As a result, any significant change in revenue mix will cause our total gross margin to change. For example, in periods where we sell significantly more on-premise devices or other products, we would expect our total gross margin to be impacted.

Operating expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for employees and contractors, advertising and marketing costs, sales commissions paid to internal sales personnel and third parties, amortization of capitalized sales commissions, amortization of acquired customer relationship intangible assets, travel expenses and allocated overhead costs. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to grow our business.

Research and development expenses are focused on developing new and expanded features for our solutions and improvements to our platforms and backend architecture. Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for employees and contractors, including third-party development, and allocated overhead costs. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to grow our business.

General and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs for our finance, legal, human resources and other administrative employees and contractors, as well as professional service fees, certain acquisition-related costs, and allocated overhead costs. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to grow our business.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 21

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Consolidated Results of Operations

The following table sets forth selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the periods indicated (in thousands):

 

		Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
			October 31, 2023		October 31, 2022			October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022
Revenue:
Subscription and services		$	55,886		$	51,749		$	163,661		$	146,467
Product and other			3,970			4,930			11,400			13,202
Total revenue			59,856			56,679			175,061			159,669
Cost of revenue:
Subscription and services			15,993			14,070			46,174			39,954
Product and other			6,924			6,689			19,408			18,026
Total cost of revenue			22,917			20,759			65,582			57,980
Gross profit			36,939			35,920			109,479			101,689
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing			17,912			18,019			54,744			51,602
Research and development			12,540			12,498			36,261			34,115
General and administrative			7,505			8,258			20,094			21,232
Total operating expenses			37,957			38,775			111,099			106,949
Loss from operations			(1,018)			(2,855)			(1,620)			(5,260)
Interest and other income, net			267			94			1,214			144
Loss before income taxes			(751)			(2,761)			(406)			(5,116)
Income tax benefit (provision)			3,036			(49)			2,636			1,878
Net income (loss)		$	2,285		$	(2,810)		$	2,230		$	(3,238)

 

Costs of revenue and operating expenses included stock-based compensation expense and related payroll taxes as follows (in thousands):

 

		Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022			October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022
Cost of revenue	$	260		$	242		$	780		$	738
Sales and marketing		511			511			1,543			1,555
Research and development		1,217			1,193			3,574			3,517
General and administrative		1,778			1,639			5,159			4,782
Total stock-based compensation and related taxes	$	3,766		$	3,585		$	11,056		$	10,592

 

Comparison of the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in tables are in thousands):

Revenue

	Three Months Ended										Nine Months Ended
	October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022			Change				October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022			Change
Revenue:
Subscription and services	$	55,886		$	51,749		$	4,137	8 %		$	163,661		$	146,467		$	17,194	12 %
Product and other		3,970			4,930			(960)	(19)%			11,400			13,202			(1,802)	(14)%
Total revenue	$	59,856		$	56,679		$	3,177	6 %		$	175,061		$	159,669		$	15,392	10 %
Percentage of revenue:
Subscription and services		93%			91%							93%			92%
Product and other		7%			9%							7%			8%
Total		100%			100%							100%			100%

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 22

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Three months ended October 31, 2023 Compared to Three months ended October 31, 2022

We derived approximately 58% and 55% of our total revenue from Ooma Business and approximately 39% and 43% from Ooma Residential for the three months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Subscription and services revenue increased $4.1 million or 8% year-over-year, primarily attributable to an increase in our core users and an increase in the average revenue per core user, driven by growth in sales of Ooma Business and a higher mix of sales of our Office Pro and Pro Plus tier services. Subscription and services revenue from Ooma Business grew 15% year-over-year while the contribution from Ooma Residential was roughly flat year-over-year. Subscription and services revenue from Ooma Business is 58% of total subscription and services revenue.

Product and other revenue decreased $1.0 million or 19% year-over-year. This was driven in part due to the sales of certain accessories for three months ended October 31, 2022. These sales did not recur during the three months ended October 31, 2023.

Nine months ended October 31, 2023 Compared to Nine months ended October 31, 2022

We derived approximately 57% and 52% of our total revenue from Ooma Business and approximately 41% and 46% from Ooma Residential for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Subscription and services revenue increased $17.2 million or 12% year-over-year, primarily attributable to an increase in our core users and an increase in the average revenue per core user. On-SIP revenue was included for all nine months ended October 31, 2023; whereas that was included for months after the July 2022 acquisition for the nine months ended October 31, 2022.

Product and other revenue decreased $1.8 million or 14% year-over-year, primarily attributable to the sale of certain legacy inventories and accessories in the first three quarters of fiscal 2023. These sales did not recur in the first three quarters of fiscal 2024. We acquired OnSIP end of second quarter of fiscal 2023.

Cost of revenue and gross margin

 

	Three Months Ended										Nine Months Ended
	October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022			Change				October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022			Change
Cost of revenue:
Subscription and services	$	15,993		$	14,070		$	1,923	14 %		$	46,174		$	39,954		$	6,220	16 %
Product and other		6,924			6,689			235	4 %			19,408			18,026			1,382	8 %
Total cost of revenue	$	22,917		$	20,759		$	2,158	10 %		$	65,582		$	57,980		$	7,602	13 %
Gross profit:
Subscription and services	$	39,893		$	37,679			2,214	6 %		$	117,487		$	106,513		$	10,974	10 %
Product and other		(2,954)			(1,759)			(1,195)	68 %			(8,008)			(4,824)			(3,184)	66 %
Total	$	36,939			35,920			1,019	3 %		$	109,479		$	101,689		$	7,790	8 %
Gross margin:
Subscription and services		71 %			73 %							72 %			73 %
Product and other		(74)%			(36)%							(70)%			(37)%
Total		62 %			63 %							63 %			64 %

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 23

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Three months ended October 31, 2023 Compared to Three months ended October 31, 2022

Subscription and services gross margin of 71% decreased year-over-year from 73%. Cost of subscription and services revenue increased $1.9 million or 14% year-over-year, primarily due to a $0.8 million increase in personnel related costs, an $0.7 million increase in infrastructure and porting costs, a $0.4 million increase in regulatory costs, and a $0.1 million increase in credit card processing fees, offset by a $0.1 million decrease in depreciation and amortization expense. Overall, the increase in the cost of subscription and services reflects growth of Ooma Business.

Product and other revenue gross margin decreased to negative 74% from negative 36% in the prior year period. Product margins declined year-over-year primarily due to the usage of certain higher cost components that we had procured in prior fiscal year to stay ahead of pandemic driven supply chain issues. Product and other gross margin for the three months ended October 31, 2022 benefited from certain accessory sales that did not recur in the same period this fiscal year.

Nine months ended October 31, 2023 Compared to Nine months ended October 31, 2022

Subscription and services gross margin of 72% decreased year-over-year from 73%. Cost of subscription and services revenue increased $6.2 million year-over-year, primarily due to a $3.4 million increase in personnel related costs, a $1.0 million increase in infrastructure costs, a $1.2 million increase in regulatory fees, and a $0.5 million increase in credit card processing fees.

Product and other revenue gross margin decreased to negative 70% from negative 37% in the prior year period, primarily due to the same reasons described above.

Operating expenses

		Three Months Ended										Nine Months Ended
	October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022			Change				October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022			Change
Sales and marketing	$	17,912		$	18,019		$	(107)	(1)%		$	54,744		$	51,602		$	3,142	6 %
Research and development		12,540			12,498			42	0 %			36,261			34,115			2,146	6 %
General and administrative		7,505			8,258			(753)	(9)%			20,094			21,232			(1,138)	(5)%
Total operating expenses	$	37,957		$	38,775		$	-818	(2)%		$	111,099		$	106,949		$	4,150	4 %

Three months ended October 31, 2023 Compared to Three months ended October 31, 2022

Sales and marketing expenses decreased $0.1 million or 1% year-over-year, primarily due to a $0.8 million decrease in advertising and marketing expense, and a $0.3 million decrease in third-party commission expense, partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in personnel-related costs, and a $0.3 million increase in commission costs.

Research and development expenses remained flat year-over-year. A $0.1 million increase in facilities expense was offset in part by a $0.1 million decrease in personnel-related costs.

General and administrative expenses decreased $0.8 million or 9% year-over-year, primarily due to a $1.4 million decrease in facilities consolidation charges, offset in part by a $0.6 million increase in personnel-related costs to scale with the overall growth of our business.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 24

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Nine months ended October 31, 2023 Compared to Nine months ended October 31, 2022

Sales and marketing expenses increased $3.1 million or 6% year-over-year, primarily due to a $2.2 million increase in personnel and travel related costs, a $1.1 million increase in amortization of capitalized sales commissions, a $0.7 million increase in amortization of intangibles related to our acquisition of 2600Hz in third fiscal quarter of 2024, a $0.3 million increase in travel expense, and a $0.1 million increase in supplies and equipment expense, offset in part by a $0.7 million decrease in advertising and marketing costs and a $0.6 million decrease in third-party commissions costs.

Research and development expenses increased $2.1 million or 6% year-over-year, primarily due to a $1.9 million increase in personnel-related costs, driven by higher headcount, a $0.3 million increase in web development costs, and a $0.2 million increase in other engineering costs, offset in part by a $0.3 million decrease in acquisition transaction costs.

General and administrative expenses decreased $1.1 million or 5% year-over-year, primarily due to a $2.3 million in facility consolidation gain, a $0.8 million decrease in acquisition-related expenses, offset in part by a $1.7 million increase in personnel-related costs to scale with the overall growth of our business, a $0.3 million increase in litigation settlement costs.

A significant portion of the year-over-year increase in personnel-related costs for operating expenses was due to increases in headcount attributable to the OnSIP acquisition near the end of the second quarter of fiscal 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of October 31, 2023, we had $18.9 million of total cash, cash equivalents and investments, which we believe will be sufficient to meet our cash needs for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our growth rate, the introduction of new and enhanced offerings, the timing and extent of our sales and marketing activities and research and development expenditures, the expansion of our business internationally and other factors. We may in the future make investments in or acquisitions of businesses or technologies, which may require the use of cash.

The table below provides selected cash flow information for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 

			Nine Months Ended
		October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022
Net cash provided by operating activities		$	6,765		$	5,471
Net cash used in investing activities			(31,044)			(6,647)
Net cash provided by financing activities			19,014			1,546
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		$	(5,265)		$	370

Operating Activities

The table below provides selected cash flow information for the periods indicated (in thousands):

 

		Nine Months Ended
		October 31, 2023			October 31, 2022
Net income (loss)		$	2,230		$	(3,238)
Non-cash charges			14,316			16,163
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable			(1,903)			440
Decrease (increase) in inventories and deferred inventory costs			4,671			(8,135)
Increase in prepaid expenses and other assets			(2,231)			(1,304)
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities			(10,057)			1,244
(Decrease) Increase in deferred revenue			(261)			301
Net cash provided by operating activities		$	6,765		$	5,471

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 25

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

For the nine months ended October 31, 2023, our net income of $2.2 million included non-cash items of $14.3 million primarily related to stock-based compensation, operating lease expense, depreciation and amortization expense, facilities consolidation gain, and an income tax benefit related to our business acquisition. Operating asset and liability changes for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 included:

•

an increase of $1.9 million in accounts receivable due to the timing of customer cash collections;

•

a decrease of $4.7 million in inventories and deferred inventory costs;

•

an increase of $2.2 million in prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets primarily due to the capitalization of sales commissions and timing of prepayments; and

•

a net decrease of $10.1 million in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities due to the timing of payments.

Cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 increased $1.3 million year-over-year, which primarily reflected working capital impacts resulting from the timing of payments. Although we have generated cash from operations in recent periods, our operating cash flow may not remain positive in the future as we continue to invest in efforts to scale our business.

Investing Activities

For the nine months ended October 31, 2023, cash used in investing activities was $31.0 million, which consisted of cash consideration paid for the 2600Hz acquisition of $29.2 million and capital expenditures of $4.9 million, offset by proceeds of $2.8 million from maturities of short-term investments and $0.3 million of cash received for the working capital adjustments from the seller related to the “OnSIP acquisition” which occurred in the second fiscal quarter of 2023. Cash used in investing activities increased $24.4 million year-over-year primarily due to the 2600Hz business acquisition during nine months ended October 31, 2023.

Financing Activities

For the nine months ended October 31, 2023, cash provided by financing activities was $19.0 million, which consisted of proceeds from issuance of long-term debt of $18.0 million, proceeds of $2.7 million from the issuance of common stock from our ESPP and stock option exercises, partly offset by payments of $1.4 million related to shares repurchased for tax withholdings on vesting of RSUs, and $0.3 million debt issuance costs. Cash provided by financing activities increased by $17.5 million year-over-year which primarily reflected cash proceeds from the drawdown from the line of credit.

Revolving Credit Facility

In October 2023, we entered into a credit and security agreement with certain banks that provided for a secured revolving credit facility under which we may borrow up to an aggregate of $30.0 million and, subject to certain conditions, may be increased to up to $50.0 million. As of October 31, 2023, we have $18.0 million outstanding borrowings and were in compliance with all loan covenants.

In January 2021, we entered into a credit and security agreement with certain banks that provided for a secured revolving credit facility under which we may borrow up to an aggregate of $25.0 million and, subject to certain conditions, may be increased to up to $45.0 million. On June 7, 2023, the Key Bank Credit Facility was terminated.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Refer to Note 6: Operating Leases and Note 11: Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements for disclosures related to our lease obligations and non-cancelable purchase commitments.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Refer to Item 7. MD&A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023 for a discussion of our critical accounting policies and estimates. There have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies and estimates in fiscal 2024 as outlined in our fiscal 2023 Annual Report.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 26

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Item 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes to the Company’s market risk during the first half of fiscal 2024. Refer to our market risk disclosures set forth in Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” of our Annual Report for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our Management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of October 31, 2023. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of October 31, 2023, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended October 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We have not experienced any significant impact to our internal controls over financial reporting despite the fact that most of our employees who are involved in our financial reporting processes and controls are continuing to work remotely.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls. Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements and projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 27

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

For a discussion of legal proceedings, see “Note 11: Commitments and Contingencies” of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our current and prospective investors should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes, and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” before making investment decisions regarding our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below may not be the only ones we face but include the most significant factors currently known by us. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, also may become important factors that affect us. If any of the risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risk Factor Summary

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, and the following is a summary of key risk factors when considering an investment. This summary should be read together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained in the subheadings further below and should not be relied upon as an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing our business:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

•

If we are unable to attract new users in a cost-effective manner, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

•

Our customers may terminate their subscriptions for our services in most cases without penalty, and increased customer turnover, as well as costs we incur to retain our customers and induce them to add users and/or functionality could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.

•

A significant portion of our revenues today come from small and medium-sized businesses, which may have fewer financial resources to weather an economic downturn, rising inflation, and defaults by financial institutions.

•

If we are unable to develop, acquire and/or sell new, or enhance existing, products, services or applications on a timely and cost-effective basis, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

•

We may expand through acquisitions of, or investments in, other companies, each of which may divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our stockholders, increase expenses, disrupt our operations and harm our results of operations.

•

We depend on several sole suppliers to provide the components for, and a small number of vendors to manufacture, certain on-premise devices and end-point devices we sell, and any delay or interruption in manufacturing, configuring and delivering by these third parties would result in delayed or reduced shipments to our customers and may increase our costs and harm our business and results of operations.

•

A ransomware attack or other security breach could delay or interrupt service to our customers, compromise the integrity of our systems or data that we collect, result in the loss of our intellectual property or confidential information, harm our reputation, or subject us to significant liability.

•

We rely significantly on retailers and reseller partnerships to sell our products; our failure to effectively develop, manage and maintain these sales channels could materially and adversely affect our revenue and business.

•

We face competition in our markets by our competitors (including mergers or other strategic transactions involving our competitors) and may lack sufficient financial or other resources to compete successfully.

•

We are continuing to expand our international operations, which may expose us to significant risks.

•

To deliver our services, we rely on third parties for our network connectivity and co‑location facilities for certain features in our services and for certain elements of providing our services.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 28

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

•

Interruptions in our services could harm our reputation, result in significant costs to us and impair our ability to sell our services.

•

We rely on third parties, including third parties located in Russia, for some of our software development, quality assurance and operations, and anticipate we will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.

•

We rely on third parties to provide the majority of our customer service and support representatives. If these third parties do not provide our customers with reliable, high‑quality service, our reputation and our business will be harmed, and we may be exposed to significant liability.

•

Our business could suffer if we cannot obtain or retain direct inward dialing numbers, or DIDs, are prohibited from obtaining local or toll-free numbers, or are limited to distributing local or toll-free numbers to only certain customers.

•

If we are unable to effectively process local number and toll-free number portability provisioning in a timely manner, our growth may be negatively affected.

•

We may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the future and our rates of growth may decline.

•

Our quarterly and annual results have fluctuated in the past and may continue to do so. As a result, we may fail to meet or to exceed the expectations of analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to fluctuate.

•

If we do not manage inventory levels and purchase commitments effectively, we may experience excess inventory levels, inventory obsolescence, or inventory shortages that could adversely affect our results of operations.

Risks Related to Security, IT Systems and Intellectual Property

•

We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant costs to protect against security breaches. We may incur significant additional costs in the future to address any actual or perceived security breaches.

•

Failures in internet infrastructure or interference with broadband access, or providers of broadband services blocking or degrading our services, could cause current or potential customers to believe that our systems are unreliable, leading our current customers to switch to our competitors or potential customers to avoid using our services.

•

If we experience excessive fraudulent activity or cannot meet evolving credit card association merchant standards, we could incur substantial costs and lose the right to accept credit cards for payment, which could cause our customer base to decline significantly.

•

Any failure to obtain protection of our intellectual property rights could materially and adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Regulatory and Tax Matters

•

Future legislative or regulatory actions, such as the adoption of additional 911 requirements or new taxes, could increase our costs and adversely affect our business and expose us to liability.

•

If we cannot comply with regulations, including communications and telecommunications laws and the Federal Communications Commission’s ("FCC") rules imposing call signaling requirements on VoIP providers like us, we may be subject to fines, cease and desist orders, restrictions on our business, or other penalties.

•

The FCC has continued to increase regulation of interconnected VoIP services and may at any time determine certain VoIP services are telecommunications services subject to traditional common carrier regulation.

•

Reform of federal and state USF programs could increase the cost of our service to our customers, diminishing or eliminating our pricing advantage.

•

We process, store, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us and our customers to a variety of evolving industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal rules related to privacy, which may increase our costs, decrease adoption and use of our products and services, and expose us to liability.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 29

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry

If we are unable to attract new users in a cost-effective manner our business will be materially and adversely affected.

In order to grow our business, we must continue to attract new users in a cost-effective manner. We use and periodically adjust the mix of advertising and marketing programs to promote our services. Significant increases in the pricing of one or more of our advertising channels could increase our advertising costs or may cause us to choose less expensive and perhaps less effective channels to promote our services. As we add to or change the mix of our advertising and marketing strategies, we may need to expand into channels with significantly higher costs than our current programs, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. We will incur advertising and marketing expenses in advance of when we anticipate recognizing any revenue generated by such expenses, and we may fail to experience an increase in revenue or brand awareness as a result of such expenditures. We have made in the past, and may make in the future, significant expenditures and investments in new advertising campaigns, and we cannot assure you that any such investments will lead to the cost-effective acquisition of additional customers. New users are drawn to our products and services by rankings circulated by organizations such as Amazon, Apple and Google app stores and highly regarded publications such as PCMag and Consumer Reports. If we are unable to maintain effective advertising programs and garner favorable rankings, our ability to attract new customers could be materially and adversely affected, which could lead us to increase our advertising and marketing expenditures substantially, and our results of operations may suffer.

We market our products and services principally to businesses and households. Some of these business customers and consumers are less technically knowledgeable and may be resistant to new technologies such as our cloud-based communications solutions and our connected services. Because our potential customers need to connect additional hardware at their location and take other steps not required for the use of traditional communications services such as telephone, fax and e-mail, these customers may be reluctant to use our service. These customers may also lack sufficient resources, financial or otherwise, to invest in learning about our services, and therefore may be unwilling to adopt them. If these customers choose not to adopt our services, our ability to grow our business could be negatively affected.

Our customers may terminate their subscriptions for our service in most cases without penalty, and increased customer turnover, as well as costs we incur to retain our customers, encourage them to add users and, purchase additional functionalities and premium services, could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.

Our service plans are generally sold as monthly subscriptions and our customers may terminate their monthly subscription for convenience without any penalty. Certain of our service plans are also sold as annual and multi-year subscriptions, typically ranging up to three years. However, our customers have no obligation to renew their subscriptions for such services and may elect to terminate their subscription for any number of reasons. As a result, we have no assurance that the revenue stream associated with a particular customer account will continue beyond the initial subscription term. Additionally, our Ooma Business customers may choose to reduce the number of lines or remove some of the solutions to which they subscribe. Given Ooma Business customers generally pay more for their subscriptions than residential or mobile customers, any increased churn in business customers could materially and adversely affect our core user growth, financial performance and results of operations, and thereby increase the costs we incur in our efforts to retain our customers and encourage them to upgrade their services and increase their number of users.

Our core user churn rate could increase significantly in the future if customers are not satisfied with our service, the value proposition of our services, our ability to otherwise meet their needs and expectations, and/or other factors beyond our control, including the impact of rising inflation and a slowing economy. As a result, we may have to acquire new customers or new users within our existing customer base on an ongoing basis simply to maintain our existing level of revenue. If a significant number of customers, or one or more larger customers, terminate, reduce or fail to renew their subscriptions, we may need to incur significantly higher marketing expenditures than anticipated to maintain or increase our revenue, which could harm our business and results of operations. Our efforts to mitigate risk of customer churn due to any factor may divert management’s time and focus away from efforts to address customer churn due to other factors. This broad-based susceptibility to churn could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.

Our future success also depends in part on our ability to sell additional subscriptions and functionalities to our current customer base, which may require increasingly sophisticated, costlier sales efforts and a longer sales cycle. Any increase in the costs necessary to upgrade, expand and retain existing customers could materially and adversely affect our financial performance. Such increased costs could cause us to increase our subscription rates, which could increase our customer turnover rate. If our efforts to convince customers to add users and, in the future, to purchase additional functionalities are not successful, our business may suffer.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 30

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

A significant portion of our revenues today come from small and medium-sized businesses, which may have fewer financial resources to weather an economic downturn, rising inflation, and defaults by financial institutions.

A significant portion of our revenues today comes from small and medium-sized businesses. These customers may be more susceptible to negative impact from economic downturns, rising inflation, and defaults by financial institutions than larger, more established businesses as these businesses typically have fewer financial resources than larger entities. For example, small and medium-sized businesses may have fewer financial resources to weather high inflation rates.

As the majority of our customers pay for our subscriptions through credit and debit cards, weakness in certain segments of the credit markets and in the U.S. and global economies has resulted in and may in the future result in increased numbers of rejected credit and debit card payments and business failures, which could materially affect our business by increased customer default or cancellations. If small and medium-sized businesses experience financial hardship or declare bankruptcy as a result of a weak economy, defaults by financial institutions, or for any other reason, the overall demand for our subscriptions could be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to develop, acquire and/or sell new, or enhance existing, products, services or applications on a timely and cost-effective basis, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The cloud-based communications and connected services industries are characterized by rapid changes in customer requirements, frequent introductions of new and enhanced services, and continuing and rapid technological advancement. To compete successfully in these emerging markets, we must anticipate and adapt to unpredictable technological changes and evolving industry standards and continue to design, develop, manufacture and sell new and enhanced services and products that provide increasingly higher levels of performance and reliability at lower cost. For fiscal 2023, we derived approximately 53% of our revenue from Ooma Business and approximately 45% from Ooma Residential and expect they will continue to account for most of our revenue for the foreseeable future.

However, our future success will also depend on our ability to introduce and sell new services, such as our fiscal 2023 launch of Ooma Office Pro Plus or our newly-acquired 2600Hz solutions, as well as products, features and functionality that enhance or are beyond the voice, fax, text and connected services we currently offer, as well as to improve usability and support and increase customer satisfaction. The success of new product introductions, such as our fiscal 2023 launch of Ooma AirDial, depends on a number of factors including, but not limited to: pricing, market and consumer acceptance, the ability to successfully identify and anticipate product trends, effective forecasting and management of product demand, purchase commitments and inventory levels, availability of products in appropriate quantities to meet anticipated demand, ability to obtain timely and adequate delivery of components for our new products from third-party suppliers, management of manufacturing and supply costs, management of risks and delays associated with product design and production ramp-up, delays in customer readiness for AirDial installations, the quality of AirDial installations performed by third-parties, ability to maintain the levels of service uptime and performance required by our customers, and the risk that new products or enhanced versions of existing products, may have quality issues or other defects or bugs in the early stages of introduction including testing of new components and features. Moreover, the market for plain old telephone service ("POTS") line replacement is relatively new and Ooma AirDial may not result in long term success or significant revenue for us. Our failure to develop solutions that satisfy customer preferences in a timely and cost-effective manner may harm our ability to renew our subscriptions with existing customers and to create or increase demand for our services and products and may materially and adversely impact our results of operations.

The introduction or announcement of new services and technologies by our competitors, including artificial intelligence ("AI") tools, could make our existing solutions obsolete, cause customers to defer purchases of our products and services, or otherwise adversely affect our business and results of operations. Further, we may experience higher product returns from retailers or reseller partners and may face challenges managing the inventory of new or existing products, which could lead to excess inventory charges and/or discounting of such products. In addition, new products may have varying selling prices and higher costs or different kinds of costs compared to legacy products, which could negatively impact our gross margins and operating results. For example, as and to the extent sales of AirDial increase, we expect to incur higher levels of support costs.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 31

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

We may experience difficulties with software development, operations, design or marketing that could delay or prevent the introduction or implementation of new or enhanced products, services and applications. We have in the past experienced and may in the future experience delays in the planned release dates of new features and upgrades and have discovered defects in new services and applications after their introduction. New products, or new features or upgrades to existing products and services, may not be released according to schedule, or, when released, they may contain defects. Either of these situations could result in adverse publicity, loss of revenue, higher than expected costs, delay in market acceptance or claims by customers against us, all of which could harm our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

Moreover, the development of new or enhanced products, services or applications may require substantial investment, and we must continue to invest a significant amount of resources in our research and development efforts to remain competitive. We do not know whether these investments will be successful. If we are unable to develop, license or acquire new or enhanced products, services and applications on a timely and cost‑effective basis, or if such new or enhanced products, services and applications do not achieve adequate market acceptance, we may not be able to realize a return on our investments and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We may expand through acquisitions of, or investments in, other companies, each of which may divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our stockholders, increase expenses, disrupt our operations and harm our results of operations.

Our business strategy has in the past and may, from time to time in the future, include acquiring or investing in complementary services, technologies or businesses. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve our goals, and any acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by users, customers or investors. If we fail to successfully integrate such acquisitions, or the technologies associated with such acquisitions, the revenue and operating results of the combined company could be adversely affected. Acquisitions may disrupt our ongoing operations, divert management from their primary responsibilities, subject us to additional liabilities, increase our expenses and adversely impact our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology and accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including accounting charges. We have recorded significant goodwill and intangible assets in connection with our acquisitions, and in the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected revenue, we may be required to take material impairment charges that could adversely affect our results of operations.

We may have to pay cash, incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition, each of which could affect our financial condition or the value of our capital stock. The sale of equity to finance any such acquisitions could result in dilution to our stockholders. If we incur debt it would result in increased fixed obligations and could also subject us to covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations. In addition, our future operating results may be impacted by performance earnouts or contingent payments. Furthermore, acquisitions may require large one-time charges and can result in increased debt or contingent liabilities, adverse tax consequences, additional stock-based compensation expense and the recording and subsequent amortization or impairments of amounts related to certain purchased intangible assets or goodwill, any of which could negatively impact our future results of operations. For example, in the third quarter of fiscal 2024, we incurred $18.0 million of borrowings used for the acquisition of 2600Hz.

When we enter into strategic transactions in which we acquire other companies, we cannot guarantee we will be able to successfully integrate the teams, assets, technologies or business of these target companies into our business, that we will be able to fully recover the costs of such transactions, that we will retain existing key customer and partner relationships, that we will be successful in leveraging such strategic transactions into increased business for our products, or that we will otherwise be able to achieve the intended results of the acquisitions.

We depend on several sole suppliers to provide the components for, and a small number of vendors to manufacture, certain on-premise devices and end-point devices we sell, and any delay or interruption in manufacturing, configuring and delivering by these third parties would result in delayed or reduced shipments to our customers and may increase our costs and harm our business and results of operations.

We primarily contract with manufacturers in Vietnam and other Asian countries to produce our on-premise devices and end-point devices and our results of operations has been and could be further affected by slowdowns in manufacturing due to external factors such as the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, global conflicts and other factors.

We currently do not have long-term contracts with our contract manufacturers and they are not obligated to provide products to, or perform services for, us for any specific period, in any specific quantities or at any specific price, except as

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 32

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

may be provided in a particular purchase order. If these third parties are unable or unwilling to deliver products of acceptable quality or in a timely manner, our ability to bring services to market, the reliability of our services and our reputation could suffer. We expect that it could take several months to effectively transition to new third-party manufacturers or fulfillment agents. We may also decide to switch to or bring on additional contract manufacturers to better meet our needs. Switching to or bringing on a new contract manufacturer and commencing production is expensive and time-consuming and may cause delays in order fulfillment at our existing contract manufacturers or cause other disruptions.

Additionally, several components used in our on-premise devices, end-point devices and new products such as Ooma AirDial are “single sourced” and any interruption in the suppliers of such components could cause our business and operating results to suffer as we identify alternative sources of components. For example, we have in the past experienced longer lead times in the supply of some of these components as a result of global supply chain disruptions caused in-part by the COVID-19 pandemic and war in the Ukraine. We are also subject to the risk of shortages (including changes in the prioritization of our orders), price increases and the risk that our suppliers may discontinue or modify components used in our products. Some product costs have become subject to significantly higher pricing we experienced due to supply chain constraints in the global macroeconomic environment and we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. The occurrence of other events outside our control, such as public health crises, natural disasters or climate change, could impact our suppliers’ facilities and component providers, many of which are located in Vietnam and other countries in Asia. Furthermore, the geopolitical and economic uncertainty and/or instability that may result from changes in the relationship among the United States, Taiwan and China, may, directly or indirectly, materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, certain of our contract manufacturers and suppliers are dependent on products sourced from Taiwan which has been distinguished in its prevalence in certain global markets. Hence, greater restrictions and/or disruptions of our contract manufacturers’ suppliers’ ability to operate facilities and/or do business in and with Taiwan may increase the cost of certain materials and/or limit the supply of products sourced from Taiwan and may result in deterioration of our profit margins, a potential need to increase our pricing and, in so doing, may decrease demand for our products and thereby adversely impact our revenue or profitability.

A ransomware attack or other security breach could delay or interrupt service to our customers, compromise the integrity of our systems or data that we collect, result in the loss of our intellectual property or confidential information, harm our reputation, or subject us to significant liability.

Our operations depend on our ability to protect our network from interruption or damage resulting from unauthorized access or entry, computer viruses or malware or other events beyond our control, and our ability to detect any such events. In the past, we have been subject to distributed denial-of-service, or DDOS cyberattacks, and have been subject to other forms of attacks by hackers intent on bringing down our services or accessing confidential information. Although these attempts were not successful in penetrating our network, we may be subject to other DDOS and other forms of attacks in the future, undetected or otherwise. Recent developments in the threat landscape include use of AI and machine learning, as well as an increased number of cyber extortion and ransomware attacks, with higher financial ransom demand amounts and increasing sophistication and variety of ransomware techniques and methodology. For example, an increase in cyber-attack activity has been observed in connection with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. We cannot assure you that our backup systems, regular data backups, physical, technological and organizational security protocols and measures and other procedures that are currently in place, or that may be in place in the future, will be adequate to detect or prevent unauthorized access to our systems, significant damage, system interruption, degradation or failure, or data loss or to respond to a cyberattack once launched. Additionally, hackers may attempt to directly gain access to a customer's on-premise appliance, or their mobile phone, which may delay or interrupt services, or may subject our customers to further security risks, including in relation to any connected household devices a customer might have now or in the future, such as our connected smart security sensors and our partner's connected devices or to our network more generally. Also, our services are web-based, and the amount of data we store for our users on our servers has been increasing as our business has grown.

Despite our ongoing efforts to enhance security measures, our infrastructure and those of third parties we rely upon may be vulnerable to hackers, phishing, computer viruses, worms, ransomware other malicious software programs or similarly disruptive problems caused by our customers, employees, consultants or other internet users who attempt to invade public and private data networks. In some cases, we do not have in place disaster recovery facilities for certain ancillary services, such as email delivery of messages. Currently, a majority of our customers authorize us to bill their credit or debit card accounts directly for all transaction fees that we charge. We rely on encryption and authentication technology to ensure secure transmission of confidential information, including customer credit and debit card numbers. Despite our efforts to encrypt and secure transmission of confidential customer information, hackers with sufficiently sophisticated technology or methods may still be able to infiltrate our systems to gain unauthorized access to payment card information. Further, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments may result in a compromise or breach of the technology we use to protect transaction data. In addition, because the techniques used

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 33

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

to obtain unauthorized access to the information systems change frequently, and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures.

Third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees, consultants or customers into disclosing sensitive information, such as user names, passwords, customer proprietary network information ("CPNI"), intellectual property or other information in order to gain access to our customers' data or to our data. CPNI includes information such as the phone numbers called by a customer, the frequency, duration, and timing of such calls, and any services purchased by the customer, such as call waiting, call forwarding and caller ID, in addition to other information that may appear on a customer's bill. In addition, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, or to sabotage systems, change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, due to political uncertainty and military actions associated with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, we and our vendors, business partners, and contractors may be vulnerable to heightened risks of cyber-attacks, including from or affiliated with nation-state actors, which could materially disrupt our systems and operations, supply chain, and ability to produce, sell and distribute our services and products. Any compromise or perceived compromise of our security could damage our reputation, and could subject us to significant liability, as well as regulatory action, including financial penalties, which would materially adversely affect our brand, results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.

See “Risks Related to Security, IT Systems and Intellectual Property” for further risks related to security breaches.

We rely significantly on retailers and reseller partnerships to sell our products; our failure to effectively develop, manage and maintain these sales channels could materially and adversely affect our revenue and business.

A significant portion of our Ooma Residential and Ooma Business product sales are made through a combination of direct sales and leading retailers such as Amazon, Costco.com, Best Buy and Walmart, as well as reseller partnerships. Our future success depends on our ability to effectively maintain, develop and expand our retail channel and reseller partnership sales as we seek to grow and expand our customer base. We generally do not have long-term contracts with our retailers and reseller partners, and we have in the past and may in the future experience a loss of or reduction in sales through any of these third parties, which could materially reduce our revenue and profit margins. Our competitors may in some cases be effective in causing our current and potential retailers, and reseller partners to favor their services or prevent or reduce sales of our services. If we fail to maintain or develop new relationships with retailers and reseller partners in new markets or expand the number of retailers and reseller partners in existing markets, fail to manage, train, or provide appropriate incentives to our existing retailers and reseller partners, or if they are not successful in their sales efforts, sales of our products and services may decrease and our results of operations would suffer.

Our Talkatone application relies significantly on the Apple and Google app stores for distribution. Its future success depends on our continued ability to distribute Talkatone through these app stores and increase its visibility therein. If Apple or Google determine that Talkatone is non-compliant with their app store vendor policies, they may revoke our rights to sell Talkatone through their app store at any time, which could adversely affect our revenue.

We face competition in our markets and may lack sufficient financial or other resources to compete successfully. Mergers or other strategic transactions involving our competitors could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively and harm our results of operations.

The cloud-based communications and connected services industries are highly competitive and we expect that competition will continue to be intense in the future. Increased competition may result in pricing pressures, reduced profit margins and may impede our ability to continue to increase the sales of our services and products or cause us to lose market share, any of which could substantially harm our business and results of operations. We face continued competition from established communications providers, such as Comcast Corporation, Verizon Communications Inc. and Rogers Communications Inc; as well as traditional on-premise, hardware business communications providers, mobile communications app companies providing “over-the-top” solutions, large internet companies that offer services with features that compete with some of what we offer, and certain other communications companies. These companies currently or may in the future host their solutions through the cloud. Additionally, we recently entered the POTS replacement market and our new AirDial product faces competition from other companies, including Verizon Communications Inc., Granite Telecommunications LLC, and Napco Securities Technologies, Inc., as well as other service providers that bundle their offerings with POTS-related products from POTS replacement equipment manufacturers, such as DataRemote Inc.

Some of our competitors have been acquired, and may in the future consolidate with or be acquired by, other companies and competitors. Some of our competitors may enter into new alliances with each other or may establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with systems integrators, third-party consulting firms or other parties. Any such consolidation,

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 34

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

acquisition, alliance or cooperative relationship could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively and lead to downward pricing pressure and our loss of market share, and could result in a competitor with greater financial, technical, marketing, service and other resources, all of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, increased competition may result in aggressive business and pricing tactics by our competitors, including: offering products similar to our platforms and solutions on a bundled basis at no charge; announcing competing products combined with extensive marketing efforts; providing financial incentives to consumers; and asserting intellectual property rights irrespective of the validity of the claims. Our retail partners may offer the products and services of competing companies, which would adversely affect our business. Competition from other companies may also adversely affect our negotiations with service providers and suppliers, including, in some cases, requiring us to lower our prices. We may not be able to compete successfully with the offerings and sales tactics of other companies, which could result in the loss of customers and, as a result, our revenue and profitability could be adversely affected.

The market for our newly-acquired CPaaS and CCaaS 2600Hz solutions is rapidly evolving, significantly fragmented and highly competitive, with relatively low barriers to entry in some segments. Our competitors in this segment of the market are primarily (i) CPaaS companies that offer communications products and applications, and (ii) other software companies that compete with portions of these and CCaaS solutions. Some of our competitors and potential competitors in this segment are larger and have greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more established customer relationships, larger budgets, lower operating costs, and significantly greater resources than we do. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, customer requirements or changing economic conditions. Our competitors may also offer products or services that address one or a limited number of functions at lower prices, with greater depth than our products or in different geographies. Our current and potential competitors may develop and market new products and services with comparable functionality to our products, and this could lead to us having to decrease prices in order to remain competitive.

Our business, operating results and financial condition also depends, in part, on our ability to establish and maintain relationships through resellers, distributors, and strategic partners. A portion of our revenue is derived from sales made by these partners and any one of them may later decide to sell their own products or those of third parties that may be competitive with our products. A loss or reduction in sales of our products through these third-party intermediaries could adversely affect our revenue and other results of operations.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 35

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

We are continuing to expand our international operations, which may expose us to significant risks.

To date, we have not generated significant revenue from outside of the U.S. and Canada, but we have continued to expand operations outside North America as we ramp up to provide services in certain countries internationally. The future success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to expand our operations and customer base worldwide. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic and political risks different from those in the U.S. Because of our limited experience with international operations and developing and managing sales and distribution channels in international markets, our expansion efforts may not succeed. We face risks in doing business internationally that could materially and adversely affect our business, including:

•

our ability to comply with differing and evolving technical and environmental standards, telecommunications regulations, and certification requirements outside the U.S.;

•

our ability to comply with different and evolving laws, rules, regulations and standards relating to data privacy, data protection, data localization and data security enacted in countries in which we operate or do business;

•

potential contractual and other liability to our business partners if we fail to meet their aggressive expansion schedules in new locations;

•

difficulties and costs associated with staffing and managing foreign operations;

•

potentially greater difficulty collecting accounts receivable and longer payment cycles;

•

the need to adapt and localize our services for specific countries;

•

the need to offer customer care in various languages;

•

reliance on third parties over which we have limited control for marketing and reselling our services;

•

availability of reliable broadband connectivity and wide area networks in targeted areas for expansion;

•

lower levels of adoption of credit or debit card usage for internet related purchases by foreign customers and compliance with various foreign regulations related to credit or debit card processing and data privacy;

•

difficulties in understanding and complying with local laws, regulations, and customs in foreign jurisdictions;

•

export controls and trade and economic sanctions administered by the Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security and the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control;

•

tariffs and other non-tariff barriers, such as quotas and local content rules;

•

tariffs imposed by the U.S. on goods from other countries and tariffs imposed by other countries on U.S. goods, including the tariffs implemented and additional tariffs that have been proposed by the U.S. government on various imports from China, Canada, Mexico and the EU, and by the governments of these jurisdictions on certain U.S. goods, and any other possible tariffs that may be imposed on services such as ours, the scope and duration of which, if implemented, remain uncertain;

•

compliance with various anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA;

•

more limited protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

•

adverse tax consequences;

•

fluctuations in currency exchange rates, economic stability, and inflationary conditions which could increase the price of our services outside of the U.S., increase the expenses of our international operations, including expenses related to foreign contractors, and expose us to foreign currency exchange rate risk;

•

exchange control regulations, which might restrict or prohibit our conversion of other currencies into U.S. Dollars;

•

restrictions on the transfer of funds;

•

international conflict and sanctions, such as those resulting from Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine;

•

deterioration of political relations between the U.S. and other countries; and

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 36

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

•

political or social unrest or economic instability in a specific country or region, which could have an adverse impact on our third-party software development and quality assurance operations there.

Failure to manage any of these risks could harm our future international operations and our overall business.

To deliver our services, we rely on third parties for our network connectivity and co‑location facilities for certain features in our services and for certain elements of providing our services.

We expect that we will continue to rely on third-party service providers for hosting, internet access and other services that are vital to our service offering for the foreseeable future. For example, Equinix, Inc. and others provide data center facilities, and Inteliquent and others provide origination services. Inteliquent is also our primary provider of 911 services. We also rely on third-party service providers for our SMS and speech-to-text services which are sole-sourced. If any of these network service providers stop providing us with access to their infrastructure, fail to provide these services to us on a cost-effective basis, cease operations, or otherwise terminate these services, the delay caused by qualifying and switching to another third-party network service provider, if one is available, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We may be required to transfer our servers to new data center facilities if we are unable to renew our leases on acceptable terms, if at all, or the owners of the facilities decide to close their facilities, and we may incur significant costs and possible service interruption in connection with doing so. Any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy or foreclosure, faced by our third-party data center operators or any of the service providers with which we or they contract, may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. Additionally, if our data centers are unable to keep up with our increasing needs for capacity, our ability to grow our business could be materially and adversely impacted.

If problems occur with any of these third-party network or service providers, it may cause errors or reduced quality in our services, and we could encounter difficulty identifying the source of the problem. The occurrence of errors or reduced quality in our service, whether caused by our systems or a third-party network or service provider, may result in the loss of our existing customers, delay or loss of market acceptance of our services, termination of our relationships and agreements with our resellers or liability for failure to meet service level agreements, and may seriously harm our business and results of operations.

We rely on purchased or leased hardware and software licensed from third parties in order to offer our services. In some cases, we integrate third-party licensed software components into our platforms. This hardware and software, or future technology we may want to license, may not continue to provide competitive features and functionality or be available to us at reasonable prices or on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of this hardware or software could significantly increase our expenses and otherwise result in delays in the provisioning of our service until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained and integrated. Any errors or defects in third-party hardware or software could result in errors or a failure of our service which could harm our business.

We also contract with one or more third parties to provide enhanced 911, or E-911, services, including assistance in routing emergency calls and terminating E-911 calls. Our providers operate a national call center that is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, to receive certain emergency calls and maintain public service answering point, or PSAP, databases for the purpose of deploying and operating E-911 services. On mobile devices, we generally rely on the underlying cellular or wireless carrier to provide E-911 services. Any failure to perform, including interruptions in service, by our vendors, could cause failures in our customers’ access to E-911 services and expose us to significant liability and damage our reputation.

Interruptions in our services could harm our reputation, result in significant costs to us and impair our ability to sell our services.

Because our technology platforms are complex, incorporate a variety of new computer hardware, and the platforms continue to evolve, our services may have errors, defects or required updates that are identified after customers begin using such services, which could result in unanticipated service interruptions. Although we test our services to detect and correct errors and defects before their initial release and before we make updates or other changes to such services, we have occasionally experienced significant service interruptions as a result of undetected errors or defects and may experience future interruptions of service if we fail to detect and correct errors and defects. In addition, updates to our hardware and/or software due to changes in third-party service providers may be required from time to time. Furthermore, the costs incurred in correcting root causes for service outages and updating our hardware and/or software may be substantial and these and other related consequences could negatively impact our results of operations.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 37

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

We currently serve the majority of our customers from data centers in Northern California, Texas and Virginia, where we lease space from Equinix, Inc. We also lease data center space in certain cities in Europe and serve some of our customers from cloud service providers. These facilities and the procedures we have implemented to restore services quickly in the event of a service outage, by themselves, will not prevent future outages. Any damage to, or failure of, these facilities, the communications network providers with whom we or they contract or with the systems by which our communications providers allocate capacity among their customers, including us, could result in interruptions in our service. Additionally, in connection with the expansion or consolidation of our existing data center facilities, we may move or transfer our data and our customers’ data to other data centers. Despite precautions we take during this process, any unsuccessful data transfers may impair or cause disruptions in the delivery of our service.

Despite precautions taken at our hosting facilities, the occurrence of a natural disaster or an act of terrorism or other unanticipated problems at these facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in our service. Even with the disaster recovery arrangements that we have in place, our service could be interrupted. Any defects in, or unavailability of, the components of our platforms that cause interruptions of our services could, among other things: cause a reduction in revenue or a delay in market acceptance of our services; require us to issue refunds to our customers or expose us to claims for damages; cause us to lose existing customers and make it more difficult to attract new customers; divert our development resources or require us to make extensive changes to our software, which would increase our expenses and slow innovation; increase our technical support costs; and harm our reputation and brand.

We rely on third parties, including third parties located in Russia, for some of our software development, quality assurance and operations, and anticipate we will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.

We outsource certain of our software development and design, quality assurance and operations activities to third-party contractors that have employees and consultants in a number of international locations, including Russia. Our dependence on third-party contractors creates numerous risks; in particular, international sanctions imposed as a result of Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine could limit our ability to transact with our third-party contractors in Russia, which could disrupt or delay current or future planned research and development activities, increase our costs, or force us to shift development efforts to resources in other geographies that may not possess the same level of cost efficiencies.

More generally, there is the risk that we may not maintain control or effective management with respect to these business operations. Our agreements with these third-party contractors are either not terminable by them (other than at the end of the term or upon an uncured breach by us) or require at least 30 days’ prior written notice of termination. If we experience problems with our third-party contractors, the costs charged by our third-party contractors increase, or our agreements with our third-party contractors are terminated, we may not be able to develop new solutions, enhance or operate existing solutions or provide customer support in an alternate manner that is equally or more efficient and cost-effective. If we are unsuccessful in maintaining existing and, if needed, establishing new relationships with third parties, our ability to efficiently operate existing services or develop new services and provide adequate customer support could be impaired, and as a result, our competitive position or our results of operations could suffer.

We rely on third parties to provide the majority of our customer service and support representatives. If these third parties do not provide our customers with reliable, high‑quality service, our reputation and our business will be harmed, and we may be exposed to significant liability.

We offer customer support through both our online account management website and our toll-free customer support number. Our customer support is currently provided via a third-party provider located in the Philippines, as well as our U.S. employees. The ability to support our customers may be disrupted by natural disasters, inclement weather, civil unrest, strikes, terrorism, breaches of data security, and other adverse events. A significant service outage may cause a high volume of customer support inquiries, and our third‑party customer service center may not be able to respond to such inquiries in a timely manner, which would adversely impact our ability to deliver on our customer commitments. We currently offer support almost exclusively in English. As we expand our operations internationally, we have made and will need to continue to make significant expenditures and investments in our customer service and support to adequately address the complex needs of international customers, such as support in multiple foreign languages. Industry consolidation among customer service providers may impact our ability to obtain these services or increase our costs for these services.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 38

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

If we fail to continue developing our brand or our reputation is harmed, our business may suffer.

We believe that continuing to strengthen our current brand will be critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our services and will require continued focus on active marketing efforts. The demand for and cost of online and traditional advertising have been increasing and may continue to increase. Accordingly, we may need to increase our investment in, and devote greater resources to, advertising, marketing, and other efforts to create and maintain brand loyalty among users. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenue, and even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses incurred in building our brands. If we fail to promote and maintain our brand, or if we incur substantial expense in an unsuccessful attempt to promote and maintain our brands, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

Our services, as well as those of our competitors, are regularly reviewed and commented upon by online and social media sources, as well as computer and other business publications. Negative reviews, or reviews in which our competitors’ products and services are rated more highly than our solutions, could negatively affect our brand and reputation. From time to time, our customers have expressed dissatisfaction with our services, including dissatisfaction with our customer support, our billing policies and the way our services operate. If we do not handle customer complaints effectively, our brand and reputation may suffer, we may lose our customers’ confidence, and they may choose to terminate, reduce or not to renew their subscriptions. In addition, many of our customers participate in social media and online blogs about internet-based services, including our services, and our success depends in part on our ability to minimize negative and generate positive customer feedback through such online channels where existing and potential customers seek and share information. If actions we take or changes we make to our services upset these customers, their blogging could negatively affect our brand and reputation. Complaints or negative publicity about our services or customer service could materially and adversely impact our ability to attract and retain customers and our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to effectively manage our growth and the increased complexity of our business, which could negatively impact our brand, financial performance and increase the risk of investing in our stock.

We continue to experience significant growth in our business, including through our expansion domestically and internationally, as well as through our acquisition of OnSIP in July 2022. This growth has placed and may continue to place significant demands on our management and our operational and financial infrastructure. As our operations grow in size, scope and complexity, we will need to increase our sales and marketing efforts and personnel worldwide, and improve and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to attract, service, and retain an increasing number of users. For example, we expect the volume of simultaneous calls to increase significantly as our user base grows, and our network hardware and software may not be able to accommodate this additional simultaneous call volume. The expansion of our systems and infrastructure will require us to commit substantial financial, operational and technical resources in advance of an increase in the volume of business, with no assurance that the volume of business will increase. Any such additional capital investments will increase our cost base. Continued growth could also strain our ability to maintain reliable service levels for our users, develop and improve our operational, financial and management controls, enhance our reporting systems and procedures and recruit, train, and retain highly skilled personnel. If we fail to achieve the necessary level of efficiency in our organization as we grow, and if the current and future members of our management team do not effectively scale with this growth, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business could suffer if we cannot obtain or retain direct inward dialing numbers ("DIDs"), are prohibited from obtaining local or toll-free numbers, or are limited to distributing local or toll-free numbers to only certain customers.

Our future success depends on our ability to procure large quantities of local and toll-free DIDs in the U.S. and foreign countries in desirable locations at a reasonable cost and without restrictions. Our ability to procure and distribute DIDs depends on factors outside of our control, such as applicable regulations, the practices of the communications carriers that provide DIDs, the cost of these DIDs, and the level of demand for new DIDs. Due to their limited availability, there are certain popular area code prefixes we generally cannot obtain. Our inability to acquire DIDs for our operations would make our services less attractive to potential customers in the affected local geographic areas, which could adversely affect our revenue growth. In addition, future growth in our customer base and the customer bases of our competitors will increase our dependence on needing sufficiently large quantities of DIDs.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 39

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

If we are unable to effectively process local number and toll-free number portability provisioning in a timely manner, our growth may be negatively affected.

We support local number and toll-free number portability, which allows our customers to transfer to us and thereby retain their existing phone numbers when subscribing to our services. During the number transfer process, our new customers must maintain both our service and their existing phone service. We depend on third-party carriers to transfer phone numbers, a process we do not control, and these third-party carriers may refuse or substantially delay the transfer of these numbers to us. Local number portability is considered an important feature by many potential customers, and if we fail to reduce any related delays, we may experience increased difficulty in acquiring new customers. Moreover, the FCC requires us to comply with specified number porting timeframes when customers leave our service for the services of another provider. In Canada, the CRTC has imposed a similar number portability requirement on service providers like us. If we, or our third-party carriers, are unable to process number portability requests within the requisite timeframes, we could be subject to fines and penalties. Additionally, in the U.S., both customers and carriers may seek relief from the relevant state public utility commission, the FCC, or in state or federal court for violation of local number portability requirements.

We may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the future and our rates of growth may decline.

We have incurred net losses since our inception, including net losses of approximately $3.7 million in fiscal 2023. We have expended significant resources to develop, market, promote, grow our customer base and sell our products and solutions and we expect to continue investing for future growth. Although we generated cash from operations of $8.8 million for fiscal 2023, we cannot assure you that our operating cash flow will remain positive in the future as we continue to invest in efforts to scale our business. Achieving profitability will require us to increase revenue, manage our cost structure and avoid significant liabilities. Revenue growth and growth of our active user base may slow, revenue may decline or we may incur significant losses in the future for a number of possible reasons, including general macroeconomic conditions, increasing competition (including competitive pricing pressures), our achievement of greater market penetration, a decrease in the growth of the markets in which we compete, or failure for any reason to continue capitalizing on growth opportunities. Additionally, we may encounter unforeseen operating expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, service delivery and quality problems and other unknown factors that may result in losses in future periods. If these losses exceed our expectations or our revenue growth expectations are not met in future periods, investors’ perceptions of our business may be adversely affected, our financial performance will be harmed and our stock price could be volatile or decline.

Our quarterly and annual results have fluctuated in the past and may continue to do so. As a result, we may fail to meet or to exceed the expectations of analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to fluctuate.

Our quarterly and annual results of operations and cash flows, have varied historically from period to period, and we expect that they will continue to fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including:

•

fluctuations in demand for, pricing of, or usage of, our products, including due to the effects of global macroeconomic conditions, competition, and differing levels of demand for our products based on changing customer priorities, resources, financial conditions and economic outlook;

•

our ability to retain existing customers resellers, expand our existing customers' user base, and attract new customers, sell premium solutions to our existing customers and introduce new solutions;

•

the actions of our competitors, including pricing changes or the introduction of new solutions and products;

•

our ability to effectively manage our growth and successfully penetrate the communications and connected services markets for businesses, residential and mobile;

•

the number of monthly, annual and multi-year subscriptions at any given time;

•

the timing, cost and effectiveness of our advertising and marketing efforts;

•

the timing, operating cost and capital expenditures for the operation, maintenance, and expansion of our business;

•

delays or disruptions in our supply chain;

•

the timing of our decisions with regard to product resource allocation;

•

increased component costs;

•

seasonality of consumers’ purchasing patterns and seasonality of advertising patterns;

•

service outages or security breaches and any related impact on our reputation;

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 40

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

•

our ability to accurately forecast revenue and appropriately plan our expenses;

•

our ability to effectively transact with our third-party software development contractors in Russia, including any disruptions or delays in research and development activities due to international sanctions imposed as a result of Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine;

•

costs associated with defending and resolving intellectual property infringement and other claims;

•

changes in tax laws, regulations, or accounting rules;

•

the timing and cost of developing or acquiring technologies, services or businesses and our ability to successfully manage any such acquisitions;

•

how well we execute on our strategy and operating plans and the impact of changes in our business model that could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition;

•

the impact of worldwide economic, industry, and market conditions, such as liquidity constraints and higher levels of inflation; and

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quarantines, travel limitations, or business disruptions in regions affecting our operations, including our field sales and installation services teams, or the operations of third parties upon which we rely, stemming from the actual, imminent or perceived outbreaks of epidemics or pandemics.

Any one of the factors above, or the cumulative effect of some or all of the factors referred to above, may result in significant fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results of operations and cash flows. This variability and unpredictability could result in our failure to meet our internal operating plan or the expectations of securities analysts or investors for any period, which could cause our stock price to decline. In addition, a significant percentage of our operating expenses is fixed in nature and is based on forecasted revenue trends. Accordingly, in the event of revenue shortfalls, we may not be able to mitigate the negative impact on net income (loss) and margins in the short term. If we fail to meet or exceed the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the market price of our shares could fall substantially and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class-action suits.

If additional tariffs or other restrictions are placed on our goods imported from other countries, or if the United States were to withdraw from or modify existing trade agreements or regulations, our revenue, gross margin, and results of operations may be materially harmed.

Trade restrictions, including tariffs, quotas, embargoes, safeguards and customs restrictions, could increase the cost or reduce the supply of products available to us, or could increase the lead times of certain components and equipment that we may purchase from foreign vendors located in China and other countries, or may require us to modify our supply chain organization or other current business practices, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, during 2019, the U.S. federal government announced new and increased tariffs on certain Chinese imported goods, and China imposed tariffs in response to the actions of the U.S. Such actions subjected a wide range of our products to tariffs and increased existing tariffs on certain of our products, which have negatively impacted, and could continue to negatively impact our gross margins. If additional tariffs or other restrictions, including quotas, embargoes, safeguards and customs restrictions, are placed on goods imported into the United States, or any related counter-measures are taken by other countries, our revenue and results of operations may be materially harmed. We cannot assure you that the current U.S. administration will not continue to increase tariffs on imports from China or alter trade agreements and terms between China and the United States, which may include limiting trade with China.

In addition, the U.S. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 imposed a ban on the use of certain surveillance, telecommunications, and other equipment manufactured in China, to help protect critical infrastructure and other sites deemed to be sensitive for national security purposes in the U.S. Further, in 2021, the Secure Equipment Act of 2021 required the FCC to adopt rules clarifying that it will no longer review or approve any authorization application for certain surveillance, telecommunications, and other equipment that poses an unacceptable risk to national security. While these measures have not had a direct effect on our supply chain, any expansion to this ban or imposition of any similar bans by the U.S. federal government may require us to find new sources of system assembly or other products that we import, which may result in higher costs and disruption to our business.

We are dependent on international trade agreements and regulations, such as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, or USMC. If the United States were to withdraw from or materially modify certain international trade agreements or regulations, our business and operating results could be materially and adversely affected and our customer relationships in Canada and other countries could be harmed.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 41

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

If we do not manage inventory levels and purchase commitments effectively, we may experience excess inventory levels, inventory obsolescence, or inventory shortages that could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our vendor-supplied on-premise devices and end-point devices, as well as materials and components for new products such as AirDial and enhanced versions of existing products, frequently have lead times of several months or longer for delivery and are built based on our estimates of future demand. If we overestimate our requirements, we may incur liabilities for excess or obsolete inventory, which could negatively affect our gross margins. Conversely, if we underestimate our requirements, our suppliers may have inadequate supplies of the devices or materials and components required to assemble our products, which could result in an interruption of the assembly of our products, delays in shipments or installations and deferral or loss of revenue. Our ability to accurately forecast demand is affected by many factors, including an increase or decrease in customer demand for our products and services, changes in consumer preferences, market acceptance of new product and service introductions by us and our competitors, levels of inventory held by channel partners, sales promotional activities by us or our competitors, and unanticipated changes in general market demand and macro-economic conditions. In addition, because we rely on third-party contract manufacturers and other vendors for the supply of our devices and components, our inventory levels are subject to the conditions regarding the timing of purchase orders and delivery dates not within our control.

In past periods, we have increased our inventory levels to mitigate supply disruptions caused by component shortages, longer lead times and increased transportation uncertainty. Additionally, we experienced higher unit costs for some products that have been impacted by supply chain constraints and inflationary pressure in the past global macroeconomic environment as well as certain components being subject to end-of-life. Increased inventory levels have in the past and may in the future result in write-down charges from excess or obsolete inventory, charges from excess purchase commitments, the sale of inventory at discounted prices, and other actions, which may cause our gross margin to decline and harm our reputation and brand.

Conversely, insufficient levels of inventory could interrupt the assembly of our products, delay shipments or installations and cause deferral or loss of revenue, any of which may negatively affect relations with customers. For instance, our customers rely upon our ability to meet committed delivery dates, and any disruption in the supply of our services could result in loss of customers or harm to our ability to attract new customers. Additionally, retailers may elect to return any unsold inventory without any penalty, which could result in excess inventory charges. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may lose key members of our management team and other key employees, and may be unable to attract and retain employees we need to support our operations and growth.

Our future performance depends on the continued services and contributions of our senior management and other key employees to execute on our business plan, and to identify and pursue opportunities and services innovations. The loss of services of senior management or other key employees could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our development and strategic objectives. The replacement of any of these senior management personnel would likely involve significant time and costs, and such loss could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives. Many members of our senior management have been our employees for many years and therefore have significant experience and understanding of our business that would be difficult to replace. Our inability to attract and retain the necessary personnel could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of business. We do not maintain key person insurance for any of our personnel.

We may not be able to secure additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, to meet our future capital needs.

We intend to continue making expenditures and investments to support the growth of our business. In the future, we may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances, including the need to develop new solutions or enhance our existing solutions, enhance our operating infrastructure, and acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may decide to engage in equity or debt financings or enter into new credit facilities to secure additional funds. However, additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms acceptable to us, or at all, due to among other factors, general macro-economic conditions, including rising interest rates, volatile credit markets, inflation, and bank defaults or other disruptions in the financial services industry. Any debt financing we secure in the future could contain affirmative and negative covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, including covenants which may limit our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness and liens, make certain investments, merge or consolidate with other entities and make certain dispositions, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 42

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution. Any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing terms satisfactory to us, our ability to continue pursuing our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected, and the trading price of our common stock would likely decline.

Our success depends, in part, on increased acceptance of our connected services, applications and products.

Our future growth depends on our ability to significantly increase revenue generated from our Ooma Business and Ooma Residential communications solutions and other connected services. The markets for cloud-based communications and other connected services are evolving rapidly and are characterized by an increasing number of market entrants. If these markets fail to develop, develop more slowly than we anticipate or develop in a manner different than we expect, our services could fail to achieve market acceptance, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our business.

Our future growth in the small and medium-sized business and enterprise markets depends on the continued use of voice communications by businesses, as compared to e-mail and other data-based methods. A decline in the overall rate of voice communications by businesses would harm our business. Furthermore, our continued growth depends on future demand for and adoption of internet voice communications systems and services and on future demand for connected communications services. Although the number of broadband subscribers worldwide has grown significantly in recent years, only a small percentage of businesses have adopted internet voice communications services to date. For demand and adoption of internet voice communications services by businesses to increase, internet voice communications networks must improve the quality of their service for real-time communications by managing the effects of and reducing packet loss, packet delay, and packet jitter, as well as unreliable bandwidth, so that high-quality service can be consistently provided. Additionally, the cost and feature benefits of internet voice communications must be sufficient to cause customers to switch from traditional phone service providers. We must devote substantial resources to educate potential customers about the benefits of internet voice communications solutions, in general, and of our services in particular. If any or all of these factors fail to occur, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Our Ooma Residential product and services are sold primarily to individuals and families. With the growth of mobile technologies, many consumers have chosen to eliminate their home telephone service as alternative services have proliferated. Our ability to continue growing our user base depends on our ability to convince customers and potential customers that our service is sufficiently useful and cost-effective, that it makes sense to maintain or establish home telephone services with us over other alternatives. Our growth could slow as it has in recent periods and our financial condition could be adversely affected if the trend of eliminating home telephone service continues or accelerates.

Our mobile platform, available to any consumer with a Wi-Fi® or cellular data connected mobile device, operates in a market that is fragmented and where it is difficult to gain consumer awareness. Many of our competitors in this market have been able to establish a significant user base and reputation in the market, which may make it more difficult for our products to be adopted. Furthermore, as new mobile devices are released, we may encounter difficulties supporting these devices and services, and we may need to devote significant resources to the creation, support, and maintenance of our mobile applications. Additionally, our competitors may allocate additional resources to marketing and promotion of their products, making it even more difficult to be noticed. It is also unclear how the adoption of “over-the-top” based communications will continue to grow. If the number of consumers using “over-the-top” based communications stagnates or declines, such movement may result in an intensified competition for consumers in this space.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 43

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Risks Related to Security, IT Systems and Intellectual Property

We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant costs to protect against security breaches. We may incur significant additional costs in the future to address any actual or perceived security breaches.

Any system failure or security breach that causes interruptions or data loss in our operations or in the computer systems of our customers or leads to the misappropriation of our or our customers' CPNI could result in significant liability to us. Such failure or breach could cause our service to be perceived as not being secure, subject us to regulatory requirements such as FCC notification, result in significant monetary costs, such as fines, legal fees and expenditures to improve and enhance our security measures, cause considerable harm to us and our reputation (including requiring notification to customers, regulators or the media) and deter current and potential customers from using our services.

We could incur significant costs, both monetary and with respect to management's time and attention, to investigate and remediate a data security breach. Because our onboarding and billing functions are conducted primarily through a single data center, any security breach in that data center may cause an interruption in our business operations. If any of these events occurs, or is believed to occur, our reputation and brand could be damaged, our business may suffer, we could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to alleviate problems caused by such actual or perceived breaches, we could be exposed to a risk of loss, litigation or regulatory action and possible liability, and our ability to operate our business, including our ability to provide maintenance and support services to our channel partners and end-customers, may be impaired. If current or prospective channel partners and end-customers believe that our systems and solutions do not provide adequate security for their businesses' needs, our business and our financial results could be harmed. Actual, potential or anticipated attacks may cause us to incur increasing costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees and engage third-party experts and consultants.

Although we maintain privacy, data breach and network security liability insurance, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all. In addition, although we have developed an information security program, we cannot guarantee these measures would be sufficient to protect us from a network security incident. Any actual or perceived compromise or breach of our security measures, or those of our third-party service providers, or any unauthorized access to, misuse or misappropriation of personally identifiable information, channel partners' or end-customers information, or other information, could violate applicable laws and regulations, contractual obligations or other legal obligations and cause significant legal and financial exposure, adverse publicity and a loss of confidence in our security measures, any of which could have an material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

Failures in internet infrastructure or interference with broadband access could cause current or potential customers to believe that our systems are unreliable, leading our current customers to switch to our competitors or potential customers to avoid using our services.

Many of our services depend on our customers’ broadband access to the internet, usually provided through a cable or digital subscriber line, or DSL, connection. In addition, users who access our services and applications through mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, must have a high-speed connection, such as Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, 5G or LTE, to use our services and applications. Currently, this access is provided by companies that have significant and increasing market power in the broadband and internet access marketplace, including incumbent phone companies, cable companies and wireless companies. Increasing numbers of users and increasing bandwidth requirements may degrade the performance of internet and mobile infrastructure, resulting in outages or deteriorations in connectivity and negatively impacting the quality with which we can deliver our solutions. As our customer base grows and their usage of communications capacity increases, we will be required to make additional investments in network capacity to maintain adequate data transmission speeds, the availability of which may be limited, or the cost of which may be on terms unacceptable to us. If adequate capacity is not available to us as our customers’ usage increases, our network may be unable to achieve or maintain sufficiently high data transmission capacity, reliability or performance. Furthermore, as the rate of adopting new technologies increases, the networks on which our services and applications rely may not be able to sufficiently adapt to the increased demand for these services, including ours. In the past, we have experienced disruptions to our service and were able to restore service without incurring material expenses. Outages to date have not materially affected our results of operations. However, the costs incurred in correcting root causes for service outages may be substantial and these and other related consequences could negatively impact our results of operations.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 44

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Some of the providers of broadband internet access and high-speed mobile access, such as AT&T and Verizon, market and sell products and services to our current and potential customers that directly compete with our own offerings, which can potentially give such providers a competitive advantage. Broadband providers also may take measures that affect their customers’ ability to use our service, such as degrading the quality of the data packets we transmit over their lines, giving those packets low priority, giving other packets higher priority than ours, blocking our packets entirely or attempting to charge their customers more for also using our services. A number of states have enacted or are considering legislation or executive actions that would regulate the conduct of broadband providers. We cannot predict whether state initiatives will be modified, overturned, or vacated by legal action of the court, federal or state legislation, or the FCC.

The FCC’s orders could affect the market for broadband internet access service in a way that impacts our business, for example by increasing the cost of broadband internet service and thereby depressing demand for our services, by increasing the costs of services we purchase or by creating tiers of internet access service and by either charging us for or prohibiting us from being available through these tiers, and we cannot predict the impact of these events upon our business and results of operations.

Frequent or persistent interruptions could cause current or potential users to believe that our systems or services are unreliable, leading them to switch to our competitors or to avoid our services, and could permanently harm our reputation and brands. Because some of our services rely on integration between features that use both wired and wireless infrastructures, any of the aforementioned problems with either wired or wireless infrastructure may result in the inability of customers to take advantage of our integrated services and therefore may decrease the attractiveness of our collective services to current and potential customers.

If we experience excessive fraudulent activity or cannot meet evolving credit card association merchant standards, we could incur substantial costs and lose the right to accept credit cards for payment, which could cause our customer base to decline significantly.

A majority of our customers authorize us to bill their credit card accounts directly for service fees that we charge. If people pay for our services with stolen credit cards, we could incur substantial third-party vendor costs for which we may not be reimbursed. Further, our customers provide us with credit card billing information online or over the phone, and we do not review the physical credit cards used in these transactions, which increases our risk of exposure to fraudulent activity. We also incur charges, which we refer to as chargebacks, from the credit card companies’ claims that the customer did not authorize the credit card transaction to purchase our service, something we have experienced in the past. If the number of unauthorized credit card transactions becomes excessive, we could be assessed substantial fines for excess chargebacks and we could lose the right to accept credit cards for payment. We have also been affected by the credit card breaches at various retail stores, which have caused millions of consumers to cancel credit cards as a result of the breach. We have found that some consumers do not renew their services after a card cancellation, which can have a material negative impact on our revenue. In addition, credit card issuers may change merchant standards, including data protection and documentation standards, required to utilize their services from time to time.

While Ooma Inc. is currently in compliance with the applicable requirements of the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, or PCI, certain of Ooma's subsidiaries are currently not in compliance with all of the applicable technical PCI requirements. If we fail to become fully compliant or maintain compliance with current merchant standards, such as PCI, or fail to meet new standards, the credit card associations may fine us or, while unusual, may impose certain restrictions on our ability to accept credit cards or terminate our agreements with them, rendering us unable to accept credit cards as payment for our services. Our services have been in the past, and may also be in the future, subject to fraudulent or abusive usage in violation of applicable law or our acceptable use policies, including but not limited to revenue share fraud, domestic traffic pumping, subscription fraud, premium text message scams, and other fraudulent schemes, any of which could result in our incurring substantial costs for the completion of calls. Although our customers are required to set passwords and Personal Identification Numbers, or PINs, to protect their accounts and may configure in which destinations international calling is enabled from their extensions, third parties have accessed and used our customers’ accounts and extensions through fraudulent means in the past, and they may do so in the future, which also could result in substantial call completion and other costs for us. In addition, third parties may have attempted in the past, and may attempt in the future, to fraudulently induce employees or consultants into disclosing customer credentials and other account information. Communications fraud can result in unauthorized access to customer accounts and data, unauthorized use of customers’ services, and charges to customers for fraudulent usage and expenses we must pay to carriers. We may be required to pay for these charges and expenses with no reimbursement from the customer, and our reputation may be harmed if our services are subject to fraudulent usage.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 45

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Although we have implemented multiple fraud prevention and detection controls, we cannot assure you that these controls will be adequate to protect against fraud. Substantial losses due to fraud or our inability to accept credit card payments, which could cause our paid customer base to significantly decrease, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and ability to grow our business.

Accusations of infringement of intellectual property rights could materially and adversely affect our business.

There has been substantial litigation in the sectors in which we operate regarding intellectual property rights. In the past, we have been sued by third parties claiming infringement of their intellectual property rights and we were able to settle such litigation. However, we may be sued for infringement in the future, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to settle any future claims or, if we are able to settle any such claims, that the settlement will be on favorable terms. Our broad range of technology and use of AI tools in our business may increase the likelihood that third parties will claim that we infringe their intellectual property rights.

We have in the past received, and may in the future receive, notices of claims of infringement, misappropriation or misuse of other parties’ proprietary rights. Notwithstanding their merits, accusations and lawsuits like these often require significant time and expense to defend, may negatively affect customer relationships, may divert management’s attention away from other aspects of our operations and, upon resolution, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Certain technology necessary for us to provide our services may, in fact, be patented by other parties either now or in the future. If such technology were validly patented by another person, we would have to negotiate a license for the use of that technology. We may not be able to negotiate such a license at a price that is acceptable to us or at all. The existence of such a patent, or our inability to negotiate a license for any such technology on acceptable terms, could force us to cease using the technology and cease offering products and services incorporating the technology, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. If we were found to be infringing on the intellectual property rights of any third party, we could be subject to liability for such infringement, which could be material. Among other negative consequences, we could also be prohibited from using or selling certain products or services, prohibited from using certain processes, or required to redesign certain products or services, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Any failure to obtain registration or protection of our intellectual property rights could materially and adversely affect our business.

We rely, in part, on patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret law to protect our intellectual property in the U.S. and abroad. We cannot assure you that the particular forms of intellectual property protection we seek, including business decisions about when to file patents and when to maintain trade secrets, will be adequate to protect our business. We seek to protect our technology, software, documentation and other information under trade secret and copyright law, which afford only limited protection. For example, improper disclosure of trade secret information by our current or former employees, consultants, third-party contractors, customers or vendors to the public or others who could make use of the trade secret information would likely preclude that information from being protected as a trade secret. Furthermore, any use of AI tools to create content or code that may be incorporated into our products or services may also impact our ability to obtain or successfully defend certain intellectual property rights.

We cannot predict whether our pending patent applications will result in issued patents or whether any issued patents will effectively protect our intellectual property. Even if a pending patent application results in an issued patent, the patent may be circumvented or its validity may be challenged in various proceedings in U.S. District Court, before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or before their foreign equivalents, such as reexamination, which may require legal representation and involve substantial costs and diversion of management time and resources. In addition, we cannot assure you that every significant feature of our solutions is protected by our patents, or that we will mark our products with any or all patents they embody. As a result, we may be prevented from seeking damages in whole or in part for infringement of our patents.

The unlicensed use of our brand, including domain names, by third parties could harm our reputation, cause confusion among our customers and impair our ability to market our products and services. Though we have registered numerous trademarks and service marks, have applied for registration of additional trademarks and service marks and have acquired a number of domain names in and outside the U.S. if our applications receive objections or are successfully opposed by third parties, it will be difficult for us to prevent third parties from using our brand without our permission. Moreover, successful opposition to our applications might encourage third parties to make additional oppositions or commence trademark infringement proceedings against us, which could be costly and time consuming to defend against. There have been in the past, and may be in the future, instances where third parties have used our trade names, or have adopted

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 46

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

confusingly similar trade names to ours. If we are not successful in protecting our trademarks, our trademark rights may be diluted and subject to challenge or invalidation, which could materially and adversely affect our brand.

We may not be able to protect or enforce our proprietary rights in the U.S. or internationally. We typically enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, third-party contractors (including contractors located in Russia and the Philippines), customers and vendors in an effort to control access to use and distribution of our technology, software, documentation and other information. These agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of such unauthorized use or disclosure, and it may be possible for a third party to legally reverse engineer, copy or otherwise obtain and use our technology without authorization. In addition, such agreements may not adequately protect our proprietary rights in foreign countries, where effective intellectual property protection may be unavailable or limited. Our competitors may independently develop technologies similar or superior to our technology, duplicate our technology in a manner that does not infringe our intellectual property rights or design around any of our patents. Furthermore, detecting and policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and resource-intensive. Moreover, litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Such litigation, whether successful or not, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management time and resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Potential problems with our information systems could interfere with our business and operations.

We rely on our information systems and those of third parties for processing customer orders, distribution of our services, billing our customers, processing credit card transactions, customer relationship management, supporting financial planning and analysis, accounting functions and financial statement preparation and otherwise running our business. Information systems may experience interruptions, including interruptions of related services from third-party providers, which may be beyond our control. Such business interruptions could cause us to fail to meet customer requirements. All information systems, both internal and external, are potentially vulnerable to damage or interruption from a variety of sources, including without limitation, computer viruses, ransomware attacks or other security breaches, energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication failures, and employee or other theft, as well as third-party provider failures. Any disruption in our information systems and those of the third parties upon which we rely could have a significant impact on our business.

We may implement enhanced information systems in the future to meet the demands resulting from our growth and to provide additional capabilities and functionality. The implementation of new systems and enhancements is frequently disruptive to the underlying business of an enterprise, and can be time-consuming and expensive, increase management responsibilities and divert management attention. Any disruptions relating to our systems enhancements or any problems with the implementation, particularly any disruptions impacting our operations or our ability to accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis during the implementation period, could materially and adversely affect our business. Even if we do not encounter these material and adverse effects, the implementation of these enhancements may be much costlier than we anticipated. If we are unable to successfully implement the information systems enhancements as planned, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively impacted.

Our use of open source technology could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our services.

We use open source software in our platforms on which our services operate. There is a risk that the owners of the copyrights in such software may claim that such licenses impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market or provide our services. If such owners prevail in such claim, we could be required to make the source code for our proprietary software (which contains our valuable trade secrets) generally available to third parties, including competitors, at no cost, to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our services, to re-engineer our technology, or to discontinue offering our services in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or at all, any of which could cause us to discontinue our services, harm our reputation, result in customer losses or claims, increase our costs or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. If a copyright holder of such open source software were to allege we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the sale of our solutions that contained the open source software and required to comply with the foregoing conditions, which could disrupt the distribution and sale of some of our solutions.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 47

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Regulatory and Tax Matters

Our services are subject to regulation and future legislative or regulatory actions could adversely affect our business and expose us to liability.

Federal Regulation. Our business is regulated by the FCC. As a communication services provider, we are subject to FCC regulations relating to privacy, disability access, law enforcement access, porting of numbers, revenue reporting, Federal USF contributions and other regulatory assessments, E‑911, and other matters. If we do not comply with FCC rules and regulations, we could be subject to FCC enforcement actions, substantial fines, loss of licenses, potential private right of actions and possibly restrictions on our ability to operate or offer certain of our services. Any enforcement action by the FCC, which may include a public process, would hurt our reputation in the industry, possibly impair our ability to sell our services to customers and could have a materially adverse impact on our revenue.

State Regulation. We are also subject to state consumer protection laws, as well as U.S. state, municipal and local sales, use, excise, utility user and ad valorem taxes, fees or surcharges. The imposition of such regulatory obligations or the imposition of additional taxes on our services could increase our cost of doing business and limit our growth.

International Regulation. As we expand internationally, we are subject to telecommunications, consumer protection, data privacy and other laws and regulations in the foreign countries where we offer our services. Our international operations are potentially subject to country-specific governmental regulation and related actions that may increase our costs and prevent us from offering or providing our products and services in certain countries. Certain of our services may be used by customers located in countries where VoIP and other forms of IP communications may be illegal or require special licensing. In countries where local laws and regulations prohibit (or come to prohibit) the use of our products, users may continue to use our products and services, which could subject us to costly penalties or governmental action adverse to our business and damaging to our brand and reputation, our international expansion efforts, or our business and operating results.

The adoption of additional 911 requirements by the FCC could increase our costs that could make our service more expensive, decrease our profit margins, or both.

We may not be able to comply with additional 911 requirements adopted by the FCC for interconnected VoIP providers, providers of enterprise telephone services, non-interconnected VoIP providers and texting providers. We may or may not be able to comply with these obligations. For example, beginning January 6, 2022, providers of non-fixed interconnected VoIP services were required to supply automated dispatchable location, if technically feasible, or either registered location information obtained by the customer or alternative location information. At present, we have no means to automatically identify the physical location of our customers. Our obligation to comply with the FCC’s VoIP E-911 order and related costs puts us at a competitive disadvantage to VoIP service providers who are either not subject to the requirements or have chosen not to comply with the FCC’s mandates. We cannot guarantee emergency calling service consistent with the VoIP E‑911 order will be available to all of our customers, especially those accessing our services on a mobile device or from outside of the U.S. The FCC’s current E-911 requirements and changes to those requirements, including their impact on our customers due to service price increases or other factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

If we cannot comply with the FCC’s rules imposing call signaling requirements on VoIP providers, we may be subject to fines, cease and desist orders, or other penalties.

The FCC’s rules regarding the system of compensation for various types of traffic require, among other things, interconnected VoIP providers who originate interstate or intrastate traffic destined for the PSTN, to transmit the telephone number associated with the calling party to the next provider in the call path. Intermediate providers must pass unaltered calling party number or charge number signaling information they receive from other providers to subsequent providers in the call path. In addition, effective June 30, 2021, voice service providers in the U.S. were required to either fully implement “STIR/SHAKEN” technology on their entire networks or implement a robocall mitigation program on those portions of their networks that are not STIR/SHAKEN-enabled. Canada is also currently in the process of implementing STIR/SHAKEN requirements. Although we have implemented STIR/SHAKEN in the U.S. and are in the process of implementing STIR/SHAKEN in Canada, to the extent that we inadvertently pass traffic that does not have appropriate calling party number or charge number information, we could be subject to fines, cease and desist orders, or other penalties. Similarly, to the extent that we cannot authenticate our customers, their traffic may be more likely to be blocked or adversely labeled. Additionally, as a VoIP provider, we rely on the FCC to design rules that do not disadvantage our service relative to those of incumbent local exchange carriers and competitive local exchange carriers. Should the FCC decide to do so, it could result in an inferior user experience for Ooma’s service, which may negatively impact our business.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 48

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

We may not be able to comply with FCC rules governing completion of calls to rural areas and related reporting requirements.

The FCC’s rules governing the completion of calls to rural areas and related reporting requirements require us, among other things, to monitor the performance of our intermediate providers – telecom companies we use to help complete telephone calls to rural areas and take steps to prevent rural call completion problems that may be caused by our intermediate providers, such as persistent low answer or completion rates, unexplained anomalies in performance, or repeated complaints to the FCC. Under certain circumstances, if our routing choices, meaning the intermediate providers we chose to help us complete calls to rural areas, result in lower quality service, we may be held liable for the actions taken by our intermediate providers. If we cannot comply with these rules, we could be subject to investigation and enforcement action and could be exposed to substantial liability. The FCC also has increased enforcement activity related to completion of calls to rural customers, and we could be subject to substantial fines and to conduct requirements that could increase our costs if we are the subject of an enforcement proceeding and cannot demonstrate calls from our customers to rural customers are completed at a satisfactory rate.

Failure to comply with communications and telemarketing laws could result in significant fines or place significant restrictions on our business.

We rely on a variety of marketing techniques in connection with our sales efforts, including telemarketing and email marketing campaigns. We also record certain telephone calls between our customers or potential customers and our sales and service representatives for training and quality assurance purposes. These activities are subject to a variety of state and federal laws such as the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (also known as the Federal Do-Not-Call law, or the TCPA), the Telemarketing Sales Rule, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (also known as the CAN-SPAM Act) and various U.S. state laws regarding telemarketing and telephone call recording. These laws are subject to varying interpretations by courts and governmental authorities and often require subjective interpretation, making it difficult to predict their application and therefore making our compliance efforts more challenging. We cannot be certain our efforts to comply with these laws, rules and regulations will be successful, or, if they are successful, that the cost of such compliance will not be material to our business. Changes to these or similar laws, or to their application or interpretation, or new laws, rules and regulations governing our communication and marketing activities could adversely affect our business. In the event that any of these laws, rules or regulations significantly restricts our business, we may not be able to develop adequate alternative communication and marketing strategies. Further, non-compliance with these laws, rules and regulations carries significant financial penalties and the risk of class action litigation, which would adversely affect our financial performance and significantly harm our reputation and our business.

The FCC has continued to increase regulation of interconnected VoIP services and may at any time determine certain VoIP services are telecommunications services subject to traditional common carrier regulation.

The FCC is considering, in various proceedings, issues arising from the transition from traditional copper networks to IP networks. The FCC is also considering whether interconnected VoIP services should be treated as telecommunications services, which could subject interconnected VoIP services to additional common carrier regulation. The FCC’s efforts may result in additional regulation of IP network and service providers, which may negatively affect our business.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 49

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Reform of federal and state Universal Service Fund programs could increase the cost of our service to our customers, diminishing or eliminating our pricing advantage.

The FCC and a number of states are considering modifications to USF programs, including the manner in which companies, like us, contribute to the federal USF program, and whether certain non-interconnected VoIP providers and broadband providers, among others, should contribute to the USF. If the FCC or certain states modify contribution obligations that continue to increase our contribution burden, we will either need to absorb the increased costs or raise the amount we currently collect from some of our customers to cover these obligations, which would either reduce our profit margins or diminish our price advantage. A number of states require us to contribute funds to state USF programs, while others are actively considering extending their programs to include the services we provide. We currently charge our customers certain fees and other surcharges, which may result in our services becoming less competitive as compared to those provided by others. If our pricing advantage is diminished or eliminated, or if we are required to absorb these increased costs and not pass-through to our customers, our results of operations would be negatively impacted.

Our products must comply with industry standards, FCC regulations, state, local, country‑specific and international regulations, and changes may require us to modify existing products and/or services.

In addition to reliability and quality standards, the market acceptance of telephony over broadband IP networks is dependent upon the adoption of industry standards so that products from multiple manufacturers are able to communicate with each other. Our unique hybrid SaaS connectivity platforms rely on communication standards such as SIP, SRTP and network standards such as TCP/IP and UDP to interoperate with other vendors’ equipment. There is currently a lack of agreement among industry leaders about which standard should be used for a particular application and about the definition of the standards themselves. We also must comply with certain rules and regulations of the FCC regarding electromagnetic radiation and safety standards established by Underwriters Laboratories (“UL”), as well as similar regulations and standards applicable in other countries. In addition, the market acceptance of POTS replacement products such as Ooma AirDial will depend on compliance with industry standards such as National Fire Protection Association NFPA 72, UL 864 and American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME A17.1B. As standards evolve, we may be required to modify our existing products or develop and support new versions of our products. We must comply with certain federal, state and local requirements regarding how we interact with our customers, including marketing practices, consumer protection, privacy, and billing issues, the provision of 9-1-1 emergency service and the quality of service we provide to our customers. The failure of our products and services to comply, or delays in compliance, with various existing and evolving standards could delay or interrupt volume production of our VoIP telephony products, subject us to fines or other imposed penalties, or harm the perception and adoption rates of our service, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

We process, store, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us and our customers to a variety of evolving industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal rules related to privacy, which may increase our costs, decrease adoption and use of our products and services, and expose us to liability.

There are numerous U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign laws and regulations, as well as contractual obligations and industry standards, that provide for certain obligations and restrictions with respect to data privacy and security, and the collection, storage, retention, protection, use, processing, transmission, sharing, disclosure, and protection (“Processing”) of personal information and other customer data. The scope of these obligations and restrictions is changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions or conflict with other rules, and their status remains uncertain.

In the U.S. and in other jurisdictions, a variety of regulations are currently being proposed that would increase restrictions on online service providers in the field of data privacy and security, and we believe that the adoption of such increasingly restrictive regulation is likely. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”) regulates the processing of personal data, which could result in civil penalties for violations. In addition, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) took effect on January 1, 2023 and an increasing number of states are adopting similar privacy laws. We will continue to monitor developments related to new privacy laws like the CPRA which will require us to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to monitor and comply with such laws.

In Canada, penalties for non-compliance with certain Canadian anti-spam legislation are considerable, including administrative monetary penalties of up to $10 million and a private right of action.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 50

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

The EU has implemented strict laws that apply in connection with the Processing of personal information, and other customer data. Data protection regulators within the EU and other jurisdictions have the power to fine non-compliant organizations significant amounts and seek injunctive relief, including the cessation of certain data processing activities. For example, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, provides for significant penalties for violations, including fines of up to 4% of the violating company’s worldwide revenue. While the United Kingdom’s Data Protection Act substantially implements the GDPR, the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union has created regulatory uncertainty, including the cross-border transfer of data. Such uncertainty may adversely impact the operations of our U.K. subsidiary by adding operational complexities and expenses. In addition, there is uncertainty about data transfer to the U.S. For example, although the new U.S. Data Privacy Framework was formally approved by the European Commission in July 2023, the framework may still be invalidated by the Court of Justice of the European Union, which invalidated the framework's predecessor, the Privacy Shield Program, in 2020.

We have taken administrative, contractual and other measures designed to achieve compliance with applicable privacy laws and standards, but we cannot guarantee these measures are sufficient. Obligations and restrictions imposed by current and future applicable laws, regulations, contracts and industry standards, in particular as we continue to expand our international operations, may increase the cost of our operations, affect our ability to provide all the current features of our business, residential and mobile products and services and our customers’ ability to use our products and services, and could require us to modify the features and functionality of our products and services. Such obligations and restrictions may limit our ability to Process data, and to allow our customers to Process data with others through our products and services. Failure to comply with such obligations could subject us to lawsuits, fines, criminal penalties, statutory damages, consent decrees, injunctions, adverse publicity and other losses that could harm our business.

Our customers may use our services to transmit and store protected health information, or PHI, that is protected under HIPAA. Noncompliance with laws and regulations relating to privacy such as HIPAA may lead to significant fines, penalties or liabilities. Our actual compliance, our customers’ perception of our compliance, costs of compliance with such regulations and customer concerns regarding their own compliance obligations (whether factual or in error) may limit the use and adoption of our service and reduce overall demand. Furthermore, privacy concerns, including the inability or impracticality of providing advance notice to customers of privacy issues related to the use of our services, may cause our customers’ customers to resist providing the personal data necessary to allow our customers to use our services effectively. Even the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may inhibit market adoption of our service in certain industries.

In addition to government activity, privacy advocacy groups and industry groups have adopted and are considering the adoption of various self-regulatory standards and codes of conduct that may place additional burdens on us and our customers, which may further reduce demand for our services and harm our business. Our employees and personnel may also use generative AI technologies to perform their work, and the disclosure and use of personal information in such technologies is subject to various data privacy and security laws and obligations. Governments have passed and are likely to pass additional laws regulating generative AI. Our use of this technology could result in additional compliance costs and regulatory investigations and actions. If we are unable to use generative AI, it could make our business less efficient and result in competitive disadvantages.

 

Any failure by us to protect our users’ privacy and data, including as a result of our systems being compromised by hacking or other malicious activity, could result in a loss of user confidence in our services and ultimately in a loss of users, which could materially and adversely affect our business. Our customers may also accidentally disclose their passwords, store them on a mobile device that is lost or stolen, or otherwise fall prey to attacks outside our system, creating the perception that our systems are not secure against third-party access. If our third-party contractors or vendors violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may also put our customers’ information at risk and could in turn have a material and adverse effect on our business.

Use or delivery of our services may become subject to new or increased regulatory requirements, taxes or fees.

The increasing growth and popularity of internet voice communications heighten the risk that governments will regulate or impose new or increased fees or taxes on internet voice communications services. To the extent the use of our services continues to grow, regulators may be more likely to seek to regulate or impose new or additional taxes, surcharges or fees on our services. Similarly, advances in technology, such as improvements in locating the geographic origin of internet voice communications, could cause our services to become subject to additional regulations, fees or taxes, or could require us to invest in or develop new technologies, which may be costly. In addition, as we continue to expand our user base and offer more services, we may become subject to new regulations, taxes, surcharges or fees. Increased regulatory requirements, taxes, surcharges or fees on internet voice communications services, which could be assessed by governments retroactively or prospectively, would substantially increase our costs, and, as a result, our business would suffer. In addition, the tax

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 51

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

status of our services could subject us to conflicting taxation requirements and complexity with regard to the collection and remittance of applicable taxes. Any such additional taxes could harm our results of operations.

We are subject to anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws with respect to our operations and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal and/or civil liability and harm our business.

We are subject to the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and possibly other anti-bribery and anti‑money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. We use third-party representatives for product testing, customs, export, and import matters outside of the U.S. As we increase our international sales and business, we may engage with business partners and third-party intermediaries to sell our products and services abroad. We or our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities.

Noncompliance with anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources, significant defense costs and other professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could further harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We are subject to governmental sanctions and export and import controls, economic embargoes and trade sanctions that could impair our ability to expand our business to, and compete in, international markets and could subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws.

Our products and services are subject to export and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls. U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions programs generally prohibit the export of certain products and services to countries, governments and persons subject to U.S. economic embargoes and trade sanctions unless a license, approval, or other authorization is obtained from the U.S. Government. Obtaining the necessary authorizations and licenses for a particular sale may be time-consuming, is not guaranteed and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges, government investigations, reputational harm, fines which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers, and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers.

In addition, any changes in our products or services, or changes in applicable export, import, embargo and trade sanctions regulations, may create delays in the introduction and sale of our products and services in international markets or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products and services to certain countries, governments, or persons altogether. Any change in export, import, embargo, or trade sanctions regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could also result in decreased use of our products and services, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products and services to existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our products and services or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products and services would likely adversely affect our business.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 52

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

We may be subject to liabilities on past services for taxes, surcharges and fees.

We collect and remit state or municipal sales, use, excise, utility user and ad valorem taxes, fees, or surcharges on the charges to our customers for our services or goods in only those jurisdictions where we believe we have a legal obligation to do so or for business reasons to reduce risk. In addition, we have historically substantially complied with the collection of certain California sales/use taxes and financial contributions to the California 9-1-1 system (the Emergency Telephone Users Surcharge) and federal USF. With limited exception, we believe we are generally not subject to taxes, fees, or surcharges imposed by other state and municipal jurisdictions or that such taxes, fees, or surcharges do not apply to our services. There is uncertainty as to what constitutes sufficient “in state presence” for a state or local municipality to levy taxes, fees and surcharges for sales made over the internet. Taxing authorities have in the past, and likely will in the future, challenge our position on the lack of enforceability of such taxes, fees and surcharges where we have no relevant presence, and audit our business and operations with respect to sales, use, telecommunications and other taxes, which could result in increased tax liabilities for us or our customers, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and our relationships with our customers. Finally, the application of other indirect taxes (such as sales and use tax, value added tax, or VAT, goods and services tax, business tax, and gross receipt tax) to e-commerce businesses, such as ours, is a complex and evolving area. The application of existing, new, or future laws, whether in the U.S. or internationally, could have adverse effects on our business, prospects, and results of operations. There have been, and will continue to be, substantial ongoing costs associated with complying with the various indirect tax requirements in the numerous markets in which we conduct or will conduct business.

Changes in effective tax rates, or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including:

•

changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities;

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expiration of, or lapses in, the research and development tax credit laws;

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expiration or non-utilization of net operating loss carryforwards;

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tax effects of share-based compensation;

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certain non-deductible expenses as a result of acquisitions;

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expansion into new jurisdictions;

•

potential challenges to and costs related to implementation and ongoing operation of our intercompany arrangements; and

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changes in tax laws and regulations and accounting principles, or interpretations or applications thereof.

As we expand our operations internationally, certain changes to U.S. tax laws, including limitations on the ability to defer U.S. taxation on earnings outside of the U.S. until those earnings are repatriated to the U.S. could affect the tax treatment of our foreign earnings. Any changes in our effective tax rate could adversely affect our results of operations.

We may be unable to use some or all of our net operating loss carryforwards, which could materially and adversely affect our reported financial condition and results of operations.

As of January 31, 2023, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $96.9 million available to offset future income, of which approximately $45.0 million will expire in various amounts beginning in 2030, if not utilized, and the remainder may be carried forward indefinitely. We also had state net operating loss carryforwards of $79.3 million which will expire in various amounts beginning in 2023. Additionally, we have federal and research and development tax credit carryforwards that will begin to expire in 2030 and California research and development tax credit carryforwards with no expiration date. Realization of these net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards depends on future income, and there is a risk that our existing carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. No deferred tax assets have been recognized on our balance sheet related to these NOLs, as they are fully reserved by a valuation allowance. If we have previously had, or have in the future, one or more Section 382 “ownership changes”, or if we do not generate sufficient taxable income, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our NOLs, even if we achieve profitability. If we are limited in our ability to use our NOLs in future years in which we have taxable income, we will pay more taxes than if we were able to fully utilize our NOLs. This could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 53

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Risks Related to Being a Public Company

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we are required to make a formal assessment and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly, and place significant demands on our financial and operational resources, as well as IT systems. Our control environment may not be sufficient to remediate or prevent future material weaknesses or significant deficiencies from occurring. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Due to the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and all instances of fraud will be detected.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is required to and has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2023. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and reliability of our financial reports, which would cause the price of our common stock to decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities, including the SEC and the NYSE.

Our actual operating results may differ significantly from our guidance.

From time to time, we plan to release earnings guidance in our quarterly earnings conference calls, quarterly earnings releases, or otherwise, regarding our future performance that represents our management’s estimates as of the date of release. This guidance, which will include forward‑looking statements, will be based on projections prepared by our management. Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. We intend to state possible outcomes as high and low ranges which are intended to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed but are not intended to imply that actual results could not fall outside of the suggested ranges. The principal reason that we release guidance is to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. Accordingly, we do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such third parties.

Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Accordingly, our guidance is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release. Actual results may vary from our guidance and the variations may be material. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged not to rely upon our guidance in making an investment decision regarding our common stock.

Any failure to successfully implement our operating strategy or the occurrence of any of the events or circumstances set forth in this “Risk Factors” section in this report could result in the actual operating results being different from our guidance, and the differences may be adverse and material.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 54

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our stock price has been and may continue to be volatile, or may fluctuate or decline, resulting in a substantial loss of your investment.

Our stock price may fluctuate in response to a number of events and factors, such as quarterly operating results; changes in our financial projections provided to the public or our failure to meet those projections; our operating and financial performance and prospects and the performance of other similar companies; the public's reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC; significant transactions, or new features, products or services by us or our competitors; changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts; failure of securities analysts to cover or track our common stock; media coverage of our business and financial performance; trends in our industry; any significant change in our management; sales of common stock by us, our investors or members of our management team; and changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the U.S. and global economies or financial markets, including as a result of public health crises and global conflicts, such Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine.

The market price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to, among other things, the factors described in this “Risk Factors” section or otherwise, and other factors beyond our control, such as fluctuations in the valuations of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us. In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for companies in our industry, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to operating performance. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the price of our stock, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, many companies that have experienced volatility in their stock price have become subject to securities class action litigation. We have been subject to this type of litigation in the past and may continue to be a target in the future. Securities litigation against us has resulted and could result in substantial costs and has and would divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, any of which could harm our business.

If we fail to meet expectations related to future growth, profitability, or other market expectations, our stock price may decline significantly, which could have a material adverse impact on investor confidence and employee retention.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception these sales might occur, could cause our stock price to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. In addition, we have registered shares of common stock which we may issue under our employee stock plans and they may be sold freely in the public market upon issuance. We may issue our shares of common stock or securities convertible into our common stock from time to time in connection with a financing, acquisition, and investments or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.

If securities analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline.

We expect that the trading price for our common stock will be affected by any research or reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who elect to cover us downgrade their evaluations of our stock or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company, our stock may lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause its price to decline.

We have never paid cash dividends and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock.

We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. If we do not pay cash dividends, you would receive a return on your investment in our common stock only if the market price of our common stock increases before you sell your shares.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 55

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Our charter documents and Delaware law could prevent a takeover that stockholders consider favorable and could also reduce the market price of our stock.

Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and our Amended and Restated Bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our company. These provisions could also make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions. These provisions include:

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providing for a classified board of directors with staggered, three-year terms;

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authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could issue to increase the number of outstanding shares to discourage a takeover attempt;

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prohibiting cumulative voting in the election of directors;

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providing that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum;

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prohibiting stockholder action by written consent;

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limiting the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders; and

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requiring advance notification of stockholder nominations and proposals.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a certain period of time without the consent of our board of directors. These and other provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our bylaws and under Delaware law could discourage potential takeover attempts, reduce the price investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock and result in the market price of our common stock being lower than it would be without these provisions.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. While the Delaware Supreme Court determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring such a claim arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, against us, our directors, officers, or other employees in a venue other than in the federal district courts of the United States of America. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, and this may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 56

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

We were and are currently subject to a class action litigation, and may be subject to other litigation in the future.

The Company, its directors, and certain officers were named as defendants in a consolidated securities class action in connection with its initial public offering, and in October 2019, the Court dismissed the lawsuit with prejudice. In addition, in February 2021 the Company and Ooma Canada Inc. were named as defendants in a class action complaint in the Federal Court of Canada, alleging violations of Canada’s Trademarks Act and Competition Act. In the future, especially following periods of volatility in the market price of our shares, additional purported class action or derivative complaints may be filed against us. The outcome of any pending and potential future litigation is difficult to predict and quantify and the defense of such claims or actions can be costly. In addition to diverting financial and management resources and general business disruption, we may suffer from adverse publicity that could harm our brand or reputation, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately held liable. A judgment or settlement that is not covered by or is significantly in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims, or our obligations to indemnify the underwriters and the individual defendants, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

General Risk Factors

If we are unable to hire, retain and motivate qualified personnel, our business will suffer.

Our future growth and success depends, in part, on our continued ability to hire and retain highly skilled personnel. We believe there is, and will continue to be, intense competition for highly skilled technical, sales and other personnel with experience in our industry in the San Francisco Bay Area, where our headquarters is located, and in other parts of the United States and Canada. We have from time to time experienced, and we expect to continue to experience, challenges in hiring and retaining skilled personnel with appropriate qualifications. We must provide competitive compensation packages and a high-quality work environment to hire, retain and motivate employees. If we and/or our partners are unable to hire, retain and motivate the existing workforce or attract qualified personnel to fill key positions, we may be unable to manage our business effectively, including the development, marketing and sale of existing and new services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. To the extent we hire personnel from competitors, we may be subject to allegations such personnel have been improperly solicited or divulged proprietary or other confidential information.

The ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including any resurgences, could disrupt and cause harm to our business, operating results, or financial condition.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a material impact on the United States, Canada, and global economies and could materially impact our business in a number of ways. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve and it remains difficult to predict the full impact of the pandemic on the broader economy and how consumer behavior may change, and whether such change is temporary or permanent. The duration and extent of the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic on our business will continue to depend on future developments that cannot be accurately forecasted at this time, such as the transmission rate and geographic spread of the disease, the extent and effectiveness of current or future containment actions, the widespread use of effective vaccines, the severity of breakthrough cases and emergence of new COVID-19 variants, and the impact of these and other factors on our employees, customers, partners, contract manufacturers, suppliers and other third-party providers. If we are not able to respond to and manage the impact of such events effectively and if the macroeconomic conditions of the general economy or the industry in which we operate do not improve, or worsen from present levels, our business, operating results, financial condition and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Catastrophic events or political instability could disrupt and cause harm to our business, operating results, or financial condition.

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 57

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

Our corporate headquarters, offices, warehouses and one of our data center facilities are located in Northern California, a region that frequently experiences earthquakes. We also maintain an office in Boca Raton, Florida, an area that has been prone to severe weather events, such as hurricanes. In addition, our third-party contract manufacturer facilities in Vietnam and other Asian countries and our sole third-party customer service and support facility in the Philippines are located on the Pacific Rim near known earthquake fault zones that are vulnerable to damage from earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and/or typhoons. We and our contractors are also vulnerable to other types of disasters, such as power loss, fire, floods, pandemics, cyber-attack, war (including ongoing geopolitical tensions related to Russia’s actions in Ukraine, resulting sanctions imposed by the U.S. and other countries, and retaliatory actions taken by Russia in response to such sanctions), political or civil unrest and terrorist attacks and similar events that are beyond our control. In particular, we depend on third-party contractors located in Russia for engineering and software development services. We cannot assure you that our ability to continue transacting with third-party contractors in Russia would not be impacted by the effects of Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine and resulting international sanctions. If any disasters were to occur, our ability to operate our business could be seriously impaired, and we may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, loss of intellectual property, delays in our services development, lengthy interruptions in our services, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, all of which could harm our future results of operations. Such events may also reduce demand for our products and services because of reduced global or national economic activity and can cause disruptions and extreme volatility in global financial markets, increase rates of default and bankruptcy, and impact levels of business and consumer spending. In addition, we do not carry earthquake insurance and we may not have adequate insurance to cover our losses resulting from other disasters or other similar significant business interruptions. Any significant losses not recoverable under our insurance policies could seriously impair our business and financial condition.

Climate change may have an impact on our business.

Any of our primary locations may be vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. For example, our offices and facilities in California have experienced, and are projected to continue to experience, climate-related events at an increasing frequency, including drought, heat waves, wildfires and power shutoffs associated with wildfire prevention. Changing market dynamics, global policy developments and the increasing frequency and impact of extreme weather events on critical infrastructure in the U.S. and elsewhere have the potential to disrupt our business, our third-party suppliers and our customers, and may cause us to experience higher churn, losses and additional costs to maintain or resume operations.

Additionally, climate change concerns and the potential resulting environmental impact may result in new or more stringent environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations that may affect us, our suppliers, and our customers. Such laws or regulations could cause us to incur additional direct costs for compliance, as well as increased indirect costs resulting from our customers, suppliers, or both incurring additional compliance costs that are passed on to us. These costs may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

None

Item 5. Other Information

 

Insider Adoption or Termination of Trading Arrangements

 

During the fiscal quarter ended October 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers informed us of the adoption, modification or termination of a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Regulation S-K, Item 408.

 

Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Quarterly Report.

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 58

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number		Description		Incorporated by Reference From Form		Incorporated by Reference From Exhibit Number		Date Filed
2.1†#		Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among Geneva Merger Sub, Inc., 2600Hz, Inc., and Fortis Advisors LLC, dated as of October 20, 2023.		Filed herewith
3.1		Amended & Restated Bylaws.		Filed herewith
10.1		Credit Agreement by and among the Company and Citizens Bank, N.A., dated as of October 20, 2023.		Filed herewith
31.1		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.		Filed herewith
31.2		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.		Filed herewith
32.1*		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.		Furnished herewith
32.2*		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.		Furnished herewith
101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document		Filed herewith
101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document		Filed herewith
101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document		Filed herewith
101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document		Filed herewith
101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document		Filed herewith
101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document		Filed herewith
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)		Filed herewith

† Certain information in this exhibit has been excluded pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The registrant agrees to furnish supplementally such information to the SEC upon request.

# The exhibits and schedules to this exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(2). The registrant agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted exhibit or schedule to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon its request.

* The certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

 

 

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 59

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Ooma, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 

	Ooma, Inc.
Date: December 7, 2023	By:	/s/ Eric B. Stang
Date: December 7, 2023	By:	Eric B. Stang President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)       /s/ Shig Hamamatsu
		Shig Hamamatsu Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

 

 

Ooma | FY2024 Form 10-Q | 60

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Exhibit 2.1

CERTAIN INFORMATION IDENTIFIED BY BRACKETED ASTERISKS ([***]) HAS BEEN OMITTED FROM THIS EXHIBIT BECAUSE IT IS BOTH (I) NOT MATERIAL AND (II) THE TYPE OF INFORMATION THE REGISTRANT TREATS AS PRIVATE OR CONFIDENTIAL.

 

AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER

BY AND AMONG

Ooma, Inc.,
a Delaware corporation,

Geneva Merger Sub, Inc.,
a Delaware corporation,

2600hz, Inc.,
a Delaware corporation,

AND

FORTIS ADVISORS LLC,

AS THE SECURITYHOLDER REPRESENTATIVE

Dated as of October 20, 2023

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

 

Page

Article 1 Definitions	1
Section 1.1 Definitions	1
Section 1.2 Other Definitional Provisions	19
Article 2 The Merger	20
Section 2.1 The Merger	20
Section 2.2 Certificate of Incorporation; Bylaws	21
Section 2.3 Directors and Officers	21
Section 2.4 Conversion of Capital Stock	21
Section 2.5 Options	22
Section 2.6 No Further Ownership Rights	23
Section 2.7 Exchange Procedures; Paying Agent	23
Section 2.8 Withholding	24
Section 2.9 Reliance on the Spreadsheet	24
Section 2.10 Escrow Arrangements	24
Article 3 The Closing; Merger Consideration Adjustment	25
Section 3.1 The Closing	25
Section 3.2 The Closing Transactions	25
Section 3.3 Estimated Closing Proceeds; Closing Proceeds Adjustment	26
Article 4 Representations and Warranties of The Company	28
Section 4.1 Organization and Corporate Power	28
Section 4.2 Authorization	29
Section 4.3 Non-Contravention	29
Section 4.4 Capitalization	30
Section 4.5 Financial Statements	32
Section 4.6 Absence of Undisclosed Liabilities	33
Section 4.7 Absence of Certain Changes or Events	33
Section 4.8 Real Property	36
Section 4.9 Material Contracts	36
Section 4.10 Tax Matters	37
Section 4.11 Intellectual Property	40
Section 4.12 Privacy and Cybersecurity	46
Section 4.13 Employees	47
Section 4.14 Employee Benefit Plans	48
Section 4.15 Litigation; Orders	50

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

(continued)

Page

Section 4.16 Permits; Compliance With Laws	50
Section 4.17 Trade Control Laws and Sanctions	51
Section 4.18 Environmental Matters	52
Section 4.19 Insurance	52
Section 4.20 Material Customers and Suppliers	52
Section 4.21 Product and Service Warranties	53
Section 4.22 Bank Accounts; Powers of Attorney	53
Section 4.23 Related Party Transactions	53
Section 4.24 Brokers and Other Advisors; Existing Discussions	53
Section 4.25 Sufficiency of Assets; Ownership	53
Article 5 Representations and Warranties of Parent and Merger Sub	54
Section 5.1 Organization and Corporate Power	54
Section 5.2 Authorization	54
Section 5.3 Non-Contravention	54
Section 5.4 No Prior Merger Sub Operations	55
Section 5.5 Broker and Other Advisors	55
Article 6 Covenants of the Company and Parent	55
Section 6.1 Publicity; Confidentiality	55
Section 6.2 Further Assurances	55
Section 6.3 Director and Officer Liability and Indemnification	56
Section 6.4 Tax Matters	56
Section 6.5 Parent RSUs	57
Article 7 Closing Deliverables	57
Section 7.1 Closing Deliverables of the Company	57
Section 7.2 Closing Deliveries of Parent and Merger Sub	60
Article 8 Indemnification	60
Section 8.1 Survival	60
Section 8.2 Indemnification by the Indemnifying Securityholders	60
Section 8.3 Limitations on Indemnification	62
Section 8.4 Indemnification Procedures	63
Section 8.5 Release of Indemnity Escrow Funds	65
Section 8.6 Treatment of Indemnification Payments	65
Article 9 Miscellaneous	66
Section 9.1 Notices	66

ii

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

(continued)

Page

Section 9.2 Severability	66
Section 9.3 Counterparts	67
Section 9.4 Expenses	67
Section 9.5 Assignment; Successors and Assigns	67
Section 9.6 Amendment; Waiver	67
Section 9.7 Remedies	67
Section 9.8 Third Parties	68
Section 9.9 Governing Law	68
Section 9.10 Consent to Jurisdiction; Waiver of Jury Trial	68
Section 9.11 Disclosure Schedule	69
Section 9.12 Entire Agreement	69
Section 9.13 Securityholder Representative	69
Section 9.14 Relationship of the Parties	72

 

SCHEDULES

Schedule A ‑ Net Working Capital Schedule

Schedule B ‑ Accounting Principles
Schedule C ‑ Former Optionholders

 

EXHIBITS

Exhibit A ‑ Form of Certificate of Merger

Exhibit B Form of Escrow Agreement

Exhibit C ‑ Form of Support Agreement

Exhibit D ‑ Form of Letter of Transmittal

Exhibit E ‑ Form of Restrictive Covenant Agreement

Exhibit F ‑ Form of Stockholder Written Consent

Exhibit G ‑ Form of Spreadsheet

Exhibit H ‑ Form of Company Secretary’s Certificate

Exhibit I ‑ Form of FIRPTA Certificate
 

 

iii

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AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER

This AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER (this “Agreement”), dated as of October 20, 2023, is made by and among Ooma, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Parent”), Geneva Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (“Merger Sub”), 2600hz, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company” and, together with its Subsidiaries, collectively, the “Acquired Companies”, and each, individually, an “Acquired Company”), and Fortis Advisors LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Securityholder Representative”), as representative for the Indemnifying Securityholders.

WHEREAS, the respective boards of directors of Parent, Merger Sub and the Company have determined that it is desirable and in the best interests of their respective corporations and stockholders for Parent to acquire the Company through the statutory merger of Merger Sub with and into the Company pursuant to which the Company would be the surviving corporation and become a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement and in accordance with the applicable provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (“DGCL”), and in furtherance thereof, have approved this Agreement, the other Transaction Documents, the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents;

WHEREAS, the respective boards of directors of Merger Sub and the Company have resolved to recommend the approval and adoption of this Agreement, the other Transaction Documents, the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents by their respective stockholders in accordance with the DGCL;

WHEREAS, concurrently with the execution and delivery of this Agreement, as a material inducement to Parent and Merger Sub to enter into this Agreement and consummate the transactions contemplated hereby, (a) each Key Employee and each Designated Employee is accepting an offer letter (including a proprietary information and invention assignment agreement attached thereto) from Parent or one of its Affiliates (collectively, the “Employee Offer Letters”); and (b) each Key Employee is executing a Restrictive Covenant Agreement with Parent or one of its Affiliates, each of which will be effective at and as of the Effective Time contingent upon the consummation of the Merger on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement; and

WHEREAS, concurrently with the execution and delivery of this Agreement, as a material inducement to Parent and Merger Sub to enter into this Agreement and consummate the transactions contemplated hereby, each Stockholder is entering into a support agreement with Parent and the Company, in a form attached hereto as Exhibit C (the “Support Agreement”).

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants contained herein and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:

Article 1
Definitions

Section 1.1 Definitions. As used in this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

“Accounting Principles” means (a) cash-basis of accounting, as consistently applied and (b) notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to the calculation, preparation and any dispute resolutions of the Recent Accrual Balance Sheets, the Estimated Closing Statement and the Closing Statement (including all constituent elements therein, as applicable) pursuant to this Agreement, including Section 3.3

1

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and Section 4.5, accrual-basis of accounting, as consistently applied, except, in each case of clause (a) and (b), as expressly modified by the accounting policies, conventions, methodologies, procedures, practices, classifications, judgments, estimation techniques, assumptions and other principles set forth on Schedule B, as consistently applied.

“Acquired Company” is defined in the introductory paragraph of this Agreement.

“Additional Per Share Amount” means an amount equal to (a) the Additional Proceeds divided by (b) the Fully-Diluted Stock.

“Additional Proceeds” means (a) the portions, if any, of the Adjustment Escrow Fund and the Indemnity Escrow Fund to be released from the Adjustment Escrow Fund and the Indemnity Escrow Fund, respectively, to the Stockholders and the vested In-the-Money Optionholders in accordance with the provisions hereof and of the Escrow Agreement, plus (b) the portion of the Representative Holdback Amount, if any, to be released to the Stockholders and the vested In-the-Money Optionholders in accordance with the provisions hereof, plus (c) the portion of any Seller Adjustment Amount that becomes payable to the Stockholders and the vested In-the-Money Optionholders in accordance with the terms hereof.

“Additional Company Costs” means an amount up to $35,000.

“Adjustment Escrow Account” is defined in Section 3.2(e).

“Adjustment Escrow Amount” means an amount equal to $570,000.

“Adjustment Escrow Fund” means the amount held from time to time by the Escrow Agent in the Adjustment Escrow Account pursuant to the Escrow Agreement.

“Advisory Group” is defined in Section 9.13(c).

“Affiliate” of any particular Person means any other Person controlling, controlled by or under common control with such particular Person, where “control” means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct the management and policies of a Person whether through the ownership of voting securities, contract or otherwise.

“Aggregate Exercise Price” means the aggregate exercise price of all vested In-The-Money Options, including any In-the-Money Option that (a) is outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time and (b) accelerates in connection with the Merger in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Stock Plan or any other governing option agreement based on the books and records of the Company.

“Aggregate Per Share Amount” means the (a) the Initial Per Share Amount plus (b) the Additional Per Share Amount.

“Agreed Amount” is defined in Section 8.4(c)(iii).

“Agreement” is defined in the Preamble.

“Anti-Corruption Laws” is defined in Section 4.17(c).

“Assets” is defined in Section 4.25.

“Balance Sheet” is defined in Section 4.5(a).

2

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“Base Amount” means $38,850,000.

“Basket” is defined in Section 8.3(b).

“Business Day” means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday, or a day on which all banking institutions of New York, New York or San Francisco, California are authorized or obligated by Law or executive order to close.

“Capital Lease Obligation” means, without duplication of any item that would otherwise be included in the term Indebtedness, any obligation (including accrued interest) of any of the Acquired Companies under a lease agreement that would be capitalized pursuant to the Accounting Principles.

“Card Association” means VISA U.S.A., Inc. and Visa International, Inc., MasterCard International, Inc., Discover Financial Services, LLC, American Express, Diners Club, Voyager, Carte Blanche, PayPal and any other card association, debit card network or similar entity and any legal successor organizations or association of any of them.

“Card Association Rules” means the rules, regulations, bylaws, standards, policies, and procedures of the Card Associations, including with respect to the processing of Cardholder Data, the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (“PCI-DSS”) and the Payment Application Data Security Standards, each as revised from time to time.

“Cardholder Data” means credit, debit or other payment method information, including the number assigned by a card issuer that identifies a cardholder’s account, card expiration date, data stored on the magnetic strip of a credit or debit card, PayPal or other online payment card processor account information and similar information (including any other cardholder information defined for or by the PCI‑DSS or other PCI requirements).

“Cash” means, as of a given time, an amount equal to (a) the aggregate amount of all cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, determined in accordance with Accounting Principles, excluding restricted cash, plus (b) all uncleared deposits of the Company and its Subsidiaries outstanding, less (c) all uncleared checks or withdrawals of the Company and the Subsidiaries outstanding.

“Certificate of Merger” means the certificate of merger in the form of Exhibit A.

“Certificates” is defined in Section 2.7(b).

“Closing” is defined in Section 3.1.

“Closing Balance Sheet” means the consolidated balance sheet of the Company and its Subsidiaries as of 12:01 a.m. Pacific Time on the Closing Date.

“Closing Cash” means the amount of Cash as of 12:01 a.m. Pacific Time on the Closing Date.

“Closing Date” is defined in Section 3.1.

“Closing Indebtedness” means the amount of Indebtedness outstanding as of 12:01 a.m. Pacific Time on the Closing Date.

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“Closing Net Working Capital” means Net Working Capital as of 12:01 a.m. Pacific Time on the Closing Date.

“Closing Proceeds” means (a) the Base Amount, plus (b) Closing Cash, plus (c) the amount (if any) by which Closing Net Working Capital is greater than Target Net Working Capital, plus (d) the Aggregate Exercise Price, minus (e) Closing Indebtedness, minus (f) the amount (if any) by which Closing Net Working Capital is less than Target Net Working Capital, minus (g) Unpaid Transaction Expenses, minus (h) the Representative Holdback Amount, minus (i) the Indemnity Escrow Amount minus (j) the Adjustment Escrow Amount, minus (k) the RSU Amount. For the avoidance of doubt, no items included in the definitions of Cash, Indebtedness, Unpaid Transaction Expenses or Net Working Capital shall be double counted for purposes of calculating the Closing Proceeds hereunder.

“Closing Proceeds Elements” shall mean, collectively, the following: (a) Closing Cash; (b) Closing Indebtedness; (c) Net Working Capital; (d) the Aggregate Exercise Price; and (e) Unpaid Transaction Expenses.

“Closing Statement” is defined in Section 3.3(b).

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

“Company” is defined in the Preamble.

“Company Common Stock” means the Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Company.

“Company Data” means all data of any kind or character contained in the Company IT Systems or any databases owned or controlled by an Acquired Company or its designees (including any and all Trade Secrets), and all other information and data compilations collected, generated, obtained, or received in connection with the marketing, delivery, or use of any Company Product, or that is used in, or necessary for the Acquired Companies to conduct of their, business.

“Company Documents” is defined in Section 4.2(a).

“Company-Owned IP” means all IP and IP Rights in which any Acquired Company has or purports to have an ownership interest or an exclusive license or similar exclusive right in any field or territory, including Company Data.

“Company IP” means, collectively: (a) all Company-Owned IP; and (b) all other IP and IP Rights that have been licensed to any of the Acquired Companies or under which any of the Acquired Companies is the beneficiary of a covenant not to sue or other agreement not to assert claims involving IP or IP Rights or that are otherwise used in, or necessary for the Acquired Companies to conduct of their, business.

“Company IT System” means any and all: (a) software, hardware, databases, firmware, middleware, servers, systems, sites, circuits, networks, data communications lines, workstations, routers, hubs, switches, interfaces, websites (including the content thereon), platforms and cloud services (including software as a service, platform as a service and infrastructure as a service), automated networks and control systems, and all other computer, telecommunications and information technology systems, assets and equipment (whether or not local or outsourced); and (b) associated documentation, in each case whether owned and operated by any of the Acquired Companies any other Person for any of the Acquired Companies’ benefit and used in, or necessary for the Acquired Companies to conduct of their, business.

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“Company Product” means each of the products and services that have been, or are currently being, developed, marketed, distributed, licensed, sold, offered, or otherwise provided or made available by any of the Acquired Companies.

“Company Product Source Code” is defined in Section 4.11(h)(iii).

“Company Property” is defined in Section 4.8.

“Company Secretary’s Certificate” is defined in Section 7.1(c).

“Company Stock” means the Company Common Stock.

“Confidentiality Agreement” means that certain Mutual Nondisclosure Agreement, dated as of September 5, 2023, by and between Parent and the Company.

“Contract” means any agreement, contract, subcontract, license, sublicense, lease, indenture, purchaser order or other legally binding commitment or undertaking of any nature (whether oral or written).

“Copyleft License” means any license applicable to Open Source Software that requires or could require, as a condition of using such Open Source Software in the manner used by any of the Acquired Companies: (a) the disclosure, licensing, or distribution of any source code of any Company Product to any third-party (in each case other than the source code of the Open Source Software itself); (b) the restriction or limitation of the receipt of consideration in connection with the licensing, sublicensing, or distribution of any Company Product to any third-party; (c) the decompilation, disassembly, or reverse engineering of any Company Product or the licensing of any such Company Product for the purpose of making derivative works thereof (in each case other than the Open Source Software itself); or (d) the creation of any obligation for any Acquired Company to grant to any third-party any rights or immunities under or with respect to any Company IP. Copyleft Licenses include, without limitation, any version of the following licenses: (i) Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL), Common Public License, Eclipse Public License, Erlang Public License, IBM Public License, GNU Lesser or Library General Public License (LGPL), Mozilla Public License, Microsoft Reciprocal License, Sun Public License, and any other “weak copyleft” license; (ii) BSD Protection License, any Creative Commons “Share Alike” license, GNU General Public License (GPL), Q Public License, Sleepycat License, and any other “strong copyleft” license; and (iii) Affero General Public License (AGPL), Common Public Attribution License (CPAL), Non-Profit Open Software License, Open Software License (OSL), and any other “network copyleft” license.

“D&O Indemnitees” is defined in Section 6.3(a).

“D&O Tail Policy” is defined in Section 6.3(b).

“De Minimis Claim” is defined in Section 8.3(a).

“DGCL” is defined in the Recitals.

“Direct Claims” is defined in Section 8.4(a).

“Disclosure Schedule” is defined in Article 4.

“Disputed Items” is defined in Section 3.3(c).

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“Dissenting Shares” is defined in Section 2.4(b)(iii)(A).

“Effective Time” is defined in Section 2.1(b).

“Employee Offer Letters” is defined in the Recitals.

“Enforceability Exceptions” is defined in Section 4.2(a).

“Environmental Laws” means all Laws as enacted and in effect on or prior to the Closing Date concerning pollution, the environment or the protection of human health from environmental hazards, including all those relating to the presence, use, production, generation, handling, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal, distribution, labeling, testing, processing, discharge, release, threatened release, control, or cleanup of any Hazardous Materials, substances or wastes.

“Equity Interest” means, with respect to any Person, (a) any capital stock, partnership or membership interest, unit of participation or other similar interest (however designated and contingent or otherwise) in such Person, (b) any option, warrant, purchase right, conversion right, exchange right, preemptive right or other Contract or right that would entitle any other Person to acquire any interest described in clause (a) in such Person or otherwise entitle any other Person to share in the equity, profits, earnings, losses or gains of such Person (including equity appreciation, phantom equity, stock appreciation, profit participation or other similar rights), and (c) any securities or rights that are derivative or provide any economic benefit based, directly or indirectly, on the value or price of any securities of such Person.

“ERISA” means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended.

“ERISA Affiliate” means each entity that is treated as a single employer with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries for purposes of Section 4001(b)(1) of ERISA or Section 414(b), (c), (m) or (o) of the Code.

“Escrow Agent” means PNC Bank, N.A., or its successor, in its capacity as such pursuant to the Escrow Agreement.

“Escrow Agreement” means an escrow agreement in the form of Exhibit B.

“Escrow Funds” means, collectively, the Adjustment Escrow Fund and the Indemnity Escrow Fund.

“Estimated Aggregate Exercise Price” means the Company’s good faith estimate of the Aggregate Exercise Price.

“Estimated Closing Cash” means the Company’s good faith estimate of the Closing Cash based on the books and records of the Company.

“Estimated Closing Indebtedness” means the Company’s good faith estimate of the amount of Closing Indebtedness based on the books and records of the Acquired Companies.

“Estimated Closing Proceeds” means (a) the Base Amount, plus (b) Estimated Closing Cash, plus (c) the amount (if any) by which Closing Net Working Capital is greater than Target Net Working Capital, plus (d) Estimated Aggregate Exercise Price, minus (e) Estimated Closing Indebtedness, minus (f) Estimated Unpaid Transaction Expenses, minus (g) the amount (if any) by which Estimated Net Working Capital is less than Target Net Working Capital, minus (h) the Representative Holdback Amount,

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minus (i) the Indemnity Escrow Amount, minus (j) the Adjustment Escrow Amount, minus (k) the RSU Amount. For the avoidance of doubt, no items included in the definitions of Cash, Indebtedness, Unpaid Transaction Expenses or Net Working Capital shall be double counted for purposes of calculating the Estimated Closing Proceeds hereunder.

“Estimated Closing Proceeds Elements” shall mean, collectively, the following: (a) Estimated Closing Cash, (b) Estimated Closing Indebtedness, (c) Estimated Net Working Capital, (d) Estimated Aggregate Exercise Price and (e) Estimated Unpaid Transaction Expenses.

“Estimated Closing Statement” is defined in Section 3.3(a).

“Estimated Net Working Capital” means the Company’s good faith estimate of the amount of Net Working Capital based on the books and records of the Acquired Companies.

“Estimated Unpaid Transaction Expenses” means the Company’s good faith estimate of the amount of Unpaid Transaction Expenses based on the books and records of the Acquired Companies.

“Excess Accrued PTO” means, with respect to a current or former employee, director or other individual service provider of any Acquired Company, all vacation and paid time off that has been accrued but unused by such individual in excess of 240 hours as of the Closing Date.

“Exchange Act” shall mean the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Exchange Documents” is defined in Section 2.7(b).

“Expense Fund” is defined in Section 9.13(e).

“Final Resolution” is defined in Section 8.4(c)(iv).

“Financial Statements” is defined in Section 4.5(a).

“Foreign Public Official” means any: (a) officer, employee or representative of any foreign Governmental Body; (b) officer, employee or representative of any commercial enterprise or entity that is owned or controlled by a foreign Governmental Body; (c) officer, employee or representative of any public international organization, such as the African Union, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations or the World Bank; (d) Person acting in an official capacity for any foreign Governmental Body, enterprise or organization identified above; and (e) foreign political party, foreign political party official or candidate for foreign political office.

“Fully-Diluted Stock” means the sum of (a) the aggregate number of shares of Company Stock issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time, excluding, for the avoidance of doubt, any Treasury Shares, plus (b) the maximum aggregate number of shares of Company Common Stock issuable upon full cash exercise, exchange or conversion of all vested In-the-Money Options that are outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (including each unvested In-the-Money Option that (i) is outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time and (ii) accelerates in connection with the Merger in accordance with the terms and conditions of its governing option agreement).

“Fundamental Representations” means the representations and warranties contained in Section 4.1 (Organization and Corporate Power), Section 4.2 (Authorization), Section 4.3(a)

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(Non-Contravention), Section 4.4 (Capitalization), Section 4.23 (Related Party Transactions) and Section 4.24 (Brokers and Other Advisors; Existing Discussions).

“Governing Documents” means the (a) document(s) by which any Person (other than a natural person) establishes its legal existence or which govern its internal organizational affairs and (b) any stockholders’ agreement, investor rights agreement, voting agreement, right of first refusal and co-sale agreement or any other document comparable to those described in clause (a) as may be applicable to such Person pursuant to applicable Law or by Contract, in each case, together with any amendments, restatements, supplements or other modifications thereto as of the date hereof.

“Governmental Body” means any (a) nation, state, commonwealth, province, territory, county, municipality, district or other jurisdiction of any nature, or any political subdivision thereof, (b) federal, state, provincial, local, municipal, foreign, or other government or (c) governmental or quasi‑governmental authority of any nature (including any governmental division, department, agency, commission, instrumentality, official, organization, regulatory body, or other entity and any court, arbitrator, or other tribunal).

“Hazardous Materials” means material, substance, chemical, or waste (or combination thereof) that (a) is listed, defined, designated, or classified as hazardous, toxic, radioactive, dangerous, a pollutant, a contaminant, or words of similar meaning or effect under any Environmental Law or (b) is regulated or subject to requirements under any Environmental Law.

“Highest In-the-Money Exercise Price” means the highest per share exercise price at which the Aggregate Per Share Amount would exceed such highest per share exercise price assuming that (a) all Options outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (i) with a per share exercise price equal to or less than such highest per share exercise price are included in the Fully-Diluted Stock and (ii) with a per share exercise price greater than such highest per share exercise price are excluded from the Fully-Diluted Stock and (b) the sum of the exercise prices of all Options (i) with a per share exercise price equal to or less than such highest per share exercise price were included in the Aggregate Exercise Price and (ii) with a per share exercise price greater than such highest per share exercise price were excluded from the Aggregate Exercise Price.

“In-the-Money Option” means an Option with an exercise price per share that is less than the Highest In-the-Money Exercise Price.

“In-the-Money Optionholder” means each holder of an In-the-Money Option.

“Indebtedness” means, without duplication, as of any particular time, (a) the amount of all indebtedness for borrowed money of the Company and its Subsidiaries (including any unpaid principal, premium, accrued and unpaid interest, related expenses, prepayment penalties, commitment and other fees, reimbursements, indemnities and all other amounts payable in connection therewith), (b) Liabilities of the Company and its Subsidiaries evidenced by bonds, debentures, notes, or other similar instruments or debt securities, (c) Liabilities of the Company and its Subsidiaries to pay the deferred purchase price of property or services other than trade payables incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice, (d) all Liabilities of the Company and its Subsidiaries arising out of interest rate and currency swap arrangements and any other arrangements designed to provide protection against fluctuations in interest or currency rates, (e) any deferred purchase price Liabilities related to past acquisitions of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (f) the amount of Capital Lease Obligations, (g) all indebtedness in the nature of guarantees of the obligations of other Persons described in the immediately preceding clauses (a) through (f), (h) any “success fees” or bonuses, or severance payments payable to employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries arising solely from or otherwise triggered solely by the closing of the transactions

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contemplated hereby (including the employer portion of any social security or Medicare Tax attributable to such payments but excluding any Unpaid Transaction Expenses), (i) Liabilities relating to advance payments from customers, (j) any unpaid Pre-Closing Taxes (whether or not such Taxes are due and payable as of the Closing Date), (k) unpaid professional fees to the extent not included in Unpaid Transaction Expenses; and (l) deferred revenue; provided, that “Indebtedness” shall not include any such Liabilities or obligations between the Company and any of its Subsidiaries or between any Subsidiary of the Company and another Subsidiary of the Company.

“Indemnification Claim Notice” is defined in Section 8.4(c)(i).

“Indemnification Claim Response” is defined in Section 8.4(c)(iii).

“Indemnified Persons” is defined in Section 8.2.

“Indemnifying Securityholders” means, collectively, the Stockholders (other than Stockholders properly exercising appraisal or dissenters’ rights for Dissenting Shares who have not withdrawn or otherwise terminated their exercise of appraisal and dissenters’ rights, as applicable, pursuant to the DGCL), and the vested In-the-Money Optionholders.

“Indemnity Escrow Account” is defined Section 3.2(e).

“Indemnity Escrow Amount” means an amount equal to $3,800,000.

“Indemnity Escrow Fund” means the amount held from time to time by the Escrow Agent in the Indemnity Escrow Account pursuant to the Escrow Agreement.

“Independent Accountant” means a nationally recognized firm of independent certified public accountants selected by Parent and the Securityholder Representative; provided that, if Parent and the Securityholder Representative cannot agree on such firm, Parent and the Securityholder shall each (a) select one nationally recognized firm of independent certified public accountants (which may be the applicable party’s existing accounting firm) and (b) cause such firm, jointly with the firm selected by the other party, to select a third nationally recognized firm of independent certified public accountants, which shall be the “Independent Accounting Firm” for all purposes of this Agreement.

“Initial Per Share Amount” means the amount determined by (a) the Estimated Closing Proceeds divided by (b) the Fully-Diluted Stock.

“Insurance Policies” is defined in Section 4.19.

“IP” means algorithms, deep learning, machine learning, and other artificial intelligence models, application programming interfaces (“APIs”), apparatus, circuit designs and assemblies, gate arrays, net lists, test vectors, data, data collections and databases, diagrams, formulae, inventions (whether or not patentable), Trademarks, methods, network configurations and architectures, processes, proprietary information, protocols, schematics, specifications, software, software code (in any form, including source code and executable or object code), subroutines, techniques, Trade Secrets, user interfaces, URLs, web sites, works of authorship and other forms of technology of any kind (whether or not embodied in any tangible form and including all tangible embodiments of the foregoing, such as instruction manuals, laboratory notebooks, prototypes, samples, studies and summaries).

“IP Contributor” is defined in Section 4.11(c)(i).

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“IP Rights” means any or all of the following and all worldwide common law and statutory rights in, arising out of, or associated therewith: (a) copyrights, mask works, whether registered or not, works of authorship and all other rights corresponding thereto throughout the world including moral and economic rights of authors and inventors, however denominated; (b) Trademarks; (c) Trade Secrets; (d) Patents and industrial property rights; (e) other proprietary rights in IP; (f) rights in or relating to registrations, renewals, extensions, combinations, divisions and reissues of, and applications for, any of the rights referred to in clauses “(a)” through “(e)” above; and (g) together with, in each of clauses “(a)” through “(f)” above, all claims for damages by reason of past infringement thereof, with the right to sue for, and collect the same.

“IRS” means the United States Internal Revenue Service or any successor agency.

“ITAR” means the International Traffic in Arms Regulations.

“Key Employee” means each of Patrick Sullivan and Darren Schreiber.

“knowledge” means, with respect to any of the Acquired Companies, the actual knowledge of Patrick Sullivan and Darren Schreiber after due inquiry and the knowledge that each such Person would reasonably be expected to obtain in the course of diligently performing his or her duties for such Acquired Company.

“Law” means any law (including common law), rule, regulation, judgment, order, decree, or other pronouncement having the effect of law of any Governmental Body.

“Letter of Transmittal” means a letter of transmittal in the form of Exhibit D.

“Liabilities” means liabilities, debts or other obligations of any nature, whether known or unknown, absolute, accrued, contingent, liquidated, unliquidated or otherwise, due or to become due or otherwise, and whether or not required to be reflected on a balance sheet prepared in accordance with Accounting Principles.

“Liens” means any liens, statutory liens, pledges, mortgages, security interests, charges, easements, rights of way, covenants, claims, restrictions, rights, options, conditional sale or other title retention agreements or encumbrances of any kind or nature.

“Losses” means any and all losses, damages (including special, incidental and consequential damages), Liabilities, Taxes, costs (including reasonable out-of-pocket costs of investigation) and expenses, including interest, penalties, settlement costs, judgments, awards, fines, costs of mitigation, court costs and fees (including reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses); provided, however, that Losses shall not include any punitive damages unless such damages are awarded to a third party.

“Made Available” is defined in Section 1.2(b).

“Malicious Code” is defined in Section 4.11(h)(i).

“Material Adverse Effect” means any change, effect, event, occurrence, state of facts or development (any such item, an “Effect”) that, individually or in the aggregate, has had or would reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on: (a) the business, assets, properties, results of operations or financial condition of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole; provided, that Effects, alone or in combination, that arise out of or result from the following, individually or in the aggregate, shall not be considered when determining whether a Material Adverse Effect has occurred: (i) changes in economic

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conditions, financial, credit or securities markets in general or the industries and markets in which the Company and its Subsidiaries operate; (ii) any change after the date hereof in Laws, Accounting Principles or any other accounting standard applicable to the Company, or the enforcement or interpretation thereof; or (iii) acts of God (including any hurricane, flood, tornado, earthquake or other natural disaster or any other force majeure event), calamities, national or international political or social conditions, including acts of war, the engagement in hostilities, or the occurrence of any military attack or terrorist act in the jurisdictions in which the Company and its Subsidiaries operate or any escalation or worsening of any of the foregoing; provided, further, the foregoing exceptions shall only be applicable to the extent that such Effects do not have a disproportionate impact on the Company and its Subsidiaries relative to businesses in the same or similar industries; or (b) the ability of the Company to perform its obligations under this Agreement in a timely manner or to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including the Merger.

“Material Contracts” is defined in Section 4.9.

“Material Customers” is defined in Section 4.20.

“Material Suppliers” is defined in Section 4.20.

“Merger” is defined in Section 2.1(a).

“Merger Consideration” means the aggregate consideration to the Stockholders and Optionholders are entitled pursuant to Article 2 and Section 3.3.

“Merger Sub” is defined in the Preamble.

“Non-U.S. Plan” is defined in Section 4.14(k).

“Net Working Capital” means (a) the Company’s consolidated total current assets as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (as defined by and determined in accordance with the Accounting Principles), excluding Cash, the current portion of deferred financing costs, and any current and deferred Tax assets less (b) the Company’s consolidated total current Liabilities as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (as defined by and determined in accordance with the Accounting Principles), excluding current Liabilities relating to Indebtedness and any current or deferred Tax Liabilities. A reference calculation of Net Working Capital at December 31, 2022 is attached as Schedule A.

“Objection Notice” is defined in Section 3.3(c).

“OFAC” means the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

“Open Source Software” means any computer software that is distributed or otherwise made available under “open source”, “community”, or “free software” terms, including without limitation: (a) any license that has been approved by the Open Source Initiative, a list of which is available at https://opensource.org/licenses; (b) any license that meets the Open Source Definition promulgated by the Open Source Initiative, which is available at https://opensource.org/osd; (c) any Copyleft License; and (d) any license that is substantially similar to those described in any, all, or any combination of the foregoing clauses “(a)” through “(c)”.

“Optionholder” means a holder of an Option.

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“Options” means all options to acquire shares of Company Stock that are outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (whether or not exercisable and whether or not vested).

“Order” shall mean, with respect to any Person, any order, writ, rule, injunction, award, judgment, decree, stipulation, verdict or ruling issued, made, rendered, enacted, adopted, promulgated or applied by a Governmental Body that is binding upon or applicable to such Person or its property.

“Other Accrued Employee Amounts” means all accrued wages, pro-rated bonuses, commissions, fees and other accrued but unpaid compensation and benefits of any current or former employee, director or other individual service provider as of the Closing Date.

“Parent” is defined in the Preamble.

“Parent Adjustment Amount” is defined in Section 3.3(f)(i).

“Parent Documents” is defined in Section 5.2.

“Parent Material Adverse Effect” means a material adverse effect on the ability of Parent or Merger Sub, as applicable, to perform their respective obligations under this Agreement in a timely manner or to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including the Merger.

“Patents” means patents (including utility, utility model, plant and design patents, and certificates of invention) and patent applications (including additions, provisional, national, regional and international applications, as well as original, continuation, continuation-in-part, divisionals, continued prosecution applications, reissues, and re-examination applications), and all reissues, divisions, renewals, extensions, provisionals, certificates of invention and statutory invention registrations, continued prosecution applications, requests for continued examination, reexaminations, continuations and continuations-in-part thereof.

“Paying Agent” means PNC Bank, N.A., or its successor, in its capacity as such pursuant to a paying agent agreement between it and Parent.

“Per Option Amount” is defined in Section 2.5(a).

“Permit” means any approvals, authorizations, consents, licenses, permits, registrations or certificates of a Governmental Body.

“Permitted Liens” means: (a) Liens for Taxes not yet due and payable or which are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings and for which adequate reserves with respect thereto are maintained on the Company’s books in accordance with Accounting Principles; (b) statutory, landlord’s, mechanic’s, materialmen’s, and similar Liens arising or incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice for amounts which are not yet due and payable or which are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings if reserves with respect thereto are maintained on the Company’s books in accordance with Accounting Principles to the satisfaction of Parent, or, with respect to mechanics’ or materialmens’ liens, have been sufficiently bonded over to the satisfaction of Parent; (c) zoning, building codes and other land use Laws regulating the use or occupancy of real property or the activities conducted thereon which are imposed by any Governmental Body which are not violated by the current use or occupancy of such real property or the operation of the business; and (d) easements, covenants, conditions and restrictions of record.

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“Person” means an individual, a partnership, a corporation, a limited liability company, an association, a joint stock company, a trust, a joint venture, an unincorporated organization or a Governmental Body.

“Personal Data” means any data or information relating to an identified or identifiable natural individual and any other data or information that constitutes personal data, personal information or personally identifiable information under any applicable Privacy Obligation and privacy policy of any Acquired Company, and includes an individual’s combined first and last name, home address, telephone number, fax number, email address, social security number or other Governmental Body-issued identifier (including state identification number, tax identification number, driver’s license number, or passport number), precise geolocation information of an individual or device, biometric data, medical or health information, credit card and other financial information (including bank account information), cookie identifiers associated with registration information, or any other browser- or device-specific number or identifier not controllable by the end user, and web or mobile browsing or usage information that is linked to the foregoing; an identifiable natural individual is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier and to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural individual.

“Plans” mean each compensation and/or benefit plan, program, policy, practice, contract, agreement or other arrangement (whether or not such plan is subject to ERISA), including any employee welfare plan within the meaning of Section 3(1) of ERISA, any employee pension benefit plan within the meaning of Section 3(2) of ERISA, and any other bonus or incentive compensation, change in control, deferred compensation, defined contribution or defined benefit pension, employment, equity or equity-based, flexible spending, fringe benefit, gross-up arrangements, insurance (including accident, AD&D, dental, disability, hospitalization, life, medical, split dollar, stop-loss and vision), profit sharing, retention, severance or retirement (including retiree medical), vacation or wrap plan, program, policy, practice, contract, agreement or other arrangement, whether or not in writing and whether or not funded, in each case that is established, sponsored, maintained or contributed to, or required to be sponsored, maintained or contributed to, by the Company or any Subsidiary for the benefit of the current or former employees, directors, consultants or independent contractors of the Company or any Subsidiary or with respect to which the Company or any Subsidiary has any actual or contingent liability.

“Pre-Closing Tax Period” means (a) any Tax period ending on or before the Closing Date and (b) the portion of the Straddle Period that ends on the Closing Date.

“Pre-Closing Taxable Events” means any transaction or event occurring on or before the Closing Date, the occurrence of which results in the imposition of a Tax on any of the Acquired Companies.

“Pre-Closing Taxes” means all Liabilities for (a) Taxes of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries for Pre-Closing Tax Periods and Pre-Closing Taxable Events, regardless of whether the Taxes for such events are incurred prior to or after the Closing Date, determined without regard to any carryback of a loss or credit arising after the Closing Date, (b) Taxes arising as a result of prepaid amounts received by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries prior to the Closing, (c) Taxes of any Person imposed on the Company or any of its Subsidiaries as a result of being a member of any affiliated, consolidated or combined group before the Closing pursuant to Treasury Regulation Section 1.1502-6 or any similar state, local, or foreign Law, (d) Taxes of any Person for which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries becomes liable as a transferee or successor, by Contract (including any tax sharing, tax indemnity or tax allocation agreement or any other express or implied agreement to indemnify any other Person), or pursuant to any Law, to the extent such Taxes relate to an event or transaction occurring before the Closing, (e) Taxes imposed on any Securityholder for any Taxable period, (f) Taxes attributable to the transactions contemplated by this

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Agreement, (g) any withholding, payroll, social security, unemployment or similar Taxes attributable to any payments that are contingent upon or payable as a result of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, (h) the Indemnifying Securityholders’ share of Transfer Taxes pursuant to Section 6.4(d) and (i) any telecommunications and other communications Tax, charge, fee, levy, excise, duty, surcharge or similar assessment, including, without limitation, any state, county or local 911 or e911 fee or surcharge, in each case for the Pre-Closing Tax Period and Pre-Closing Taxable Events. For purposes of this Agreement, in the case of any Taxes that are payable for a Straddle Period, the portion of such Tax related to the portion of such Tax period ending on and including the Closing Date shall (i) in the case of any Taxes that are imposed on an annual or periodic basis (other than gross receipts, sales or use Taxes and Taxes based upon or related to income) be deemed to be the amount of such Tax for the entire Tax period multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which shall be the number of days in the Tax period ending on and including the Closing Date, and the denominator of which shall be the number of days in the entire Tax period and (ii) in the case of any other Tax, be deemed equal to the amount that would be payable if the relevant Tax period ended on and included the Closing Date based on a hypothetical closing of the books of the Company (and shall be deemed to include any Taxes that would arise pursuant to Sections 951 or 951A of the Code had the Tax year of each Subsidiary of the Company ended on and included the Closing Date).

“Privacy Obligations” means all applicable Laws, contractual obligations, self-regulatory standards, written policies or terms of use of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or any consents obtained by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that are related to privacy, security, data protection or Processing of Personal Data, including, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016/679), the European Union ePrivacy Directive (Directive 2002/58/EC) and applicable implementing laws, the California Consumer Privacy Act, the California Privacy Rights Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the CAN-SPAM Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act, Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Gramm Leach Bliley Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act, state data security laws, state unfair or deceptive trade practices laws, state biometric privacy acts, state social security number protection laws, state data breach notification laws, Brazil’s Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados, Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, the Card Association Rules, and any Laws concerning requirements for website and mobile application privacy policies and practices, data or web scraping, cybersecurity disclosures in public filings, call or electronic monitoring or recording or any outbound communications (including, outbound calling and text messaging, telemarketing, and email marketing).

“Pro Rata Portion” shall mean, with respect to a particular Indemnifying Securityholder, an amount equal to percentage determined by dividing (a) the aggregate amount payable to such Indemnifying Securityholder pursuant to Article 2 (including (i) amounts deposited as part of the Adjustment Escrow Amount and the Indemnity Escrow Amount and (ii) amounts withheld for Tax obligations), by (b) the aggregate amount payable to all Indemnifying Securityholders pursuant to Article 2 (including (i) amounts deposited as part of the Adjustment Escrow Amount and the Indemnity Escrow Amount and (ii) amounts withheld for Tax obligations).

“Proceeding” shall mean any claim, demand, action, arbitration, audit, hearing, inquiry, investigation, examination proceeding, litigation or suit (whether civil, criminal or administrative) commenced, brought, conducted, or heard by or before, or otherwise involving any Governmental Body or arbitrator.

“Process” or “Processing” means any operation or set of operations which is performed on data, or on sets of data, including Personal Data, whether or not by automated means, such as the receipt, access, acquisition, arrangement, collection, copying, creation, maintenance, modification, recording,

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organization, processing, compilation, selection, structuring, storage, visualization, adaptation, alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transfer, transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, disposal, erasure or destruction, or instruction, training or other learning relating to such data or combination of such data.

“Real Property Lease” is defined in Section 4.8.

“Recent Accrual Balance Sheet” is defined in Section 4.5(a).

“Recent Balance Sheets” is defined in Section 4.5(a).

“Registered IP” means all IP Rights included within the Company-Owned IP that are registered, filed, issued, or granted under the authority of, with, or by any Governmental Body or, in the case of domain names, social media identifiers, and the like, a domain name administrator or social media platform, as applicable, including all Patents, registered Trademarks (including domain names, social media identifiers, and the like), registered copyrights, and all applications for any of the foregoing.

“Related Party” is defined in Section 4.23.

“Representative Holdback Amount” means an amount equal to $50,000.

“Representatives” means, with respect to any Person, any officer, director, principal, partner, manager, member, attorney, accountant, agent, employee, consultant, financial advisor or other authorized representative of such Person.

“Resolution Period” is defined in Section 3.3(d).

“Resolved Matters” is defined in Section 3.3(d).

“Restricted Stock” is defined in Section 4.4(a).

“Restrictive Covenant” means any non-compete, non-solicit, no hire, non-interference, non-disparagement or confidentiality obligation.

“Restrictive Covenant Agreement” means a restrictive covenant agreement in the form of Exhibit E.

“RSU Amount” means $5,850,000.

“Sanctioned Person” means any Person that is the subject or target of Sanctions, including, without limitation, (a) any Person listed in any Sanctions-related list of designated Persons maintained by OFAC or the U.S. Department of State, by the United Nations Security Council, His Majesty’s Treasury of the United Kingdom, the European Union, or any EU member state, (b) any Person located, operating, organized or resident in a Sanctioned Territory or (c) any Person owned or controlled by any such Person or Persons.

“Sanctioned Territory” means, at any time, a country or territory which is itself the subject or target of any Sanctions (at the time of this Agreement, the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic, the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic, Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and Syria).

“Sanctions” means economic or financial sanctions or trade embargoes imposed, administered or enforced from time to time by relevant Governmental Bodies, including, but not limited

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those administered by the U.S. government through OFAC or the U.S. Department of State, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, or His Majesty’s Treasury of the United Kingdom.

“Securities Act” shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

“Security Breach” means any: (a) accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, corruption, or other misuse of Sensitive Data transmitted, stored or otherwise Processed; (b) unauthorized or unlawful acquisition, sale or rental of, access to or any other Processing of Sensitive Data; or (c) other act or omission that compromises the security, integrity, or confidentiality of Sensitive Data.

“Securityholder Representative” is defined in the Preamble.

“Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement” is defined in Section 9.13(c).

“Securityholder Representative Expenses” is defined in Section 9.13(b).

“Securityholder Representative Group” is defined in Section 9.13(c).

“Securityholders” means, collectively, each Stockholder and Optionholder.

“Seller Adjustment Amount” is defined in Section 3.3(f)(ii).

“Sensitive Data” means (a) all Personal Data and (b) all trade secrets and confidential or proprietary information or data in the Company’s or the Company’s Subsidiaries’ possession, custody or control or the possession, custody or control of any Third-Party service providers, consultants, independent contractors or other Third-Parties on behalf of the Company or the Company’s Subsidiaries and used or held for use in the conduct of the Company’s and its Subsidiaries’ businesses.

“Spreadsheet” is defined in Section 4.4(g).

“Stock Plan” means the Company’s 2012 Equity Incentive Plan.

“Stockholder” means each holder of shares of Company Stock.

“Stockholder Approval” is defined in Section 4.2(b).

“Stockholder Written Consent” means a written consent of certain Stockholders, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit F.

“Straddle Period” means any Tax period that includes (but does not end on) the Closing Date.

“Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person, any corporation of which a majority of the total voting power of shares of stock entitled (without regard to the occurrence of any contingency) to vote in the election of directors, managers or trustees thereof is at the time owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by such Person or one (1) or more of the other Subsidiaries of such Person or a combination thereof, or any partnership, association or other business entity which a majority of the partnership or other similar ownership interest is at the time owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by such Person or one (1) or more Subsidiaries of such Person or a combination thereof. For purposes of this definition, a Person is deemed to have a majority ownership interest in a partnership, association or other business entity if such Person is allocated a majority of the gains or losses of such partnership, association or other business entity

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or is or controls the managing director or general partner of such partnership, association or other business entity.

“Support Agreement” is defined in the Recitals.

“Surviving Corporation” is defined in Section 2.1(a).

“Tail Policies” is defined in Section 7.1(u).

“Target Net Working Capital” means negative $106,000.

“Tax” means (a) all income, capital gains, gross income, gross receipts, sales, use, ad valorem, franchise, capital, profits, license, and other withholding, employment, social security, payroll, severance, transfer, conveyance, documentary, stamp, property, unclaimed property, escheat, inventory, value added, alternative, environmental, customs duties, minimum tax, estimated and any other tax, fee, charge, levy, excise, duty or assessment in the nature of a tax, together with additions to tax or additional amounts, interest and penalties relating thereto that may be imposed by any Governmental Body, (b) any liability in connection with the filing of any Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR), and (c) any Liability of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries for the payment of any amount of any type described in clause “(a)” or “(b)” as a result of (i) the Company or any of its Subsidiaries being a transferee, successor or a member of an affiliated, consolidated, unitary or combined group prior to the Closing, or (ii) an express or implied obligation to indemnify any other Person.

“Tax Claim” is defined in Section 6.4(e).

“Tax Representations” means the representations and warranties contained in Section 4.10 (Tax Matters).

“Tax Returns” means any return, claims for refund, report, information return or other document (including schedules or any related or supporting information) filed or required to be filed with any Governmental Body in connection with the determination, assessment or collection of any Tax or the administration of any Laws relating to any Tax, and including any amendment thereof.

“Taxing Authority” means the IRS and any other Governmental Body responsible for the administration of any Tax.

“Third-Party” means any Person or group other than Parent, Merger Sub, the Company, the Securityholder Representative or any of Affiliates of Parent, Merger Sub, the Company and the Securityholder Representative.

“Third‑Party Claim” is defined in Section 8.4(b)(i).

“Third-Party Data” means all data of any kind or character contained in the Company IT Systems or any databases owned or controlled by any of the Acquired Companies or their designees (including any and all Trade Secrets), and all other information and data compilations used by, or necessary to the business of, any of the Acquired Companies that was licensed, received, or collected from any other Person.

“Total Accrued Employee Amounts” means all vacation and paid time off that has been accrued but unused as of the Closing Date by any current or former employee, director or other individual service provider of any of the Acquired Companies, as well as all accrued wages, pro-rated bonuses,

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commissions, fees and other accrued but unpaid compensation and benefits of any such Person as of the Closing Date, provided, that “Total Accrued Employee Amounts” shall not include any Excess Accrued PTO waived by Patrick Sullivan and Darren Schreiber.

“Trade Control Laws” means those Laws applicable to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries regulating the export, reexport, transfer, disclosure or provision of commodities, software, technology, defense articles or defense services, or imposing trade control sanctions or restrictions on countries, individuals or entities including, without limitation: the Export Administration Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-72, as amended); the Export Administration Regulations (15 C.F.R. Parts 730-774); the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (Public Law 95-223); the Trading with the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. §§ 1-44); the Arms Export Control Act (Public Law 90-629); ITAR (22 C.F.R. Parts 120‑130); export and import Laws and regulations administered by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (27 C.F.R. Chapter II); the Foreign Trade Regulations (15 C.F.R. Part 30); Laws and restrictions administered by OFAC (31 C.F.R. Part 500 et seq.); any other Laws implementing Sanctions; U.S. and non-U.S. customs Laws; and any other export controls Laws administered by a U.S. Governmental Body, or by any foreign Governmental Body to the extent applicable and to the extent compliance with such Laws is not prohibited or penalized by applicable U.S. Law.

“Trade Secrets” means trade secrets (including, those trade secrets defined in the Uniform Trade Secrets Act and Defend Trade Secrets Act and under corresponding foreign statutory and common law), business, technical and know-how information, non-public information, and confidential information, including all source code, documentation, know how, processes, technology, formulae, customer lists or data, business and marketing plans, inventions (whether or not patentable) and marketing information and rights to limit the use or disclosure thereof by any Person; including databases and data collections and all rights therein.

“Trademarks” means trade names, logos, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, slogans, fictitious business names (D/B/As), domain names, social media identifiers and the like, and all other source identifiers of any kind and registrations and applications therefor, including all goodwill therein, and any and all common law rights therein or thereto.

“Transaction Documents” means this Agreement, together with the Escrow Agreement, Support Agreement, the Letters of Transmittal, Restrictive Covenant Agreements, the Stockholder Written Consent, the Company Secretary’s Certificate, and each of the other agreements, documents, certificates and instruments to be delivered hereunder or thereunder.

“Transfer Taxes” is defined in Section 6.4(d).

“Treasury Regulations” means the United States Treasury Regulations promulgated under the Code, and any reference to any particular Treasury Regulation section shall be interpreted to include any final or temporary revision of or successor to that section regardless of how numbered or classified.

“Treasury Shares” is defined in Section 2.4(b)(ii).

“Unpaid Transaction Expenses” means, without duplication, to the extent not paid prior to the Closing, the amount of (a) all fees, costs and expenses (including fees, costs and expenses of legal counsel, investment bankers, brokers or other representatives and consultants; appraisal fees, costs and expenses; and travel, lodging, entertainment and associated expenses) incurred by the Company or any Subsidiary prior to Closing in connection with this Agreement, (b) all fees payable by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to any Securityholder or any Affiliate of any such Person in connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby, or otherwise, (c) all Total Accrued Employee

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Amounts, (d) the aggregate amount of all change in control, sale, retention, severance, or similar bonuses or payments or the value of any acceleration of benefits to any current or former director, officer, employee, independent contractor or consultant of the Company and its Subsidiaries payable or effected as a result of, or in connection with, this Agreement, the Merger or any other transactions contemplated herein, (e) the aggregate amount of Taxes (including the employer portion of payroll or employment Taxes incurred in connection with any bonuses, option cash-outs, payments under clauses (c) or (d) above or any other compensatory payments made by the Company or its Subsidiaries pursuant to this Agreement) payable by the Company or any Subsidiary at the Closing, including pursuant to the cash-out of the vested In-the-Money Options, (f) any fees, expenses, premiums and other costs related to or arising in connection with the D&O Tail Policy, the Tail Policies and the Additional Company Costs, and (g) any payments in connection with any change in control obligations resulting from or in connection with the Merger or any of the other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, or any payment or consideration arising under or in relation to obtaining any consents, waivers or approvals of any party under any Contract of the Company or its Subsidiaries as are required in connection with the Merger for any such Contract to remain in full force and effect following the Closing or resulting from an agreed-upon modification or early termination of any such Contract.

“Unresolved Matters” is defined in Section 3.3(d).

“WARN” means the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act or any similar state or local Law, each as amended.

“Willful Breach” means, with respect to a party, (a) a material breach by such party of any covenant or obligation set forth in this Agreement or any other Transaction Document that is the consequence of an act or failure to act by such party where such party had actual knowledge that the taking of such act or failure to take such act would cause a breach of such covenant or obligation of this Agreement or (b) the making of any representation or warranty in this Agreement or any other Transaction Document where such party making such representation or warranty had actual knowledge that such representation or warranty was false when made.

Section 1.2 Other Definitional Provisions.

(a) The parties have participated jointly in the negotiation and drafting of this Agreement and, in the event an ambiguity or question of intent or interpretation arises, this Agreement shall be construed as jointly drafted by the parties and no presumption or burden of proof shall arise favoring or disfavoring any party by virtue of the authorship of any provision of this Agreement. The exhibits, annexes and schedules to this Agreement are hereby incorporated and made a part hereof and are an integral part of this Agreement. The headings and table of contents in this Agreement are included for convenience of reference only and will not limit or otherwise affect the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement.

(b) The terms “hereof,” “herein” and “hereunder” and terms of similar import are references to this Agreement as a whole (including any annexes, exhibits and schedules to this Agreement) and not to any particular provision of this Agreement, unless otherwise specified, and recital, article, section, subsection, exhibit, annex and schedule references are to this Agreement, unless otherwise specified. The words “include,” “including” or “includes” when used herein shall be deemed in each case to be followed by the words “without limitation” or words having similar import. The word “or” is not exclusive, unless the context otherwise requires. The word “extent” in the phrase “to the extent” means the degree to which a thing extends, and does not simply mean “if.” The use of the terms “Affiliates” and “Subsidiaries” shall be deemed to be followed by the words “as such entities exist as of the relevant date of determination.” The terms “dollars” or “$” mean dollars in the lawful currency of the United States of America and all payments made pursuant to this agreement shall be in United States dollars. References

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herein to any gender shall include each other gender. Unless the context otherwise clearly indicates, each defined term used in this Agreement shall have a comparable meaning when used in its plural or in its singular form. Any reference to any document being “Made Available” to Parent means that the Company has posted complete and correct copies of such document to the virtual data room managed by the Company and hosted by Box, Inc. as of 5:00 p.m. Pacific Time on the date that is three (3) Business Days prior to the date hereof and that Parent has had continuous access to such documents since such time. Accounting terms which are not otherwise defined in this Agreement have the meanings given to them under Accounting Principles. To the extent that the definition of an accounting term defined in this Agreement is inconsistent with the meaning of such term under Accounting Principles, the definition of such term set forth in this Agreement will control.

(c) When calculating the period of time before which, within which or following which any act is to be done or step taken pursuant to this Agreement, the date that is the reference date in calculating such period shall be excluded. References to any period of days shall be deemed to be the relevant number of calendar days, unless otherwise specified. If the last day for the giving of any notice or the performance of any act required or permitted under this Agreement is a day that is not a Business Day, then the time for the giving of such notice or the performance of such action shall be extended to the next succeeding Business Day. References herein to a Person in a particular capacity or capacities shall exclude such Person in any other capacity. References herein to any contract mean such contract as amended, supplemented or modified (including any waiver thereto). A reference to a statute, listing rule, regulation, order or other applicable Law includes a reference to the corresponding regulations and instruments and includes a reference to each of them as amended, consolidated, recreated, replaced or rewritten. References herein to any Person shall include such Person’s heirs, executors, personal representatives, administrators, successors and assigns; provided, however, that nothing contained in this Section 1.2(c) is intended to authorize any assignment or transfer not otherwise permitted by this Agreement.

Article 2
The Merger

Section 2.1 The Merger.

(a) At the Effective Time, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, Merger Sub shall merge with and into the Company in accordance with the DGCL (the “Merger”), whereupon the separate existence of Merger Sub shall cease, and the Company shall be the surviving corporation (the “Surviving Corporation”) and a wholly owned subsidiary of Parent.

(b) The Merger shall become effective at such time as the Certificate of Merger is duly filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware or at such other time as may be mutually agreed to by Parent and the Company and specified in the Certificate of Merger (the “Effective Time”).

(c) At the Effective Time, the effects of the Merger shall be as provided in the applicable provisions under the DGCL. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, and subject thereto, at the Effective Time, except as otherwise agreed to pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, all of the property, rights, privileges, powers and franchises of the Company and Merger Sub shall vest in the Surviving Corporation, and all debts, liabilities and duties of the Company and Merger Sub shall become the debts, liabilities and duties of the Surviving Corporation.

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Section 2.2 Certificate of Incorporation; Bylaws. As of the Effective Time, the certificate of incorporation of the Surviving Corporation shall be amended and restated pursuant to the terms set forth in the Certificate of Merger and, as so amended and restated, shall be the certificate of incorporation of the Surviving Corporation until amended in accordance with the terms therein and applicable Law. As of the Effective Time, the bylaws of Merger Sub in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be the bylaws of the Surviving Corporation (except that the title thereof shall read “Bylaws of 2600hz, Inc.”) and, as so amended and restated, shall be the bylaws of the Surviving Corporation until amended in accordance with the terms therein, the certificate of incorporation of the Surviving Corporation and applicable Law.

Section 2.3 Directors and Officers. From and after the Effective Time, the directors and officers of Merger Sub immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be the directors and officers, as applicable, of the Surviving Corporation until their successors are duly elected or appointed in accordance with the bylaws and the certificate of incorporation of the Surviving Corporation and applicable Law (or their earlier death, resignation or removal).

Section 2.4 Conversion of Capital Stock.

(a) Merger Sub Capital Stock. At the Effective Time, by virtue of the Merger and without further action on the part of Parent, Merger Sub, the Company or their respective stockholders, each share of capital stock, par value $0.001 per share, of Merger Sub, that is issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be converted into and become one validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable share, par value $0.001 per share, of common stock of the Surviving Corporation (and such shares of common stock of the Surviving Corporation into which the shares of the capital stock of Merger Sub are so converted shall be the only shares of the Surviving Corporation’s capital stock that are issued and outstanding immediately after the Effective Time).

(b) Company Stock.

(i) Generally. At the Effective Time, by virtue of the Merger and without further action on the part of Parent, Merger Sub, the Company or their respective stockholders, each share of Company Stock issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (excluding Treasury Shares and Dissenting Shares) shall be cancelled and extinguished and shall be converted automatically into the right to receive, upon the terms set forth in this Agreement and subject to the delivery of the applicable Exchange Documents in respect of such shares in the manner provided in Section 2.7, a portion of the Merger Consideration in an amount, without interest, equal to the Aggregate Per Share Amount, which shall be in the form of consideration set forth on the Spreadsheet.

(ii) Treasury Shares. Effective as of the Effective Time, by virtue of the Merger and without further action on the part of Parent, Merger Sub, the Company or their respective stockholders, each share of Company Stock that is issued and outstanding and held by either the Company or any of its Subsidiaries as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (“Treasury Shares”) shall be cancelled without any consideration paid therefor.

(iii) Dissenting Shares.

(A) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, any shares of Company Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time eligible under the DGCL to exercise appraisal or dissenters’ rights and held by a holder who has not voted in favor of, or provided written consent to, the Agreement and the Merger and who has exercised and perfected appraisal or dissenters’ rights for such shares in accordance with Section 262 of the DGCL and who has not effectively withdrawn or lost such appraisal or dissenters’ rights (collectively, the “Dissenting Shares”) shall not be

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converted into or represent the right to receive the consideration for Company Stock set forth in Section 2.4(b)(i), and the holder or holders of such shares shall be entitled only to such rights as may be granted to such holder or holders in Section 262 of the DGCL.

(B) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.4(b)(iii)(A), if any holder of Dissenting Shares shall effectively withdraw or lose (through failure to perfect or otherwise) such holder’s appraisal and dissenters’ rights under Section 262 of the DGCL, then, as of the later of the Effective Time and the occurrence of such event, such holder’s shares of Company Stock shall automatically be converted into and represent only the right to receive, upon delivery of the applicable Exchange Documents in respect of such shares in the manner provided in Section 2.7, the consideration for such shares set forth in Section 2.4(b)(i), without interest.

(C) The Company shall (i) comply with the requirements of Section 262 of the DGCL, (ii) give Parent prompt notice of any demand received by the Company pursuant to Section 262 of the DGCL, and of withdrawals of such demands, and provide copies of any documents or instruments served pursuant to the DGCL and received by the Company and (iii) give Parent the opportunity to participate in all negotiations and proceedings with respect to any such demands. Any communication to be made by the Company to any Stockholder with respect to any Dissenting Shares shall be submitted to Parent in advance and shall not be presented to any Stockholder without Parent’s prior written consent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.

(D) Any amount paid by Parent, the Company or the Surviving Corporation to any Person with respect to Dissenting Shares (which, for the avoidance of such, shall require the prior written consent of Parent in accordance with Section 2.4(b)(iii)(C)) in excess of the amount that would otherwise be payable pursuant to Section 2.4 for each such Dissenting Share, together with all interest, costs, expenses and fees incurred by the Company, Parent, the Surviving Corporation or their respective Affiliates in connection with the exercise of all rights under Section 262 of the DGCL, shall be indemnifiable Losses pursuant to Article 8.

Section 2.5 Options.

(a) Vested In-The-Money Options. Effective as of the Effective Time, by virtue of the Merger and without further action on the part of Parent, Merger Sub, or the Company (or their respective stockholders) or any Optionholder, each vested In-the-Money Option that is outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (including any In-the-Money Option that (i) is outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time and (ii) accelerates in connection with the Merger in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Stock Plan, approval of the Board of Directors, or any other governing option agreement) shall be cancelled and the holder thereof shall be entitled to receive, upon the terms set forth in this Agreement, in consideration of such cancellation, a portion of the Merger Consideration in an amount, without interest, equal to (the “Per Option Amount”), as set forth Spreadsheet, (x) the excess of the Aggregate Per Share Amount over the per share exercise price of such In-the-Money Option, multiplied by (y) the aggregate number of shares of Company Common Stock subject to such vested In-the-Money Option for which such Option has not been exercised. The consideration payable to the Optionholders pursuant to this Section 2.5(a) shall be in the form of consideration set forth on the Spreadsheet.

(b) All Other Options. Effective as of the Effective Time, by virtue of the Merger and without further action on the part of Parent, Merger Sub, or the Company (or their respective stockholders) or any Optionholder, each Option that is not a vested In-the-Money Option outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be cancelled without payment of any consideration therefor. For the avoidance of doubt, each unvested In-the-Money Option that (i) is outstanding as of immediately prior to the Effective Time and (ii) accelerates in connection with the Merger in accordance with the terms and

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conditions of its governing option agreement shall be treated as set forth in Section 2.5(a). Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, effective as of the Closing, any and all rights of each Optionholder (and any and all Liabilities of the Surviving Corporation to each Optionholder other than with respect to withholding of Taxes and reporting with respect thereto) with respect to the Options shall terminate in all respects, except as expressly set forth herein.

(c) Necessary Actions. Prior to the Effective Time, and subject to the prior review and reasonable approval of Parent, the Company shall take all actions required or necessary under the Stock Plan and any other agreements governing the terms of any Options to (i) effect the treatment of the Options set forth in this Section 2.5, (ii) ensure that no Optionholder has any rights following the Effective Time with respect to any Options held by such Optionholder immediately prior to the Effective Time, except as expressly provided in this Section 2.5, and (iii) cause the Stock Plan and any other agreements governing the terms of any Option to terminate at or prior to the Effective Time.

Section 2.6 No Further Ownership Rights. The amounts paid in respect of the cancellation of shares of Company Stock and Options in accordance with the terms of this Article 2 shall be deemed to be in full satisfaction of all rights pertaining to such shares of Company Stock and Options, as applicable, and the Stockholders and Optionholders shall cease to have any rights with respect thereto, except as expressly provided in this Agreement. Following the Effective Time, there shall be no further registration of transfers, conversions or exchanges on the records of the Surviving Corporation of shares of Company Stock and Options, in each case, that were outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time.

 

Section 2.7 Exchange Procedures; Paying Agent.

 

(a) The Paying Agent shall act as paying agent in connection with the Merger. Any Tax reporting to Stockholders or withholding required of Parent (other than with respect to any employment-related Tax matters) will be performed by the Paying Agent on Parent’s behalf. As soon as reasonably practicable after the Closing Date, Parent shall direct the Paying Agent to mail (or by electronic transmission) each Stockholder a Letter of Transmittal at the address set forth opposite each such Securityholder’s name on the Spreadsheet.

(b) After delivery by a Stockholder to the Paying Agent of (i) in the case of a Stockholder, certificates representing the number of shares of Company Stock held by such Stockholder immediately prior to the Effective Time (“Certificates”), (ii) Letter of Transmittal and (iii) any other documents (including applicable Tax forms) that Parent or the Paying Agent may reasonably require in connection therewith (clauses (i) through (ii), collectively, the “Exchange Documents”), in each case, duly completed and validly executed in accordance with the instructions thereto, Parent shall cause the Paying Agent to pay to such Securityholder, in exchange therefor, a portion of the amount to which such Securityholder is entitled to under Section 2.4 in accordance with the Spreadsheet, which amount shall be paid by the Paying Agent by check or wire transfer in accordance with the instructions provided by such Securityholder.

(c) Surrendered Certificates shall forthwith be cancelled. No interest or dividends will be paid or accrued on the consideration payable upon the surrender of any Certificate. Until surrendered in accordance with the provisions of this Section 2.7, each Certificate (other than those representing Dissenting Shares or Treasury Shares) shall represent, for all purposes, only the right to receive an portion of the Merger Consideration payable in respect thereof pursuant to Section 2.4(b)(i) in respect of the Company Stock (formerly evidenced by such Certificate), without any interest or dividends thereon.

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(d) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 2.7, if any Certificate has been lost, stolen or destroyed, then, upon the making of an affidavit of such fact by the Person claiming such Certificate to be lost, stolen or destroyed and the providing of an indemnity by such Person, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Paying Agent and the Securityholder Representative, against any claim that may be made against it with respect to such Certificate, the Paying Agent shall issue, in exchange for such lost, stolen or destroyed Certificate, the Merger Consideration to be paid in respect thereof, in the amounts, at the times, and in the manner contemplated by this Article 2. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 2.7, the Paying Agent shall not be liable to any Stockholder for Merger Consideration delivered to a Governmental Body if such delivery is required pursuant to any applicable abandoned property, escheat or similar Law.

Section 2.8 Withholding. Each of the Company, Parent, Merger Sub, the Surviving Corporation, the Securityholder Representative and the Paying Agent (and any other Person that has any withholding obligation with respect to any payment made pursuant to this Agreement) shall be entitled to deduct and withhold from any consideration payable or otherwise deliverable pursuant to this Agreement such amounts as may be required to be deducted and withheld therefrom under the Code or any other applicable Law, as determined thereby in good faith. To the extent that amounts are so deducted or withheld, such amounts shall be timely paid over to the applicable Governmental Body in accordance with applicable Law and shall be treated for all purposes of this Agreement as having been paid to the Person in respect of which such deduction and withholding was made.

 

Section 2.9 Reliance on the Spreadsheet. Parent and the Surviving Corporation (and their respective Affiliates) shall be entitled to fully rely on the accuracy of the Spreadsheet prepared and delivered by the Company hereunder in all respects in taking any actions or making any payments pursuant to this Agreement, and all obligations to make such payments shall be deemed fulfilled to the extent such payments are made in accordance with this Agreement and the Spreadsheet. Except as contemplated by this Agreement, none of Parent, the Surviving Corporation or any of their respective Affiliates shall have any Liability to any Person, including the Securityholders, for any Losses arising from or relating to (a) the failure of or errors made by the Paying Agent or the Securityholder Representative to make payments or transfer funds to the Securityholders or any other Person, (b) errors, omissions or inaccuracies in the calculations set forth on the Spreadsheet of the portion of any amounts payable to any Securityholder or any other Person or any other errors, omissions or inaccuracy in the information set forth on the Spreadsheet, or (c) errors, omissions or inaccuracies in any amounts or in the figures set forth on the Spreadsheet, including the Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion, Aggregate Per Share Amount, Per Option Amount, or any amounts payable in accordance therewith. Payment of all amounts payable by or on behalf of Parent to the Paying Agent, the Escrow Agent or the Surviving Corporation in accordance with this Agreement shall be deemed to constitute payment by Parent to each of the Securityholders in respect of their shares of Company Stock, Options, or any other rights to acquire equity interests of the Company and satisfaction of Parent’s obligation to pay such amounts under this Agreement (notwithstanding any withholding, failure, breach or other action taken by the Paying Agent, the Escrow Agent or the Securityholder Representative).

 

Section 2.10 Escrow Arrangements. On the Closing Date, Parent shall deliver to the Escrow Agent (a) the Adjustment Escrow Amount for the purpose of providing security for any adjustment to the amount of the Closing Proceeds pursuant to Section 3.3 and (b) the Indemnity Escrow Amount for the purpose of securing the indemnification obligations of the Indemnifying Securityholders set forth in Article 8. The Adjustment Escrow Fund shall be held by the Escrow Agent under the Escrow Agreement pursuant to the terms hereof and thereof until the amount of the Closing Proceeds, and any resulting Parent Adjustment Amount or Seller Adjustment Amount, are finally determined pursuant to Section 3.3. The Indemnity

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Escrow Fund shall be held by the Escrow Agent under the Escrow Agreement pursuant to the terms hereof and thereof. The Adjustment Escrow Fund and the Indemnity Escrow Fund shall each be held as a trust fund and shall not be subject to any Lien, attachment, trustee process or any other judicial process of any creditor of any party, and shall be held and disbursed solely for the purposes described in this Section 2.10 and in accordance with the terms of the Escrow Agreement.

Article 3
The Closing; Merger Consideration Adjustment

Section 3.1 The Closing. The closing of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (the “Closing”) shall take place concurrently with the execution of this Agreement on the date hereof, remotely via the exchange of documents and the signature pages to this Agreement and the other Closing deliverables set forth in Article 7. The date of the Closing is referred to herein as the “Closing Date.”

Section 3.2 The Closing Transactions. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, the parties shall consummate the following transactions on the Closing Date:

(a) the Company and Merger Sub shall cause a duly executed copy of the Certificate of Merger to be filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and make all other filings or recordings required by the DGCL in connection with the Merger;

(b) Parent shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the Paying Agent an amount, by wire transfer of immediately available funds, equal to the aggregate Estimated Closing Proceeds payable to the Stockholders (for distribution by the Paying Agent to each Stockholder in accordance with Section 2.7(b));

(c) Parent shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the Surviving Corporation an amount, by wire transfer of immediately available funds, equal to the aggregate Estimated Closing Proceeds payable to the vested In-the-Money Optionholders (for distribution to each vested In-the-Money Optionholders in accordance with the Spreadsheet via the Surviving Corporation’s payroll system);

(d) Parent shall repay, or cause to be repaid, on behalf of the Company, all amounts necessary to discharge fully the then‑outstanding balance of all Indebtedness set forth in Section 3.2(d) of the Disclosure Schedule by wire transfer of immediately available funds to the account(s) designated by the holders of such Indebtedness;

(e) Parent shall deliver (i) the Adjustment Escrow Amount to the Escrow Agent for deposit into an escrow account (the “Adjustment Escrow Account”) and (ii) the Indemnity Escrow Amount to the Escrow Agent for deposit into an escrow account (the “Indemnity Escrow Account”), in each case of (i) and (ii), established pursuant to the terms of the Escrow Agreement;

(f) Parent shall deliver, or cause to be delivered, the Representative Holdback Amount by wire transfer of immediately available funds to the account(s) designated by the Securityholder Representative;

(g) Parent shall pay, or cause to be paid, on behalf of the Company, all Unpaid Transaction Expenses to each Person who is owed a portion thereof, provided that any amounts described in clauses (c), (d) and (g) of the definition of “Unpaid Transaction Expenses” payable to any current or former employee, independent contractor or consultant of the Company and its Subsidiaries shall be paid through Parent’s payroll system as soon as practicable following the Closing Date but in no event later than November 30, 2023;

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(h) Parent, Merger Sub, the Company and the Securityholder Representative (on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders) shall make such other deliveries as are required by Article 7.

Section 3.3 Estimated Closing Proceeds; Closing Proceeds Adjustment.

(a) On the fifth (5th) Business Day prior to the Closing Date, the Company shall deliver to Parent a statement (the “Estimated Closing Statement”) that is certified by the Company’s Chief Financial Officer setting forth the Company’s good faith calculation and estimate of (i) the aggregate amount of the Estimated Closing Proceeds and each of the Estimated Closing Proceeds Elements, and (ii) the Closing Balance Sheet, together with reasonable supporting detail of each of the calculations set forth in the Estimated Closing Statement. The Estimated Closing Statement shall be prepared in a manner consistent with the terms of (including the definitions contained in) this Agreement and the Accounting Principles, including Schedule A with respect to Estimated Net Working Capital. The Company shall review any comments proposed by Parent with respect to the Estimated Closing Statement and shall consider in good faith any appropriate changes thereto prior to the Closing.

(b) No later than ninety (90) days after the Closing Date, Parent shall prepare and deliver to the Securityholder Representative a statement (the “Closing Statement”) setting forth (i) Parent’s calculation of the Closing Proceeds, including each of the Closing Proceeds Elements and the Parent Adjustment Amount or the Seller Adjustment Amount (if any), and (ii) the Closing Balance Sheet, together with reasonable supporting detail of each of the calculations set forth in the Closing Statement. The Closing Statement shall be prepared in a manner consistent with the terms of (including the definitions contained in) this Agreement and the Accounting Principles, including Schedule A with respect to Net Working Capital.

(c) Following delivery of the Closing Statement and until the final determination of the Closing Proceeds, Parent and its Subsidiaries (including the Surviving Corporation) shall (i) permit the Securityholder Representative and its Representatives to have reasonable access, during normal business hours and upon reasonable prior written notice, to the books and records of the Surviving Corporation and (ii) provide the Securityholder Representative and its Representatives reasonable access, during normal business hours and upon reasonable prior written notice, to Parent’s and its Subsidiaries’ (including the Surviving Corporation’s) employees and advisors involved in the preparation of the Closing Statement, provided in each case that such access does not disrupt the normal operations of the Company. The Closing Statement shall be conclusive, final and binding on all parties absent manifest error unless the Securityholder Representative gives Parent written notice (an “Objection Notice”) of any disputes or objections thereto (collectively, the “Disputed Items”) with reasonable supporting detail as to such Disputed Items within thirty (30) days after receipt of the Closing Statement.

(d) If an Objection Notice is delivered to Parent within thirty (30) days after the Securityholder Representative’s receipt of the Closing Statement, then Parent and the Securityholder Representative shall, for a period of thirty (30) days (or such longer period as Parent and the Securityholder Representative may agree in writing) following delivery of an Objection Notice to Parent (the “Resolution Period”), attempt in good faith to resolve their differences (all such discussions and communications related thereto shall (unless otherwise agreed by Parent and the Securityholder Representative in writing) be governed by Rule 408 of the Federal Rules of Evidence and any applicable similar state rule), and any such written resolution by them as to any Disputed Items shall be conclusive, final and binding on all parties absent manifest error. Any Disputed Items agreed to by Parent and the Securityholder Representative in writing, together with any items or calculations set forth in the Closing Statement not disputed or objected to by the Securityholder Representative in the Objection Notice, are collectively referred to herein as the “Resolved Matters.” Any Resolved Matters shall be conclusive, final and binding on all parties absent manifest error, except to the extent such component could be affected by other components of the

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calculations set forth in the Closing Statement that are the subject of an Objection Notice. If, at the end of the Resolution Period, Parent and the Securityholder Representative have been unable to resolve any differences they may have with respect to the matters specified in the Objection Notice, Parent or the Securityholder Representative may, upon written notice to the other, refer all matters that remain in dispute with respect to the Objection Notice (the “Unresolved Matters”) for resolution to the Independent Accountant. If one or more Unresolved Matters are submitted to the Independent Accountant for resolution, Parent and the Securityholder Representative shall enter into a customary engagement letter with, and, to the extent necessary, will waive any conflicts with, the Independent Accountant at the time such dispute is submitted to the Independent Accountant and shall cooperate with the Independent Accountant in connection with its determination pursuant to this Section 3.3. Within ten (10) Business Days after the Independent Accountant has been retained, each of Parent and the Securityholder Representative shall furnish, at its own expense (in the case of the Securityholder Representative, on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders), to the Independent Accountant and substantially simultaneously to the other a written statement of its position with respect to each Unresolved Matter. Within five (5) Business Days after the expiration of such ten (10) Business Day period, each of Parent and the Securityholder Representative may deliver to the Independent Accountant its response to the other’s position on each Unresolved Matter (provided, that it delivers a copy thereof substantially simultaneously to the other). With each submission, each of Parent and the Securityholder Representative may also furnish to the Independent Accountant such other information and documents as it deems relevant or such information and documents as may be requested by the Independent Accountant (provided, that it delivers a copy thereof substantially simultaneously to the other). The Independent Accountant may, at its discretion, conduct one or more conferences (whether in person or by teleconference or videoconference) concerning the disagreement and each of Parent and the Securityholder Representative shall have the right to present additional documents, materials and other information and to have present its Representatives at such conferences.

(e) The Independent Accountant shall be directed to promptly, and in any event within thirty (30) days after its appointment pursuant to Section 3.3(d), render its decision on the Unresolved Matters (and not on any other matter or calculation set forth in the Closing Statement) in accordance with the terms of (including the definitions contained in) this Agreement, including Schedule A with respect to Net Working Capital and the Accounting Principles. The Independent Accountant’s determination, acting as an expert in accounting and not as an arbitrator, as to each Unresolved Matter shall be set forth in a written statement delivered to each of Parent and the Securityholder Representative, which shall include the Independent Accountant’s (i) determination as to the calculation of each of the Unresolved Matters and (ii) the corresponding corrective calculations set forth in the Closing Statement that are derived from its determination as to the calculations of the Unresolved Matters, all of which shall be conclusive, final and binding on all parties absent manifest error. In resolving any Unresolved Matter, the Independent Accountant may not assign a value to such item greater than the greatest value for such item claimed by Parent in the Closing Statement or by the Securityholder Representative in the Objection Notice or less than the lowest value for such item claimed by Parent in the Closing Statement or by the Securityholder Representative in the Objection Notice. The fees, costs and expenses of the Independent Accountant shall be paid by each of the Securityholder Representative (on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders) and Parent based on the inverse proportion to the difference between the Closing Proceeds proposed by each of them and the Closing Proceeds as determined by the Independent Accountant. For example, if the Securityholder Representative claims that the appropriate adjustments are $500 greater than the amount determined by Parent and if the Independent Accountant ultimately resolves the dispute by awarding to the Securityholder Representative $100 of the $500 contested, then the fees, costs and expenses of the Independent Accountant will be allocated 20% to Parent and 80% to the Securityholder Representative (on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders).

(f) Within five (5) Business Days after the final determination of the Closing Proceeds, including each of the components thereof, pursuant to this Section 3.3:

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(i) If the Closing Proceeds as finally determined pursuant to this Section 3.3 are less than the Estimated Closing Proceeds (the amount of such deficiency, the “Parent Adjustment Amount”), then Parent shall recover such difference until such difference is satisfied in the following order of priority: (A) first, out of the Adjustment Escrow Fund; (B) second, out of the Indemnity Escrow Fund; and (C) third, from the Indemnifying Securityholders directly (severally and not jointly, based on each Indemnifying Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion). Parent and the Securityholder Representative shall jointly instruct the Escrow Agent to (A) release to Parent the amount of the Parent Adjustment Amount from the Adjustment Escrow Fund and, if applicable, the Indemnity Escrow Fund, and (B) to release the aggregate amount of the Adjustment Escrow Fund remaining following Parent’s recovery of the Parent Adjustment Amount as follows: (x) to the Paying Agent a portion of such remaining amount to which the Stockholders are, in aggregate, entitled pursuant to Article 2 for further distribution to each Stockholders in accordance with such Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion and (y) to the Company, remaining amount after the distribution described in subclause (x) for further distribution to each vested In-the-Money Optionholder (as of immediately prior to the Effective Time) in accordance with such Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion via the Surviving Corporation’s payroll system.

(ii) If the Closing Proceeds as finally determined pursuant to this Section 3.3 are greater than the Estimated Closing Proceeds (the amount of such excess, the “Seller Adjustment Amount”), then (A) Parent and the Securityholder Representative shall deliver joint written instructions to the Escrow Agent instructing the Escrow Agent to release the aggregate amount of the Adjustment Escrow Fund as follows: (x) to the Paying Agent a portion of the Adjustment Escrow Fund equal to the aggregate Pro Rata Portion of all Indemnifying Securityholder (other than the vested In-the-Money Optionholders as of immediately prior to the Effective Time) for further distribution to each Stockholders in accordance with such Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion; and (y) to the Company, a portion of the Adjustment Escrow Fund equal to the aggregate Pro Rata Portion of all vested In-the-Money Optionholders for further distribution to each vested In-the-Money Optionholders in accordance with such Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion via the Surviving Corporation’s payroll system, and (B) Parent shall pay or cause to be paid (x) to the Paying Agent an aggregate amount of the Seller Adjustment Amount as Additional Proceeds to which the Stockholders are, in aggregate, entitled pursuant to Article 2 for further for further distribution to each Stockholders in accordance with such Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion and (y) to the Surviving Corporation the portion of the Seller Adjustment Amount remaining after the distribution described in subclause (x) for further distribution to each vested In-the-Money Optionholders (as of immediately prior to the Effective Time) in accordance with such Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion via the Surviving Corporation’s payroll system. All payments to be made pursuant to this Section 3.3(f) shall (x) be treated by all parties for Tax purposes as adjustments to the Merger Consideration to the maximum extent permitted by Law and (y) be made by wire transfer of immediately available funds to the account(s) designated by Parent or the Indemnifying Securityholders in their respective Letters of Transmittal (unless otherwise directed by the Securityholder Representative), as applicable.

Article 4
Representations and Warranties of The Company

Except as set forth in the disclosure schedules supplied by the Company to Parent and Merger Sub, dated as of the Closing Date (the “Disclosure Schedule”), the Company represents and warrants to Parent and Merger Sub as follows:

Section 4.1 Organization and Corporate Power.

(a) The Company is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the Laws of Delaware, and each other Acquired Company is a limited liability company duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization. Each

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Acquired Company has all requisite corporate power and authority and all authorizations, licenses and Permits necessary to own, lease and operate its properties and assets and to carry on its businesses as now being, or proposed to be, conducted. Each Acquired Company is duly qualified to do business as a foreign corporation and is in good standing (or its equivalent, if applicable) in every jurisdiction in which the ownership, leasing and use of its properties and assets, or the conduct of business as now, or proposed to be, conducted, requires it to qualify, each of which is set forth in Section 4.1(a) of the Disclosure Schedule, except where the failure to be so qualified and in good standing would not reasonably be expected to be material to such Acquired Company. The Company has Made Available to Parent prior to the date hereof a true and complete copy of the Governing Documents for each Acquired Company and each such instrument is in full force and effect. No Acquired Company is in violation of the provisions of the applicable Governing Documents. A correct and complete list of the directors, managers and officers of the Company and each of its Subsidiaries is set forth on Section 4.1(a) of the Disclosure Schedule.

(b) The stock records of the Company and its Subsidiaries are true, complete and correct and reflect all issuances, transfers, repurchases and cancellations of shares of capital stock of the Company and its Subsidiaries, respectively. The Company has Made Available to Parent true, complete and correct copies of (i) all minute books (containing the records of meetings of stockholders, the board of directors and any committees of the board of directors to date) of the Company and its Subsidiaries, (ii) all stock certificate or stock record books of the Company and its Subsidiaries and (iii) any similar records or documents of the Company and its Subsidiaries. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has any prior names, and since their respective dates of incorporation, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has conducted business under any name other than its respective current name.

Section 4.2 Authorization.

(a) The Company has all necessary power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and each other Transaction Document to which it is, or at or prior to the Closing will be, a party (the “Company Documents”), to perform its obligations hereunder and thereunder and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and each of the Company Documents by the Company and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly and validly authorized and approved by all requisite corporate action, and no other corporate proceedings on its part are necessary to authorize the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement (other than, with respect to the Merger, the Stockholder Approval) and the other Company Documents. This Agreement has been, and each of the other Company Documents will be at or prior to the Closing, duly and validly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company, and assuming that this Agreement and each of the other Company Documents is a valid and binding obligation of the other parties hereto and thereto, this Agreement constitutes, and each of the other Company Documents when so executed and delivered will constitute, a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Company, enforceable against it in accordance with their respective terms, except as enforceability may be affected by bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent conveyance, reorganization, moratorium and other similar Laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally and general principles of equity (the “Enforceability Exceptions”).

(b) The affirmative votes of the holders of a majority of the Company Common Stock (voting as a single class) are the only votes of the holders of Company Stock required to approve this Agreement by the Company stockholders (the “Stockholder Approval”).

Section 4.3 Non-Contravention.

(a) The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and each of the Company Documents by the Company and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and

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thereby, or compliance by the Company or its Subsidiaries with any of the provisions hereof or thereof, do not and will not (with or without notice or lapse of time or both) conflict with, result in any breach of, require any notice, consent or waiver under, constitute a default under, result in a violation of, result in the creation of any Lien upon any material properties or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries under, give rise to any right of termination, cancellation or acceleration of any obligation or to loss of a benefit under, or give rise to any obligation of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to make any payment under, any provision of (i) the Governing Documents of any Acquired Company, (ii) any Material Contract, (iii) any outstanding Order applicable to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of the properties or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or (iv) assuming compliance with the filing and notice requirements set forth in Section 4.3(b), any applicable Law to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is subject.

(b) No authorization of, registration, declaration or filing with, or notification to, any Governmental Body is required in connection with any of the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement or the other Transaction Documents by the Company or the consummation by the Company of any other transaction contemplated hereby or thereby, except for the filing of the Certificate of Merger with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware.

Section 4.4 Capitalization.

(a) The authorized capital stock of the Company consists solely of 25,000,000 shares of Company Common Stock. The Company Stock is held by the Persons and in the amounts set forth in Section 4.4(a) of the Disclosure Schedule, which further sets forth for each such Person (i) the number of shares held, (ii) class and series of such shares, (iii) the domicile addresses of record of such Persons, (iv) whether any portion of such shares are unvested or otherwise subject to a repurchase option, risk of forfeiture or other similar condition under any applicable stock restriction agreement or other Contract with the Company (“Restricted Stock”) and (v) to the extent any portion of such shares constitutes Restricted Stock, whether such Restricted Stock was issued by virtue of any early exercise of an Option or grant of Restricted Stock. All of the shares of Company Common Stock are owned, beneficially and of record, by the Persons set forth on Section 4.4(a) of the Disclosure Schedule, free and clear of all Liens other than restrictions on transfer under applicable Laws or the Company’s Governing Documents.

(b) Section 4.4(b) of the Disclosure Schedule sets forth a correct and complete list of each Subsidiary of the Company and each such Subsidiary’s jurisdiction of organization. Section 4.4(b) sets forth a correct and complete list of all of the issued and outstanding Equity Interests of each of the Company’s Subsidiaries and the holder thereof. Except as set forth on Section 4.4(b) of the Disclosure Schedule, the Company does not have any other Subsidiaries or owns or controls any Equity Interest in, or the right to acquire, directly or indirectly, any Equity Interest.

(c) As of the date hereof, there were outstanding Options to purchase an aggregate of 0 shares of Company Common Stock (of which Options to purchase an aggregate of 0 shares of Company Common Stock were exercisable). All Options were granted pursuant to the Stock Plan and with an exercise price per share no lower than the fair market value of one share of Company Stock on the date of the corporate action effectuating the grant and are exempt under Section 409A of the Code. Each Option designated as an incentive stock option within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code meets all requirements for such designation, and the Company has complied with all reporting and withholding requirements with respect to the exercise of such Options. From and after the Effective Time, no holder of any Option will have the right to any consideration with respect thereto, except as set forth in this Agreement.

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(d) All of the issued and outstanding shares of Company Stock and the outstanding Equity Interests of each Subsidiary of the Company have been, and all of the shares of Company Stock that may be issued pursuant to any Option will be, when issued in accordance with the respective terms thereof, duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and were issued in accordance with all applicable Laws, the applicable Governing Documents and not in violation of any preemptive rights or other similar right. The issued and outstanding shares of Company Common Stock and the outstanding Equity Interests of each Subsidiary of the Company are not subject to any unexpired preemptive right, right of first refusal, purchase option, call option or similar right except to the extent set forth in the Company’s or such applicable Subsidiary’s Governing Documents. Other than the issued and outstanding Company Common Stock set forth in Section 4.4(a) of the Disclosure Schedule and the Equity Interests of each Subsidiary set forth on Section 4.4(b) of the Disclosure Schedule, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries have not issued, and are not under any obligation (contingent or otherwise) to issue, any Equity Interests.

(e) No Acquired Company has any obligation to purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire any of its outstanding Equity Interests or to pay any dividend or make any other distribution in respect thereof. No Acquired Company has any obligation to purchase or otherwise acquire any Equity Interest of any Person. Other than the issued and outstanding Company Common Stock set forth in Section 4.4(a) of the Disclosure Schedule and the Equity Interests of each Subsidiary set forth on Section 4.4(b) of the Disclosure Schedule, there are no other Equity Interests of the Company or its Subsidiaries entitled, and no separate contractual rights to which the Company or its Subsidiaries is a party entitling any holders thereof, to vote on any matters put to a vote of the stockholders of the Company or the equityholders of its Subsidiaries, as applicable. Other than with respect to appraisal or dissenters’ rights for Dissenting Shares, no Stockholder is entitled to any different or additional amount of consideration in respect of shares of Company Stock and Options in connection with the Merger except as expressly provided for in this Agreement and in the Spreadsheet. No shares of Company Stock are subject to employment-related forfeiture restrictions. All outstanding shares of Company Stock are owned of record by the holders and in the respective amounts as are set forth in the Spreadsheet.

(f) Except as set forth in the Governing Documents of the Company or its Subsidiaries, (i) there are no voting trusts or other agreements or understandings to which any member of the Acquired Companies is a party with respect to the voting of the Equity Interests of such member of the Acquired Companies, (ii) there are no declared and unpaid dividends on any Equity Interests of any member of the Acquired Companies, (iii) there are no agreements or understandings to which any member of the Acquired Companies is a party providing preemptive rights, right of first refusal or offer or other similar rights in respect of any Equity Interests in such member of the Acquired Companies, (iv) there are no agreements or understandings to which any member of the Acquired Companies is a party creating any Liens on, or relating to the ownership or transfer of, any Equity Interests in such member of the Acquired Companies, (v) there are no agreements or understandings to which any member of the Acquired Companies is a party that obligates such member of the Acquired Companies to purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire or make any payment (including any dividend or distribution) in respect of, any Equity Interest in such member of the Acquired Companies, and (vi) there are no existing rights under any agreement or understanding to which any member of the Acquired Companies is a party with respect to registration under the Securities Act of any Equity Interests in such member of the Acquired Companies.

(g) The information set forth as of the date hereof in Section 4.4(g) of the Disclosure Schedule, in the form of Exhibit G hereto (the “Spreadsheet”), including the portion of the Merger Consideration to be delivered to each Securityholder is true, complete and correct as of the Effective Time, and the calculations performed to compute such information are accurate and in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and the Governing Documents of each Acquired Company and all other agreements and

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instruments among the Company and the Securityholders. Without limitation of the foregoing, the Spreadsheet contains the following:

(i) a calculation of the Estimated Closing Proceeds and each of the Estimated Closing Proceeds Elements;

(ii) a calculation of the Initial Per Share Amount and the Additional Per Share Amount;

(iii) with respect to each Stockholder: (A) the name, address and email address of such holder, in each case, as reflected in the Company’s records; (B) whether such holder is a current or former employee of the Company; (C) the number, class and series of shares of Company Stock held by such holder immediately prior to the Effective Time; (D) the date of acquisition of such shares; (E) the adjusted tax basis of any such shares that constitute a “covered security” within the meaning of Treasury Regulations Section 1.6045-1(a)(15); (F) the consideration that such holder is entitled to receive pursuant to Article 2 (on a holding-by-holding basis and in the aggregate); (G) the Pro Rata Portion of such holder; (H) the amount to be deposited into each of the Escrow Funds on behalf of such holder pursuant to this Agreement; (I) the net amounts to be paid to such holder in accordance with Article 2 (on a holding-by-holding basis and in the aggregate) after deduction of the amounts referred to in clause (H); and (J) such other additional information which Parent or the Paying Agent may reasonably request;

(iv) with respect to each Optionholder and each Option held by such Optionholder immediately prior to the Effective Time: (A) the name, address, and e-mail address of such holder, in each case, as reflected in the Company’s records; (B) whether such holder is a current or former employee, individual consultant, individual independent contractor or non-employee director of the Company; (C) the grant date and expiration date of such Option; (D) whether such Option was granted pursuant to the Stock Plan; (E) the exercise price per share and the number, class and series of shares of Company Stock underlying such Option immediately prior to the Closing; (F) the vesting schedule of such Option, including to the extent such Option is vested as of the date hereof and whether such vesting is subject to acceleration as a result of or in connection with the consummation of the Merger or any other events; (G) whether such Option is a non-statutory option or qualifies as an incentive stock option (as defined in Code Section 422); (H) the consideration that such holder is entitled to receive in accordance with Section 2.5, if any (on a holding-by-holding basis and in the aggregate); (I) the Pro Rata Portion of such holder; (J) the amount to be deposited into each of the Escrow Funds on behalf of such holder pursuant to this Agreement; (K) whether any Taxes are to be withheld in accordance with Section 2.8 from the consideration that such holder is entitled to receive pursuant to Section 2.5; (L) the net amounts to be paid to such holder in pursuant to Section 2.5 after deduction of the amounts referred to in clauses (J) and (K); and (M) such other information which Parent or the Paying Agent may reasonably request; and

(v) without duplication, a schedule of the applicable payment(s) to each other Person receiving a payment pursuant to Section 3.2 in respect of (A) the Indebtedness set forth in Section 3.2(d) of the Disclosure Schedule; (B) Unpaid Transaction Expenses; and (C) the Representative Holdback Amount.

Section 4.5 Financial Statements.

(a) Attached as Section 4.5(a) of the Disclosure Schedule are the following financial statements (collectively, the “Financial Statements”): (i) the Company’s unaudited consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022 and the related statements of income and cash flows for the fiscal years then ended, in each case, including the notes thereto, (ii) the Company’s unaudited consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023 (the “Balance Sheet”) and the related statements of

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income for the nine (9)-month period then ended, and the Company’s unaudited consolidated balance sheet for each of the three (3) months ending on September 30, 2023 (collectively. the “Recent Accrual Balance Sheets” and, together with the Balance Sheet, the “Recent Balance Sheets”). The Financial Statements are (x) true, complete, and correct and are in accordance with the books and records of the Company and its Subsidiaries, and (y) present fairly in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations and cash flows of the Company and its Subsidiaries as of the dates and for the periods indicated and (z) prepared in accordance with the Accounting Principles consistently applied throughout the periods presented without modification of the accounting principles used in the preparation thereof throughout the periods presented.

(b) The Company has in place systems and processes (including the maintenance of proper books and records) designed to provide reasonable assurances regarding the reliability of the Financial Statements. None of the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, their employees, or any independent auditor has identified or been made aware of any complaint, allegation, deficiency, assertion or claim, whether written or oral, regarding the Financial Statements. There have been no instances or allegations of fraud, whether or not material, that occurred during any period covered by the Financial Statements. The Company and its Subsidiaries have in place a revenue recognition policy consistent with the Accounting Principles.

(c) The accounts receivable of the Company and its Subsidiaries, whether reflected on the Recent Balance Sheets or arising following the date thereof, including, for the avoidance of doubt, any accounts receivable reflected in the calculation of Net Working Capital, represent bona fide and valid accounts receivable arising in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice from sales actually made or services actually performed and, subject only to allowances for doubtful accounts made pursuant to the Accounting Principles as set forth on the Recent Balance Sheets, are fully collectible in the aggregate amount thereof.

(d) Except as set forth on Section 4.5(e) of the Disclosure Schedule, the Company and its Subsidiaries do not have any Indebtedness for borrowed money and are not liable for any Indebtedness of any other Person.

Section 4.6 Absence of Undisclosed Liabilities. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has any Indebtedness or other Liability, except (a) Liabilities specifically reflected on, and fully reserved against in, the Recent Balance Sheets, (b) Liabilities incurred after the date of the Recent Balance Sheets in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and which are, in nature and amount, consistent with those incurred historically and are not material to the Company, individually or in the aggregate, (c) executory obligations existing as of the date hereof pursuant to any contract set forth in Section 4.10 of the Disclosure Schedule, which, in each case, are not related to any breach or default by any of the Acquired Companies and (d) Unpaid Transaction Expenses. No Acquired Company has declared, set aside, made or paid out any dividend or other distribution (whether in cash, stock, or property or any combination thereof) in respect of any securities of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

Section 4.7 Absence of Certain Changes or Events. Since January 1, 2023 through the date hereof, there has not been a Material Adverse Effect. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, since January 1, 2023 through the date hereof, the Company and each of its Subsidiaries: (a) have conducted their respective business only in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice, (b) used commercially reasonable efforts to (i) preserve intact their respective present business operations and organization, including existing relations and goodwill with Governmental Bodies, clients, customers, vendors and suppliers, (ii) retained the services of their respective present directors and officers and (iii) managed working capital of the Company and its Subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and (c) have not:

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(a) (A) amended or proposed to amend any of the Governing Documents of any Acquired Company in any manner or (B) split, combined, recapitalized or reclassified the capital stock or other equity interests of any Acquired Company;

(b) issued, delivered, sold, pledged, transferred or disposed of, or agreed to issue, sell, deliver, pledge, transfer or dispose of, any shares of capital stock or other equity interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or became a party to any subscriptions, warrants, rights, options, convertible securities or other agreements or commitments of any character relating to the issued or unissued capital stock or other equity interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (other than pursuant to the exercise of currently outstanding Options), or granted any stock appreciation or similar rights;

(c) reclassified, combined, split, subdivided, redeemed, purchased or otherwise acquired any outstanding shares of capital stock or other equity interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or declared, set aside or paid any dividend or made any other distribution to any Person in respect of any shares of capital stock or other equity interests of the Company or its Subsidiaries;

(d) acquired (by merger, consolidation, or acquisition of stock or assets or otherwise) any corporation, partnership or other business organization or division thereof or any assets, in each case, other than by purchasing assets in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice;

(e) sold, leased, licensed, transferred, abandoned, allowed the loss or lapse of or otherwise disposed of or subjected to any Lien other than Permitted Liens any property or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries having a value in excess of $5,000 individually or $25,000 in the aggregate, in each case, other than sales of assets in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice or pursuant to existing Contracts Made Available to Parent;

(f) sold, licensed, pledged or otherwise disposed of or encumbered any IP or IP Rights owned, used, or held for use by the Company and its Subsidiaries in the conduct of their businesses except for non-exclusive licenses or sublicenses of IP or IP Rights in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice pursuant to the Company’s standard form of customer Contract (the form of which has been Made Available to Parent), or permitted any IP or IP Rights items required to be set forth in Section 4.11(a) of the Disclosure Schedule to lapse, expire or be abandoned;

(g) amended, waived any material rights under or terminated (except for a termination resulting from the expiration of a Contract in accordance with its terms) any Material Contract;

(h) entered into any Contract that provides for aggregate payments to or from the Company and its Subsidiaries in excess of $25,000;

(i) (A) made any loans, advances or capital contributions to or investments in any other Person or (B) otherwise incurred or guaranteed any Indebtedness other than loans, advances or capital contributions by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (1) to any such Subsidiaries or (2) to any employee in connection with travel, entertainment and related business expenses or other customary out‑of‑pocket expenses in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice;

(j) committed or authorized any commitment to make any capital expenditures in excess of $25,000 individually or $50,000 in the aggregate or defer any capital expenditures specified in the capital budget of the Company and its Subsidiaries;

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(k) made any change in any method of accounting or auditing practice, (including, procedures with respect to revenue recognition, payments of accounts payable and collection of accounts receivable) other than changes required as a result of changes in Accounting Principles or applicable Law;

(l) entered into any partnership, joint venture, joint development or other similar arrangement with one or more Persons;

(m) except to the extent required by any Plan or to carry out the intent of any Plan, (A) granted any increase in the compensation or benefits payable or to become payable to any current or former director, officer, employee, contractor or consultant of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (except for increases in the ordinary course of business with respect to non-management individuals earning less than $75,000 in total direct compensation); (B) granted any such individual any bonus, equity or equity-based compensation, retention, severance, change in control or similar rights; (C) terminated, modified or adopted any Plan (or any arrangement that would constitute a Plan, if adopted); (D) commenced or terminated the employment, change the title, office or position, or materially alter the responsibilities of any director, officer, employee, contractor or consultant of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (except for terminations for cause or actions taken in the ordinary course of business or the payment of accrued or earned but unpaid bonuses with respect to non-management individuals earning less than $75,000 in total direct compensation); (E) accelerated the timing of payment or vesting of any compensation or benefits; (F) implemented any employee layoffs in violation of WARN; (G) negotiated or entered into any collective bargaining agreement or other contract with any labor organization, union or employee organization relating to any employee of the Company or its Subsidiaries; or (H) waived, released, limited, or conditioned any Restrictive Covenant obligation of any current or former employee, director or other individual service provider of the Company of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries;

(n) (A) settled or commenced any Proceeding or litigation or (B) entered into any consent decree, injunction or other similar restraint or form of equitable relief in settlement of any Proceeding or litigation;

(o) changed or modified its credit, collection or payment policies, procedures or practices, including accelerating collections or receivables (whether or not past due) or failing to pay or delaying payment of payables or other Liabilities;

(p) (A) made, changed or rescinded any material Tax election, (B) changed any annual Tax accounting period, (C) adopted or changed any material method, policy or practice of Tax accounting, (D) filed any amended income Tax Return or any other material Tax Return, (E) requested, waived or consented to any extension or waiver of the limitations period applicable to the assessment, determination or collection of any income Taxes or other material Taxes, (F) settled, resolved or otherwise disposed of any material claim or proceeding relating to income Taxes or other material Taxes (other than the timely payment of Taxes in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice) (G) entered into any closing agreement affecting any Tax liability or refund, (H) filed any request for rulings or special Tax incentives with any Governmental Body, or (I) took, or caused or permitted any other Person to take, any action which did or reasonably could, individually or in the aggregate, (1) increase the Liability for Taxes of Parent or any of its Affiliates (including, after the Closing, the Company and its Subsidiaries) or (2) result in, or change the character of, any income or gain that Parent or any of its Affiliates (including, after the Closing, the Company and its Subsidiaries) must report on any Tax Return;

(q) adopted a plan of complete or partial liquidation, dissolution, merger, consolidation, restructuring, recapitalization, or other reorganization or made any material reductions in force; or

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(r) took any other actions that would have a Material Adverse Effect on the Company or its Subsidiaries.

Section 4.8 Real Property. Section 4.8 of the Disclosure Schedule sets forth a complete list of all real property and interests in real property leased or licensed by the Company or its Subsidiaries as lessee or sublessee and a true, correct and complete list of all of the leases relating thereto (including amendments) as in effect on the date of this Agreement (each, a “Real Property Lease” and each such related property, a “Company Property”). The Company has delivered to Parent a true, correct and complete copy of each Real Property Lease, including all amendments, modifications, supplements, extensions, renewals, guaranties or other agreements with respect thereto. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries currently owns, and has never in the past owned, any fee simple ownership interest in real property. The Company Properties constitute all interests in real property currently used or currently held for use in connection with the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries. With respect to each Real Property Lease and piece of Company Property: (i) such Real Property Lease is legal, valid, binding, enforceable and in full force and effect; (ii) the transactions contemplated hereby do not require the consent of any other party to such Real Property Lease, will not result in a breach of or default under such Real Property Lease, or otherwise cause such Real Property Lease to cease to be legal, valid, binding, enforceable and in full force and effect on identical terms following the closing; and (iii) neither the Company or its Subsidiary nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any other party to the Real Property Lease, is in breach or default under such Real Property Lease, and, to the Company’s knowledge, no event has occurred or circumstance exists which, with the delivery of notice, passage of time or both, would constitute such a breach or default or permit the termination, modification or acceleration of rent under such Real Property Lease. The Company and its Subsidiaries have a valid and enforceable leasehold interest, free and clear of any Liens, other than Permitted Liens, under each of the Real Property Leases.

Section 4.9 Material Contracts. All of the following Contracts to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which any of them or their respective assets or properties are bound are set forth in Section 4.9 of the Disclosure Schedule by reference to the applicable subsection below (such Contracts listed or required to be listed in Section 4.11 of the Disclosure Schedule, collectively, the “Material Contracts”):

(a) any Contract or series of related Contracts with the same counterparty or its Affiliates which requires aggregate future expenditures by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries in excess of $25,000;

(b) any Contract with (i) a Material Customer or (ii) a Material Supplier;

(c) any Contract required to be disclosed in Section 4.23 of the Disclosure Schedule;

(d) any Contract for the employment of, or receipt of any services from, (i) any director or officer of the Company or its Subsidiaries or (ii) any other individual Person on a full-time, part-time, consulting or other basis providing for aggregate annual compensation in excess of $75,000;

(e) Contracts providing for severance, retention, change in control or other similar payments; any “success fees” or bonuses, or severance payments payable to employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (excluding any bonuses payable to any employee based on the performance of such employee or the performance of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries);

(f) each Real Property Lease

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(g) any Contract relating to the incurrence or guarantee of Indebtedness or creating a Lien (other than Permitted Liens) upon any property or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries;

(h) any Contract for the disposition of any of the Company’s or any of its Subsidiary’s assets or business (whether by merger, sale of stock, sale of assets or otherwise);

(i) any Contract for the acquisition or disposition of any business, business unit or product line or capital stock of another Person (whether by merger, sale of stock, sale of assets or otherwise) (including, for the avoidance of doubt, Contracts containing continuing indemnification or contingent payment obligations);

(j) any Contract concerning a partnership, joint venture, joint development or other similar arrangement with one or more Persons;

(k) any Contract with a customer of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries that deviates (other than with respect to prices, payment amounts or delivery schedules) in any material respect from the Company’s standard form of customer Contract Made Available to Parent;

(l) any Contract that grants or obtains or agrees to grant or obtain rights to use or register IP or IP Rights (whether granted by or to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries), excluding ordinary-course licenses to off-the-shelf software;

(m) any Contract under which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is restricted from carrying on any business or other services or competing with any Person anywhere in the world, or restricted from soliciting or hiring any Person with respect to employment, or which would so restrict the Surviving Corporation, Parent or any successor in interest thereof after the Closing Date;

(n) any Contract which (i) contains any “most favored nation” or similar provision (including the provision of exclusive, first or concurrent access to certain product features), (ii) grants any Person exclusive license, supply, distribution or other rights in connection with any product or technology of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (iii) rights of first refusal, rights of first negotiation or similar rights; or

(o) any other Contract to the extent not otherwise disclosed in Section 4.9 of the Disclosure Schedule that is material to the Company or its Subsidiaries.

Each Material Contract is in full force and effect, and is the legal, valid and binding obligation of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries which is party thereto, and, to the knowledge of the Company, of the other parties thereto enforceable against each of them in accordance with its terms, except as enforceability may be affected by the Enforceability Exceptions. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any other party thereto is in violation, default or breach under the terms of any of the Material Contracts and no condition exists that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute such a violation, default or breach, except for breaches that have not be and would not reasonably be expected to be material to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole. The consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will not give rise to any default or breach of a Material Contract. No party to any of the Material Contracts has exercised any termination rights with respect thereto, and no party has given notice of any significant dispute with respect to any of the Material Contracts. True, complete and correct copies of each of the Material Contracts have been Made Available to Parent prior to the date hereof, together with all amendments, modifications or supplements thereto.

Section 4.10 Tax Matters.

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(a) All Tax Returns required to be filed by or with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries have been timely filed (taking into account applicable extensions validly obtained). All such Tax Returns were prepared in accordance with applicable Law in all material respects and are true, correct and complete in all material respects. All Taxes due and payable by or with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (whether or not shown as due on such Tax Returns) have been timely paid to the appropriate Governmental Body.

(b) All Taxes that the Company or any of its Subsidiaries was or is required to withhold or collect have been withheld and collected and have been timely paid over in the appropriate amounts to the proper Governmental Body in compliance in all material respects with all Tax withholding provisions of applicable federal, state, local and non-U.S. Laws.

(c) There are no Liens for Taxes on any assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries except for Permitted Liens.

(d) No examination, audit, claim, assessment, deficiency, proceeding, proposed adjustment or any other written notice indicating an intent to open an audit or review in respect of Taxes of or with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is pending or has been threatened by any Governmental Body in writing. No claim has been made in writing by a Governmental Body in a jurisdiction where the Company or any of its Subsidiaries does not file Tax Returns stating that the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is or may be subject to any Taxes assessed by such jurisdiction.

(e) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has executed or filed with any Governmental Body any agreement currently in effect that waives or extends the period of assessment, reassessment or collection of any Taxes nor has the Company or any of its Subsidiaries agreed to a Tax assessment or deficiency that has not been paid or otherwise satisfied. No power of attorney has been granted by or with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with regard to any matters relating to Taxes that is currently in effect.

(f) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to, is bound by or has any obligation under any agreement relating to the sharing, allocation or payment of, or indemnity for, any Taxes (excluding any contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business and not primarily related to Taxes). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has been a member of an affiliated, combined, consolidated or unitary group for purposes of filing any Tax Return nor does the Company or any of its Subsidiaries have any Liability for any Taxes of any other Person under Treasury Regulations Section 1.1502-6 or any similar provision of state, local or non‑U.S. Law, or as a transferee or successor, by contract or otherwise.

(g) Section 4.10(g) of the Disclosure Schedule sets forth the respective entity classifications, and the applicable dates for such classifications, of the Company and each of its Subsidiaries U.S. federal income and state Tax purposes.

(h) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is required to make any adjustment in any material respect (nor has any Governmental Body proposed in writing any such adjustment) pursuant to Section 481 of the Code (or any corresponding or similar provision of state, local or non-U.S. Law) for any taxable period ending after the Closing Date as a result of a change in accounting method. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is required to include any material item of income in, or exclude any material item of deduction from, taxable income for any taxable period (or portion thereof) ending after the Closing Date as a result of any (i) closing agreement as described in Section 7121 of the Code (or any corresponding or similar provision of state, local or non-U.S. Law) executed on or prior to the Closing Date, (ii) intercompany transaction or excess loss account described in the Treasury Regulations under Section

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1502 of the Code (or any corresponding or similar provision of state, local or non‑U.S. Law), (iii) installment sale or open transaction disposition made on or prior to the Closing Date, (iv) prepaid amount received on or prior to the Closing Date (v) election under Section 108(i) or Section 965(h) of the Code or interest held by the Company in a “controlled foreign corporation” (as that term is defined in Section 957 of the Code) on or before the Closing Date pursuant to Sections 951 or 951A of the Code. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has any requests (or is the subject of any requests) for rulings or special Tax incentives pending with any Governmental Body.

(i) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has distributed stock or shares of another entity, and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has had its shares or stock distributed by another entity, in a transaction that was purported or intended to be governed in whole or in part by Section 355 of the Code.

(j) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to any joint venture, partnership, contract, or other arrangement that is treated as a partnership for Tax purposes.

(k) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has been subject to the limitations of Section 163(j) of the Code, or any corresponding or similar provision of state, local, or non-U.S. Tax Law.

(l) No Subsidiary of the Company is or has been a “passive foreign investment company” within the meaning of Section 1297 of the Code with respect to the Company or a “surrogate foreign corporation” within the meaning of Section 7874(a)(2)(B) of the Code.

(m) Target and its Subsidiaries have complied with applicable information reporting and record maintenance requirements of Sections 6038, 6038A and 6038B of the Code and the regulations thereunder.

(n) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to a “gain recognition agreement” within the meaning of the Treasury Regulations under Section 367 of the Code.

(o) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is, or has been, a party to any “reportable transaction,” as defined in Sections 6011, 6662A and 6707A of the Code and Treasury Regulations Section 1.6011-4(b).

(p) All related-party transactions involving the Company and its Subsidiaries are at arm’s length in compliance with Section 482 of the Code, the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder and any similar provision of state, local and foreign Law. The Company and its Subsidiaries have maintained in all material respects all necessary documentation in connection with such related-party transactions in accordance with Sections 482 and 6662 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder.

(q) Section 4.10(q) of the Disclosure Schedule sets forth the amounts of net operating loss and credit carryovers, if any, of the Company and its Subsidiaries, and the dates on which such carryovers expire. The use of such net operating loss or credit carryovers is not subject to limitations imposed by Section 382, Section 383 or Section 384 of the Code (or any similar provision of state, local or non-U.S. Law). The Company and each of its Subsidiaries has Made Available to Parent true and complete copies of all studies, analyses, memoranda, opinions or reports relating to the net operating loss and credit carryovers, if any, of the Company and its Subsidiaries and any limitations imposed thereon by Section 382, Section 383 or Section 384 of the Code (or any similar provision of state, local or non-U.S. Law).

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(r) The Company and its Subsidiaries have established adequate accruals and reserves, in accordance with the Accounting Principles, on the Financial Statements for all Taxes payable by the Company and its Subsidiaries for all taxable periods and portions thereof through the date of such Financial Statements and have not received written notice of any deficiencies for any Tax of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries from any Governmental Body for which there are not adequate reserves on the Financial Statements.

(s) The consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will not have any adverse effect on the continued validity and effectiveness of any Tax exemption, Tax holiday or other Tax reduction agreement or any order, judgment, ruling or other similar requirement adopted or applied by a Governmental Body to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party to or subject.

(t) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is, or has been, a “United States real property holding corporation” within the meaning of Section 897(c)(2) of the Code. No interest in the Company or any of its Subsidiaries constitutes a “United States real property interest” within the meaning of Section 897(c) of the Code.

(u) The Company and each of its Subsidiaries has Made Available to Parent true and complete copies of all Tax Returns for each of the taxable years and periods for the which the applicable statute of limitations period has not expired.

Section 4.11 Intellectual Property.

(a) Registered IP, Unregistered Material Company IP, and Company Products.

(i) Registered IP. Section 4.11(a)(i) of the Disclosure Schedule accurately identifies all Registered IP, including: (A) all Patents owned or filed by, or on behalf of, any Acquired Company or used in its business or operations, including any Patents to which any Acquired Company has exclusive rights in any territory or field of use, including the country of filing, owner, filing number, date of issue or filing, expiration date, and title, and, in the case of exclusively licensed patents, the scope of exclusivity; (B) all registered Trademarks owned or filed by, or on behalf of, any Acquired Company or used in its business or operations, including the country of filing, owner, registration or application number, date of issue, and description of goods and services or (1) with respect to domain names, including the owner, domain name administrator, date of registration, and date of renewal and (2) with respect to social media identifiers and the like, including the applicable platform and date of registration; (C) all registered copyrights owned or filed by, or on behalf of, or used by any Acquired Company in its business or operations, including the country of filing, owner, filing number, date of issue and expiration date, and description of the covered work; and (D) any other Company IP of any kind or character that has been registered or applied for with any Governmental Body or similar authority. Section 4.11(a)(i) of the Disclosure Schedule also identifies any other Person that has or purports to have an ownership interest of any nature in any item of Registered IP and the nature of such interest and the nature of such interest and all actions that are required to be taken by any Acquired Company within one-hundred and twenty (120) days following the Closing Date in order to avoid prejudice to, or impairment or abandonment of, such Registered IP (including all office actions, provisional conversions, annuity or maintenance fees, or reissuances). All filings, payments and other actions required to be made or taken to obtain, perfect or maintain in full force and effect each item set forth on Section 4.11(a)(i) of the Disclosure Schedule have been made or taken by the applicable deadline and otherwise in accordance with all applicable Laws. The Company has Made Available to Parent complete and accurate copies of all applications for Registered IP that have been filed with any Governmental Body or similar authority.

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(ii) Unregistered Material Company IP. Section 4.11(a)(ii) of the Disclosure Schedule accurately identifies all: (A) Company IP that is not Registered IP that is material to the any Acquired Company’s operation of its business; (B) any other Person that has or purports to have an ownership interest of any nature in any item of such Company IP and the nature of such interest. The Company has Made Available to Parent complete and accurate copies of all material documents related to each such item of Company IP.

(iii) Company Products.

(A) Section 4.11(a)(iii)(A) of the Disclosure Schedule accurately identifies all Company Products that are or have been made available for use or purchase by any Acquired Company, including any product or service currently under development and scheduled for commercial release within one hundred eighty (180) days following the Closing, for each such Company Product (and each version thereof), identifying its release date. For each Company Product set forth therein, Section 4.11(a)(iii)(A) of the Disclosure Schedule accurately identifies whether such Company Product is licensed, conveyed or otherwise distributed as Open Source Software and identifies the license applicable to such Open Source Software (including the name, version number, if any) and such Company Product, or any component thereof.

(B) Each Company Product performs, functions, and is available in a manner consistent with its specifications, published documentation, and any warranties and service levels (including uptimes) set out in any Contract with the Company’s customers. All Company Products that have been distributed by or on behalf of any Acquired Company in the past five (5) years have been distributed under a legally enforceable agreement based on one of the standard form customer agreements Made Available to Parent. Except as set out on Section 4.11(a)(iii)(B) of the Disclosure Schedule, no Company Product is subject to any Proceeding or Order, stipulation, or Contract restricting in any manner the use, distribution, practice, exploitation, provision, transfer or assignment thereof by any Acquired Company or restricting the licensing thereof by any Acquired Company to any Person.

(b) Company IP Agreements.

(i) Inbound Licenses. Section 4.11(b)(i) of the Disclosure Schedule accurately identifies: (A) each Contract pursuant to which any IP or IP Right, or Third-Party Data, is or has been licensed, sold, assigned, or otherwise conveyed or provided to any Acquired Company or under which such Acquired Company is the beneficiary of a covenant not to sue or other agreement not to assert claims involving IP or IP Rights (other than Open Source Software licenses and nonexclusive licenses to “off-the-shelf” third-party software or hosted services that is: (1) generally commercially available at a cost of $15,000 or less per year for an unlimited use, enterprise-wide license; (2) not distributed by any of the Acquired Companies; (3) not incorporated into, or used in the development, testing, distribution, delivery, maintenance, or support of any Company Product; and (4) not otherwise material to any Acquired Company’s operation of its business) and whether the rights or licenses granted to any Acquired Company in each such Contract are exclusive or nonexclusive; (B) the types and amounts of all royalties, fees, commissions, and other amounts payable by any Acquired Company to any other Person for the use of any Company IP or any Company Product and the Contract under which such amounts are payable; and (C) each Contract under which any Acquired Company is bound to indemnify, defend, hold harmless, or reimburse any other Person with respect to, or otherwise assumed or agreed to discharge or otherwise take responsibility for, any existing or potential claim involving the infringement, misappropriation, or other violation or unlawful use of any other Person’s IP or IP Rights.

(ii) Outbound Licenses. Section 4.11(b)(ii) of the Disclosure Schedule accurately identifies: (A) each Contract under which any Person has been granted any license under, or otherwise has

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received or acquired any right (whether or not currently exercisable) or interest in, any Company IP or any Company Product; and (B) each Contract under which any Acquired Company is bound to indemnify, defend, hold harmless, or reimburse any other Person with respect to, or otherwise assumed or agreed to discharge or otherwise take responsibility for, any existing or potential claim involving the infringement, misappropriation, or other violation or unlawful use of any other Person’s IP or IP Rights (other than indemnification provisions in the Company’s standard forms Made Available under Section 4.11(b)(iii)). No Acquired Company is bound by, and no Company IP or Company Product is subject to, any Contract containing any covenant or other provision that in any way limits or restricts any Acquired Company’s ability to use, exploit, make available, assert, or enforce its rights in any Company IP or Company Product.

(iii) Standard Form IP Agreements. To the extent they exist, the Company has Made Available to Parent a complete and accurate copy of each standard form of Contract used by any of the Acquired Companies at any time under which such Acquired Company either receives or grants to any Person any IP or IP Rights, including each standard form of the following: (A) end-user license agreement, terms of use or service, master service agreement or similar agreement regarding the end-use of Company Products or third-party software or hosted services; (B) invention assignment agreement (for each of employees and consultants); (C) confidentiality agreement and other nondisclosure agreements; (D) maintenance and support agreement; (E) distribution, reseller, value-added reseller, referral, or other similar agreement; (F) manufacturing and supply or related sourcing agreement; and (G) data license agreement. No Acquired Company has licensed, distributed, or otherwise made available any Company Product except under a written, valid and enforceable Contract in the form Made Available to Parent under this Section 4.11(b)(iii). Section 4.11(b)(iii) of the Disclosure Schedule further identifies any Contract under which any Acquired Company has licensed, distributed, or otherwise made available any Company Product that deviates in any material respect from the applicable standard form and any Contract with an employee or consultant in which the employee or consultant expressly reserved or retained any IP or IP Rights related to any Acquired Company’s business or research and development.

(c) Sufficiency of Assets; Ownership. The Company IP collectively constitutes all of the intangible assets, intangible properties, IP, and IP Rights that is used in, or necessary for the Acquired Companies to conduct of their, business as currently conducted, or that are used in or held for use by any Acquired Company. The Acquired Companies are the sole and exclusive owners of all right, title, and interest in and to the Company IP (other than IP Rights licensed to the Company under the Contracts identified in Section 4.11(b)(i) of the Disclosure Schedule), free and clear of any Lien (other than nonexclusive licenses granted under the Contracts identified in Section 4.11(b)(ii) of the Disclosure Schedule). Without limiting the generality of the foregoing:

(i) each Person (including each Acquired Company’s founders and each Acquired Company’s current or former employees or consultants) who is or was involved in the authorship, discovery, development, conception, or reduction to practice of any Company IP owned or purported to be owned by any Acquired Company (each a “IP Contributor”) has signed a valid and enforceable Contract containing: (A) an irrevocable assignment, and a grant of exclusive ownership, to an Acquired Company of all IP and IP Rights authored, discovered, developed, conceived, or reduced to practice by such Person in the course of that IP Contributor’s work for or on behalf of such Acquired Company, including all IP and IP Rights pertaining to any Company IP or Company Product; and (B) customary confidentiality provisions protecting such IP, IP Rights, Company IP, and Company Products, and no such IP Contributor has any obligation to any Person with respect to such IP, IP Rights, Company IP, or Company Products;

(ii) except as set forth on Section 4.11(c)(ii) of the Disclosure Schedule, no IP Contributor has any claim, right (whether or not currently exercisable) or interest in or to any Company IP or Company Product;

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(iii) each Acquired Company has taken reasonable steps to maintain the confidentiality of and otherwise protect and enforce its rights in all Trade Secrets and other proprietary or confidential information of such Acquired Company, the Company IP, the Company Products, and the business of the Acquired Companies. No Trade Secret or confidential knowhow held by any Acquired Company has been disclosed or authorized to be disclosed to any third party (other than employees or consultants of the Acquired Companies subject to written agreement with enforceable confidentiality obligations and grants) by any Acquired Company or any of its employees, or by any third party who received such trade secret or confidential knowhow from any Acquired Company, other than pursuant to a nondisclosure agreement that protects Acquired Companies’ proprietary interests in and to such trade secrets and confidential knowhow;

(iv) the Acquired Companies own or otherwise have, and, after the Closing, Parent shall continue to have, all IP and IP Rights necessary and sufficient to conduct the business of the Acquired Companies as currently conducted;

(v) no Acquired Company has now, nor has ever been, a member or promoter of, or contributor to, any industry standards body or any similar organization that could reasonably be expected to require or obligate such Acquired Company or, following the Closing, Parent, to grant or offer to any other Person any right or license to any Company IP or Company Product; and

(vi) no funding, facilities, or personnel of any Governmental Body or any university, educational, or similar research institution were used, or are being used, directly or indirectly, to author, discover, develop, conceive, or reduce to practice, any Company IP or Company Product, whether in whole or in part.

(d) Validity and Enforceability. All Company IP is valid, subsisting, and enforceable. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing:

(i) no Trademark owned, used, or applied for by any Acquired Company is or may be confusingly similar to any Trademark owned, used, or applied for by any other Person, and each Acquired Company has taken reasonable steps to maintain the Trademarks and police their use to ensure their ongoing validity and enforceability;

(ii) no interference, opposition, cancellation, reissue, reexamination or other Proceeding is or has been pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened, in which the scope, validity or enforceability of any Company IP is being, has been, or would reasonably be expected to be contested or challenged and, to the Company’s knowledge, there is no basis for a claim that any Company IP is invalid or unenforceable;

(iii) all necessary registration, maintenance, renewal, and similar fees in respect of Registered IP have been paid and all necessary documents and certificates have been filed with the relevant Governmental Body to maintain such Registered IP; and

(iv) no Acquired Company has taken, or failed to take, any action that has, or would reasonably be expected to, impair or dedicate to the public, or entitle any Person to cancel, forfeit, modify, or consider abandoned, any Company IP.

(e) Effects of the Transaction. Neither the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement or any other agreements referred to in this Agreement nor the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any such other agreement entered into in connection herewith or therewith shall, with or without notice or lapse of time, result in, or give any other Person the

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right or option to cause or declare: (i) a loss of, or Lien on, any Company IP or any Company Product; (ii) a breach of or default under, or right to terminate or suspend performance of, any Contract identified in Section 4.11(b) of the Disclosure Schedule; (iii) the release, disclosure, or delivery of any Company IP or Company Product by or to any escrow agent or other Person; (iv) the grant, assignment, or transfer to any other Person of any license or other right or interest under, to or in any Company IP or Company Product; or (v) by the terms of any Contract, a reduction of any royalties, revenue sharing, or other payments the Acquired Companies would otherwise be entitled to with respect to any Company IP or Company Product. The Company IP shall be available for use by the Surviving Corporation immediately after the Closing Date on identical terms and conditions to those under which the Acquired Companies owned or used the Company IP immediately prior to the Closing Date.

(f) Intellectual Property Infringement.

(i) No Third-Party Infringement of Company IP. To Company’s knowledge, no Person has infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated, and no Person is currently infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating any Company IP (including the Acquired Companies’ IP Rights therein). The Company has Made Available to Parent complete and accurate copies of all documents regarding any actual, alleged, or suspected infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of any Company IP or IP Rights included therein.

(ii) No Company Infringement of Third-Party IP. The Acquired Companies and the operation of their business (including the design, development, use marketing, sale, licensing, and distribution of any Company IP or Company Product), as well as the Company IP and Company Products, have not materially infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated in any manner, or made any unlawful use of, and do not currently materially infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate in any manner, or make any unlawful use of, any IP or IP Right of any other Person. No infringement, misappropriation, or similar claim or Proceeding is pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened against any Acquired Company or against any other Person who may be entitled to be indemnified, defended, held harmless, or reimbursed by any Acquired Company with respect to any such claim or Proceeding. The Company has Made Available to Parent complete and accurate copies of all documents and summaries of all communications regarding any actual, alleged, or suspected infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of any other Person’s IP or IP Rights, including any letter or other communication suggesting or offering that an Acquired Company obtain a license to any other Person’s IP or IP Rights.

(g) Data Collection and Use. Section 4.11(g) of the Disclosure Schedule accurately identifies: (i) all Contracts under which any Acquired Company has acquired, licensed, or otherwise received, collected, or used any Third-Party Data or Company Data, including the Person from which any Acquired Company received or collected such Third-Party Data or Company Data, the purpose for which such Third-Party Data or Company Data is used, and the name of the owner of derivative datasets and products and services based upon the Third-Party Data or Company Data under the applicable Contract; and (ii) the provenance of all Third-Party Data received, collected, or used by any Acquired Company that is not subject to a Contract identified on Section 4.11(g) of the Disclosure Schedule, including the Person or place from which any Acquired Company received or collected such Third-Party Data, and the purpose for which such Third-Party Data is used. Each Acquired Company complies, and has at all times complied, with: (A) any Contract governing any Acquired Company’s use of any API used to receive or collect Third-Party Data; (B) any Contract governing any Acquired Company’s collection and use of any Third-Party Data collected or generated using web scraping, web crawling, or web harvesting software, or any software, service, tool, or technology that turns the unstructured data found on the internet into machine-readable, structured data; (C) any Contract with any other Person that has provided to any Acquired Company, or from which any Acquired Company has received or collected, any Third-Party Data; and, to Company’s knowledge, (D) all applicable Laws relating to any Acquired Company’s collection and use of Third-Party

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Data and Company Data. Each Acquired Company maintains or adheres to industry standard policies, protocols, and procedures relating to the ethical and responsible use of deep learning, machine learning, and other artificial intelligence technologies, including policies, protocols, and procedures for: (1) developing and implementing such technologies in a way that promotes transparency, accountability, and human interpretability; (2) identifying and mitigating bias in Company Data and Third-Party Data used to train and otherwise develop such technologies; and (3) management oversight and approval of all Acquired Companies’ use and implementation of such technologies, there has been no actual or alleged non-compliance with any such policies, protocols, and procedures, and no Acquired Company has received any notice or communication from any Governmental Body concerning such Acquired Company’s collection or use of Company Data or Third-Party Data.

(h) Software and IT Systems.

(i) No Harmful Code. To the Company’s knowledge neither the Company Products nor any Company IT Systems contains any “back door,” “drop dead device,” “time bomb,” “Trojan horse,” “virus,” or “worm” (as such terms are commonly understood in the software industry) or any other code designed or intended to have, or capable of performing, any of the following functions: (A) disrupting, disabling, harming or otherwise impeding in any manner the operation of, or providing unauthorized access to, a computer system or network or other device on which such code is stored or installed; or (B) damaging or destroying any data or file without the user’s consent (collectively, “Malicious Code”). Each Acquired Company has implemented technical, physical and administrative measures and safeguards consistent with prevailing industry standards to (x) prevent the introduction of Malicious Code into the Company IT Systems or Company Products and maintain them free from Malicious Code, including the use of firewall protections, incident logging, and regular virus scans, and (y) protect Company Data in its possession or control from unauthorized access or processing by any Person, including the Acquired Companies’ employees and contractors.

(ii) No Bugs. To the Company’s knowledge None of the Company Products: (A) contain any bug, defect, or error that materially adversely affects the use, functionality, or performance of such Company Products; or (B) fails to comply with any applicable warranty or other contractual commitment relating to the use, functionality, or performance of such Company Products. The Company has Made Available to Parent a complete and accurate list of all known bugs, defects, and errors in each version of any software that is contained in, or that embodies, any Company Product.

(iii) Source Code. The source code for any software that is contained in, or that embodies, any Company Product (the “Company Product Source Code”) contain clear and accurate annotations and programmer’s comments, and otherwise has been documented in a professional manner that is both: (A) to Company’s knowledge, consistent with customary code annotation conventions and best practices in the software industry; and (B) sufficient to independently enable a programmer of reasonable skill and competence to understand, analyze, and interpret program logic, correct errors and improve, enhance, modify and support such software. No Company Product Source Code has been delivered, licensed, disclosed or otherwise made available to any escrow agent or other Person who is not, as of the date of this Agreement, an employee of any Acquired Company subject to written agreement containing an enforceable confidentiality obligations and a grant and assignment (by way of a present grant of assignment) to the applicable Acquired Company exclusive ownership of, including all IP Rights in and to, such authorship, creation, reduction to practice, development or conception. No Acquired Company has a duty or obligation (whether present, contingent, or otherwise) to, and no event has occurred and no circumstance or condition exists, that (with or without notice or lapse of time, or both) will, or would reasonably be expected to, result in a duty or obligation to, deliver, license, disclose or otherwise make available any Company Product Source Code to any escrow agent or other Person and no event has occurred, and no circumstance or condition exists that, with or without notice or lapse of time, will, or would reasonably be

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expected to, result in the delivery, license, or disclosure of the Company Product Source Code to any other Person.

(iv) Open Source Software. (A) The Acquired Companies are in full compliance with the terms and conditions of all licenses for all Open Source Software embedded with, linked to, bundled with, or otherwise included in, or required to compile or build, any Company Product that is conveyed or otherwise distributed, or, if in development, is intended to be conveyed or otherwise distributed, to end-users and (B) and has not made any modifications to any Open Source Software. The Acquired Companies have not used and does not use any Open Source Software, or any modification or derivative thereof in a manner that, with respect to any of the Company Products or Company-Owned IP, would (1) grant or purport to grant to any Person any rights to or immunities for use thereof, (2) be subject to a Copyleft License or any other obligation that would require its disclosure or distribution in Company Product Source Code form, (3) require its licensing thereof for the purpose of making derivative works, or (4) impose any restriction on the consideration to be charged for the distribution thereof.

(v) IT Systems. All Company IT Systems are in good working condition to effectively perform all information technology operations necessary for each Acquired Company to conduct its business. No Acquired Company has experienced any material disruption to, or material interruption in, the conduct of its business attributable to a defect, bug, breakdown or other failure or deficiency of any Company IT System. Each Acquired Company has taken all reasonable measures to provide for the back-up and recovery of the data and information necessary for it to conduct of its business without material disruption to, or material interruption in, its conduct of its business. No Acquired Company is in breach of any Contract related to any Company IT System nor is any Acquired Company aware of any event that, with or without notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a breach of any Contract related to any Company IT System.

Section 4.12 Privacy and Cybersecurity.

(a) The Company and its Subsidiaries are, and in the past have made themselves, in compliance, in all material respects with all applicable Privacy Obligations.

(b) The Company and its Subsidiaries have notified individuals about whom the Company or its Subsidiaries Process or direct the Processing of Personal Data regarding the Company’s and its Subsidiaries’ Personal Data Processing activities in conformance with all applicable Privacy Obligations.

(c) The Company and its Subsidiaries have contractually obligated all Third-Party service providers and customers’ outsourcers, processors, or other Third-Parties Processing Personal Data, in each case on behalf of the Company or its Subsidiaries to (i) comply with applicable Privacy Obligations, (ii) take reasonable steps to protect and secure Sensitive Data from loss, theft, unauthorized or unlawful Processing or other misuse, (iii) maintain a written information privacy and security program that establishes reasonable and appropriate measures to protect the privacy, operation, confidentiality, integrity and security of all Sensitive Data against any Security Breach, (iv) maintain, a written public-facing privacy policy that fully and accurately disclose how the Third-Party Processes Personal Data, (v) all obligations required to be incorporated into such contracts by applicable Privacy Obligations, and (vi) to include contractual obligations that are no less protective than those in this Section 4.12(c) in agreements with the Third-Party’s agreements with other service providers and customers’ outsourcers, processors, or other Third-Parties Processing Personal Data on its behalf.

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(d) The Company and its Subsidiaries have obtained or will obtain any and all necessary rights, permissions, and consents to permit the transfer of Personal Data in connection with the transactions, and such transfer will not violate in any material respect any applicable Privacy Obligations.

(e) The Company and its Subsidiaries have implemented, maintain and comply with a privacy compliance program that is comprised of appropriate internal processes, policies and controls designed to comply with applicable Privacy Obligations, including (i) the appointment of qualified personnel to govern the administration of the privacy compliance program, (ii) processes to respond to requests regarding Personal Data, (iii) processes to evaluate risks of Personal Data Processing activities of the Company and its Subsidiaries, (iv) the implementation and maintenance of processes for the diligence, contracting and oversight with respect to Third-Parties Processing Personal Data on behalf of the Company or its Subsidiaries and (v) the completion and maintenance of required data flow maps, data processing inventories or records of processing activities, data protection impact assessments, and any other required privacy compliance program documentation or evidence.

(f) The Company and its Subsidiaries have implemented and maintain a written information security program that is comprised of reasonable and appropriate organizational, physical, administrative, and technical safeguards designed to protect the security, confidentiality, integrity and availability of the Company IT Systems, including all Sensitive Data Processed thereby against loss, theft, unauthorized or unlawful Processing, or other misuse that, to the Company’s knowledge, are reasonably consistent with (i) reasonable practices in the industry in which the Company and its Subsidiaries operate, (ii) the Company’s and its Subsidiaries’ Privacy Obligations and (iii) any written public-facing policy adopted by Company or its Subsidiaries related to privacy or information security. The Company and its Subsidiaries have implemented reasonable backup and disaster recovery technology and arrangements consistent with industry practices.

(g) The Company and its Subsidiaries use reasonable efforts to inform all employees, agents and consultants to the Company or its Subsidiaries who have access to or Process Sensitive Data of the Company’s or its Subsidiaries’ applicable current written privacy and security policies and to execute agreements containing obligations to maintain the confidentiality and security of Sensitive Data.

(h) The Company has delivered or Made Available true and complete copies of all current written notices, policies and procedures relating to the Processing and security of Sensitive Data.

(i) There have not been any incidents of, or Third-Party claims alleging, (i) Security Breaches, (ii) unauthorized access or unauthorized use of any of Company’s or its Subsidiaries’ computer systems, network, communication equipment or other technology necessary for the operations of the Company or its Subsidiaries, or (iii) any unauthorized access or acquisition of any Sensitive Data maintained by the Company or its Subsidiaries or by any Third-Party service provider on behalf of the Company or its Subsidiaries. Neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries have notified in writing, or been required by applicable Law, Governmental Body or other Privacy Obligation to notify in writing, any Person of any Security Breach.

(j) Neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries have received any notice of any claims, investigations (including investigations by a Governmental Body), or alleged violations of Laws or other Privacy Obligations with respect to Personal Data under the custody or control of the Company or its Subsidiaries.

Section 4.13 Employees.

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(a) Section 4.13(a) of the Disclosure Schedule lists all of the directors, officers, employees, consultants and independent contractors currently employed or engaged by the Company and its Subsidiaries including: (i) name; (ii) job title; (iii) status (employee or independent contractor); (iv) date of birth; (v) date of hire; (vi) location of work; (vii) full-time or part-time status; (viii) employing or engaging entity; (ix) exemption status under the Fair Labor Standards Act; (x) leave status (including return date); (xi) annual rate of base salary or hourly compensation; (xii) estimated or target annual incentive compensation and details with respect to each applicable plan and program; (xiii) incentive compensation paid with respect to the prior year; (xiv) vacation and other paid time off accrual; (xv) emoluments and benefits (including health insurance participation level); (xvi) whether such person is employed or engaged pursuant to a written contract; and (xvii) whether such employment or engagement is at-will.

(b) Since January 1, 2023, there has not been any material change in the compensation of any individual set forth in clause (a) (except for compensation increases and decreases in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice). Since January 1, 2023, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has taken any action which would constitute a “plant closing” or “mass layoff” within the meaning of WARN or issued any notification of a plant closing or mass layoff required by WARN without complying with WARN. Since January 1, 2023, there have been no employment discrimination, employment harassment, sexual assault, sexual harassment or improper fraternization allegations raised, brought, threatened, or settled relating to any officer or director of the Company or any Subsidiary involving or relating to services provided to the Company or any Subsidiary. The policies and practices of the Company and its Subsidiaries comply with all applicable Laws concerning employment discrimination, employment harassment, sexual assault, sexual harassment or improper fraternization.

(c) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is party to or bound by any collective bargaining agreement with any labor organization and no employees of the Company or its Subsidiaries are represented by a union. To the knowledge of the Company, there are and have been no union organizing activities involving employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. There are no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened strikes, work stoppages, walkouts, lockouts, or similar material labor disputes and no such disputes have occurred. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has committed an unfair labor practice, and there are no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, unfair labor practice charges or complaints against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(d) The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with all Laws applicable to employment and employment practices, including all Laws respecting terms and conditions of employment, wages, hours, equal employment opportunity, employment discrimination, worker classification (including the proper classification of workers as independent contractors and consultants and exempt or non-exempt), immigration, work authorization, occupational health and safety, workers’ compensation, the payment of social security and other employment taxes, disability rights or benefits, plant closures and layoffs, affirmative action and affirmative action plans, labor relations, employee leave issues and unemployment insurance.

(e) No employee or independent contractor of the Company or its Subsidiaries is in violation of any term of any employment or consulting contract, Restrictive Covenant, common law nondisclosure obligation, fiduciary duty, or other obligation: (i) to the Company or its Subsidiaries; or (ii) to a former employer or engager of any such individual relating (A) to the right of any such individual to work for the Company or its Subsidiaries or (B) to the knowledge or use of trade secrets or proprietary information.

Section 4.14 Employee Benefit Plans.

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(a) Section 4.14(a) of the Disclosure Schedule contains a true and complete list of each Plan. With respect to each Plan, the Company has Made Available to Parent true and complete copies of each of the following documents (as applicable): (i) the Plan document and any amendments thereto; (ii) the most recent annual reports and actuarial reports for each of the prior three (3) years; (iii) the most recent summary plan description; (iv) if the Plan is funded through a trust or any third party funding vehicle, the trust or other funding agreement and the latest financial statements thereof; (v) the most recent determination letter or opinion letter received from the Internal Revenue Service with respect to each Plan intended to qualify under Section 401 of the Code; and (vi) any material non-routine correspondence received or submitted to any Governmental Body within the prior three (3) years. The Company has Made Available to Parent a true and complete description of each Plan which is not a written Plan.

(b) Each Plan that is intended to meet the requirements of a “qualified plan” under Section 401(a) of the Code has either received a favorable determination letter or may rely upon an opinion letter from the Internal Revenue Service that such Plan is so qualified or has requested such a favorable determination letter within the remedial amendment period of Section 401(b) of the Code and the Company is not aware of any facts or circumstances that would reasonably be expected to jeopardize the qualification thereof. The Plans comply in form and have been operated in accordance with their terms and the requirements of applicable Law, including the Code and ERISA.

(c) With respect to the Plans: (i) all required contributions have been made or properly accrued; (ii) there are no claims pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, other than routine claims for benefits; (iii) to the knowledge of the Company, there have been no “prohibited transactions” (as that term is defined in Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code); and (iv) all material reports, returns and similar documents required to be filed with any Governmental Body or distributed to any Plan participant have been timely filed or distributed.

(d) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, has any of their respective directors, officers or employees or any other “fiduciary,” as such term is defined in Section 3(21) of ERISA, committed any breach of fiduciary responsibility imposed by ERISA or any other applicable Law with respect to the Plans which would subject the Company, its Subsidiaries or any of their respective directors, officers or employees to any Liability under ERISA or any applicable Law.

(e) No Plan is, and none of the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries sponsors, maintains or contributes to, or has sponsored, maintained or contributed to, a “pension plan” (within the meaning of Section 3(2) of ERISA) that is subject to Title IV of ERISA or any “multiemployer plan” (as defined in Section 4001(a)(3) of ERISA) or “multiple employer plan” (within the meaning of Section 413(c) of the Code) and no circumstances exist pursuant to which the Company or a Subsidiary would reasonably be expected to have any Liability on or after the Closing Date with respect to such a plan that is sponsored or contributed to by any current or former ERISA Affiliate of the Company or a Subsidiary.

(f) None of the Plans obligates the Company or its Subsidiaries to provide any current or former directors, officers, employees, contractors or consultants (or any dependent or beneficiary thereof) any life insurance or medical or health benefits after such person’s termination of employment or engagement with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, other than to the extent required under Part 6 of Subtitle B of Title I of ERISA.

(g) The consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will not cause any amounts to fail to be deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes by virtue of Section 280G of the Code. The consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will not, either alone or in combination with another event, (i) entitle any current or former directors, officers, employees,

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contractors or consultants of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to severance pay, unemployment compensation or any other payment or benefit, or (ii) accelerate the time of payment or vesting, or increase the amount of compensation due any such person.

(h) Each Plan that is a “nonqualified deferred compensation plan” (as defined under Section 409A(d)(1) of the Code) is in documentary, and has been operated and administered in, compliance with Section 409A of the Code.

(i) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has any Liability, whether fixed or contingent, with respect to any indemnification or gross-up payment, in either case, for any Tax incurred under Section 409A or 4999 of the Code.

(j) Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has a contract, plan or commitment, whether legally binding or not, to create any additional Plan, or any plan, agreement or arrangement that would be a Plan if adopted, or to modify any existing Plan.

(k) Each Plan which is subject to any Law other than U.S. federal, state or local Law (“Non-U.S. Plan”) has been administered in compliance with its terms and operated in compliance with applicable Laws. Each Non-U.S. Plan required to be registered or approved by a non-U.S. Governmental Body has been registered or approved and has been maintained in good standing with applicable regulatory authorities, and no event has occurred since the date of the most recent approval or application therefor relating to any such Non-U.S. Plan that could reasonably be expected to materially affect any such approval relating thereto or increase the costs relating thereto in a manner material to the Company and its Subsidiaries as a whole. Each Non-U.S. Plan that is required to be funded under applicable Law is fully funded or fully insured on a termination basis (determined using reasonable actuarial assumptions).

Section 4.15 Litigation; Orders. There are no (a) Proceedings pending, or to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company or its Subsidiaries, any of their properties or the Merger or the other transactions contemplated hereby or (b) to the knowledge of the Company, Proceedings pending or threatened against any current or former equityholder or Representative of the Company in connection with the business of the Company or its Subsidiaries. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any opinion or memorandum or legal advice from legal counsel to the effect that it is exposed, from a legal standpoint, to any Liability or disadvantage with respect to its business, prospects, financial condition, operations, property or affairs. None of the Company and its Subsidiaries are subject to any outstanding Order. There is no Proceeding pending, threatened or contemplated by the Company or its Subsidiaries against any other Person.

Section 4.16 Permits; Compliance With Laws.

(a) Each of the Company and its Subsidiaries holds and is in compliance, in all material respects, with all Permits which are required for the operation of the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries as presently conducted. Neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries have received notice of any proceedings pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, relating to the suspension, revocation or modification of any Permit. Section 4.16(a) of the Disclosure Schedule contains a true, correct and complete list of all Permits under which the Company or any of the Subsidiaries is operating or bound as of the date hereof, and the Company has furnished or Made Available to Parent true, correct and complete copies of the Permits required to be set forth in Section 4.16(a) of the Disclosure Schedule.

(b) The Company and its Subsidiaries are, and at all times have been, in compliance in all material respects with all Laws applicable to their respective businesses, operations and assets. Neither

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the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any written notice alleging a failure comply in all material respects with all Laws applicable to their respective businesses, operations and assets.

Section 4.17 Trade Control Laws and Sanctions.

(a) There are no pending, or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, actions, suits, proceedings, inquiries or investigations by any Governmental Body, against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries by any Governmental Body with respect to Trade Control Laws. In the past five (5) years, none of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has been subject to any such actions, suits, proceedings, inquiries or investigations or has made, nor, as of the date hereof, is aware of any reason to or intends to make any disclosure (voluntary or otherwise) to any Governmental Body with respect to any violation, potential violation, or Liability arising under or relating to any Trade Control Laws. None of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is aware of any event, fact or circumstance that has occurred or exists that is reasonably likely to result in a finding of noncompliance with any Trade Control Laws.

(b) None of the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any director, officer, employee or, to the Company’s knowledge, agent, of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a Sanctioned Person. The Company, its Subsidiaries and their directors, officers, employees, and, to the Company’s knowledge, agents are in compliance with, and have not previously violated, any applicable United States or non-U.S. anti-money laundering Laws. There are no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened claims against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to such anti-money laundering Laws. During the past five (5) years, the Company and its Subsidiaries have had in place adequate policies, procedures, controls and systems reasonably designed to ensure compliance with applicable anti-money laundering Laws.

(c) Neither the Company, its Subsidiaries nor any director, officer or employee of, or, to the knowledge of the Company, any distributor, agent, representative, sales intermediary or other Person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (i) has taken any action in violation of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, as amended (15 U.S.C. §78 dd-1 et seq.), the UK Bribery Act of 2010, or any other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption Laws (“Anti-Corruption Laws”), (ii) has offered, paid, given, promised to pay or give, or authorized the payment or gift of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any Foreign Public Official, or to any Person on behalf of a Foreign Public Official, in whole or in part, for purposes of: (A) influencing any act or decision of any Foreign Public Official in his official capacity; (B) inducing such Foreign Public Official to do or omit to do any act in violation of his lawful duty; (C) securing any improper advantage; or (D) inducing such Foreign Public Official to use his or her influence with a foreign Governmental Body or commercial enterprise owned or controlled by any foreign Governmental Body in order to assist the business of the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any Person related in any way to the business of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, in obtaining or retaining business or directing any business to any Person, or (iii) has made or authorized any other Person to make any payments or transfers of value which had the purpose or effect of commercial bribery or acceptance or acquiescence in kickbacks or other unlawful or improper means of obtaining or retaining business.

(d) There are no pending, or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, actions, suits, proceedings, inquiries or investigations by any Governmental Body, against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries by any Governmental Body with respect to any Anti-Corruption Laws. In the past five (5) years, none of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has been subject to any such actions, suits, proceedings, inquiries or investigations or has made, nor, as of the date hereof, is aware of any reason to or intends to make any disclosure (voluntary or otherwise) to any Governmental Body with respect to any violation, potential violation, or Liability arising under or relating to any Anti-Corruption Laws. None of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is aware of any event, fact or circumstance that has occurred or exists that is reasonably likely to result in a finding of noncompliance with any Anti-Corruption Laws.

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(e) The Company and its Subsidiaries have maintained during the past five (5) years and currently maintain (i) books, records and accounts which, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company and its Subsidiaries, and (ii) internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that all transactions and access to assets of the Company and its Subsidiaries were, have been and are executed only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization.

Section 4.18 Environmental Matters. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is or has been in material violation of any Environmental Law.

 

Section 4.19 Insurance. Section 4.19 of the Disclosure Schedule sets forth a complete and accurate list of each insurance policy maintained by or behalf of the Company and its Subsidiaries (the “Insurance Policies”). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has reached or exceeded its policy limits for any Insurance Policies in effect at any time during the past five (5) years. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has reached or exceeded its policy limits for any Insurance Policies in effect at any time during the past five (5) years. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in default with respect to any provision contained in any Insurance Policy or has failed to give any notice or present any material claim under any Insurance Policy in due and timely fashion. There is no claim by the Company or its Subsidiaries pending under any of such Insurance Policies as to which coverage has been denied or disputed by the underwriters or in respect of which the underwriters have reserved their rights. None of the Company and its Subsidiaries has ever maintained, established, sponsored, participated in or contributed to any self-insurance plan.

Section 4.20 Material Customers and Suppliers. Section 4.20 of the Disclosure Schedule sets forth (a) for each of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2022 and the nine (9)-month period ended September 30, 2023, a list of the largest customers of the Company and its Subsidiaries accounting for 80% of the revenue recognized by the Company and its Subsidiaries on a consolidated basis in each such period (the “Material Customers”) and (b) the twenty (20) largest vendors and suppliers to the Company and its Subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, based on amounts paid by the Company and its Subsidiaries from all products and services received from such supplier in the year ending December 31, 2022 and the nine (9)-month period ending September 30, 2023 (the “Material Suppliers”). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any written, or to the knowledge of the Company, oral, indication from a Material Customer or Material Supplier to the effect that such customer may (a) reduce materially its business with the Company or its Subsidiaries from the levels achieved during the periods set forth above, or (b) materially and adversely modify existing Contracts with the Company or the Subsidiaries. Since the date of the Balance Sheet, no Material Customer or Material Supplier has terminated its relationship with the Company or its Subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the Company, indicated that it may do so. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is involved in any material claim, dispute or controversy with any Material Customer or Material Supplier. None of the Material Customers will have terminated its relationship with the Company or its Subsidiaries or reduced materially its business with the Company or its Subsidiaries from the levels achieved during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, in each case solely as a result of moving such business to a competitor due to the Company’s or its Subsidiaries’ alleged breach of its Contract with any such customer, failure to meet service levels or negligence, and neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries is and reasonably expects to be involved in any material claim, dispute or controversy with any Material Customer or Material Supplier with regard to its business due to the Company’s or its Subsidiaries’ alleged breach of its Contract with any such customer or supplier, failure to meet service levels or negligence. No customer of the Company or its Subsidiaries has any material credit memo currently in place or has been promised a material credit memo by the Company or its Subsidiaries.

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Section 4.21 Product and Service Warranties. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries makes any express guarantees or warranties, and there is no claim pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing alleging any breach of any guarantee or warranty. Other than as set forth in any Contract entered into in the ordinary course of business with a customer of the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries and which are substantially in the same form as standard customer agreements Made Available to Parent, neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries have made any express guarantees or warranties to its customers, and there is no claim pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened in writing alleging any breach of any such guarantee or warranty.

Section 4.22 Bank Accounts; Powers of Attorney. Section 4.22 of the Disclosure Schedule sets forth a true, complete and correct list of the name and location of each bank, brokerage or investment firm, savings and loan or similar financial institution in which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has an account or a safe deposit box or other arrangement, the account or other identifying numbers thereof and the names of all Persons authorized to draw on or who have access to such account or safe deposit box or such other arrangement. There are no outstanding powers of attorney executed by or on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

Section 4.23 Related Party Transactions. No officer, director, equityholder or Affiliate of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the Company, any relative of such an officer, director, equityholder or Affiliate (each of the foregoing, a “Related Party”) (a) is a party to any Contract or other business relationship with the Company or its Subsidiaries, (b) to the knowledge of the Company, has any direct or indirect financial interest in, or is an officer, director, manager, employee, founder or consultant of, (i) any competitor, supplier, licensor, distributor, lessor, independent contractor or customer of the Company and its Subsidiaries or (ii) any other entity in any business arrangement or relationship with the Company and its Subsidiaries (provided, however, the passive ownership of securities listed on any national securities exchange representing less than five percent (5%) of the outstanding voting power of any Person shall not be deemed to be a “financial interest” in any such Person), (c) has any interest in any property, asset or right used by the Company and its Subsidiaries or necessary for their business, (d) has outstanding any Indebtedness owed to the Company and its Subsidiaries, or (e) has received any funds from the Company and its Subsidiaries since the date of the Balance Sheet, except for employment-related compensation received in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice. None of the Company and its Subsidiaries has any Liability of any nature whatsoever to any Related Party (provided, however, such representation and warranty is made to the knowledge of the Company with respect to relatives), except for employment-related Liabilities and obligations incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice.

Section 4.24 Brokers and Other Advisors; Existing Discussions. No broker, investment banker, financial advisor or other Person is entitled to any broker’s, finder’s, financial advisor’s or other fee or commission in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby based upon arrangements made by or on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. The Company has Made Available to Parent complete and accurate copies of all Contracts under which any such fees or expenses are payable and all indemnification and other agreements related to the engagement of the Persons to whom such fees are payable. As of the date of this Agreement, none of the Company and its Subsidiaries is engaged, directly or indirectly, in any discussions or negotiations with any other party with respect to any proposal to acquire the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, any material portion of its assets or securities or any other substantially similar transaction.

Section 4.25 Sufficiency of Assets; Ownership. Each Acquired Company owns and has good title to, or a valid leasehold interest in or other rights to, free and clear of all Liens other than Permitted Liens, each all of the assets, properties, interests and rights (whether, real or personal, tangible or intangible and wherever located), including, for the avoidance of doubt, Contracts and Permits (collectively, “Assets”),

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that are used or held for use by such Acquired Company or necessary for the Acquired Companies to conduct, operate and continue the conduct of their business in substantially the same manner as was conducted by the Acquired Companies during in the twenty-four (24) month period immediately prior to the Closing Date and to sell and otherwise enjoy full rights to exploitation of the Assets. No Affiliates of the Acquired Companies (other than the other Acquired Companies) own or have any rights in or to any of the Assets.

Article 5
Representations and Warranties of Parent and Merger Sub

Parent and Merger Sub represent and warrant to the Company as follows:

Section 5.1 Organization and Corporate Power. Each of Parent and Merger Sub is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the Laws of its jurisdiction of formation. Except as would not have a Parent Material Adverse Effect, each of Parent and Merger Sub has all requisite corporate power and authority and all authorizations, licenses and Permits necessary to own, lease and operate its properties and assets and to carry on its businesses as now being, or proposed to be, conducted. Each of Parent and Merger Sub is duly qualified to do business as a foreign corporation and is in good standing (or its equivalent, if applicable) in every jurisdiction in which the ownership, leasing and use of its properties and assets, or the conduct of business as now conducted, requires it to qualify, except where the failure to be so qualified and in good standing would not have a Parent Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.2 Authorization. Each of Parent and Merger Sub has all necessary power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and each other Transaction Document to which it is, or at or prior to the Closing will be, a party (the “Parent Documents”), to perform its obligations hereunder and thereunder and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and each other applicable Parent Document by Parent and Merger Sub and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly and validly authorized and approved by all requisite corporate action, and no other corporate proceedings on the part of either Parent or Merger Sub are necessary to authorize the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement and each other Parent Document, as applicable. This Agreement has been, and each of the other Parent Documents will be at or prior to the Closing, duly and validly authorized, executed and delivered by Parent and Merger Sub, as applicable, and assuming that this Agreement and each of the other Parent Documents is a valid and binding obligation of the other parties hereto and thereto, this Agreement constitutes, and each of the other Parent Documents when so executed and delivered will constitute, a legal, valid and binding obligation of each of Parent and Merger Sub, as applicable, enforceable against them in accordance with their respective terms, except as enforceability may be affected by the Enforceability Exceptions.

Section 5.3 Non-Contravention.

(a) The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and each of the Transaction Documents by each of Parent and Merger Sub and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, or compliance by each of Parent and Merger Sub with any of the provisions hereof or thereof, do not and will not (with or without notice or lapse of time or both) conflict with, result in any breach of, require any notice, consent or waiver under, constitute a default under, result in a violation of, result in the creation of any Lien upon any material properties or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries under, give rise to any right of termination, cancellation or acceleration of any obligation or to loss of a benefit under, or give rise to any obligation of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to make any payment under, any provision of (i) the Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws of each of Parent and Merger Sub, (ii) any material Contract to which either Parent or Merger Sub

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is a party, (iii) any outstanding Order applicable to Parent or Merger Sub or any of the properties or assets of Parent or Merger Sub, or (iv) assuming compliance with the filing and notice requirements set forth in Section 5.3(b), any applicable Law to which Parent or Merger Sub is subject, except, in the case of the preceding clauses (ii), (iii) and (iv), to the extent that any such violation would not have a Parent Material Adverse Effect.

(b) No authorization of, registration, declaration or filing with, or notification to, any Governmental Body is required in connection with any of the execution, delivery or performance of this Agreement or the other Transaction Documents by the Company or the consummation by the Company of any other transaction contemplated hereby or thereby, except for the filing of the Certificate of Merger with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and such authorizations, registrations, declarations, filings or notification that, if not obtained or made, would not have a Parent Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.4 No Prior Merger Sub Operations. Merger Sub was formed solely for the purpose of effecting the Merger, has no assets or Liabilities and has not engaged in any business activities or conducted any operations other than in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby.

Section 5.5 Broker and Other Advisors. No broker, investment banker, financial advisor or other Person is entitled to any broker’s, finder’s, financial advisor’s or other fee or commission in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby based upon arrangements made by or on behalf of Parent or its Affiliates.

Article 6
Covenants of the Company and Parent

Section 6.1 Publicity; Confidentiality.

(a) No press release or other public announcement or comment pertaining to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will be made by or on behalf of the Company, any Securityholder, the Securityholder Representative or any of the Company’s Representatives, without the express prior written approval of Parent.

(b) Each party agrees that this Agreement, the other Transaction Documents and the terms and conditions set forth herein and therein shall be kept confidential and shall not be disclosed or otherwise made available to any other Person and that copies of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents shall not be publicly filed or otherwise made available to the public, except (i) where such disclosure, availability or filing, upon the advice of outside counsel, is required by applicable Law (including the periodic reporting requirements under the Exchange Act) and only to the extent required by such Law or under the rules of any securities exchange on which the securities of Parent are listed, and (ii) as otherwise agreed by each of Parent and the Company. In the event that any such disclosure, availability or filing is required by applicable Law (other than any filing required by the Exchange Act or the Securities Act), each of Parent and the Company agrees to use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain “confidential treatment” or similar treatment of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents and to redact such terms of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents that the other reasonably requests.

Section 6.2 Further Assurances. From time to time, as and when requested by any party hereto and at such requesting party’s expense, any other party shall execute and deliver, or cause to be executed and delivered, all such documents and instruments and shall take, or cause to be taken, all such further or other actions as such requesting party may reasonably deem necessary or desirable to evidence and effectuate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

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Section 6.3 Director and Officer Liability and Indemnification.

(a) From and after the Effective Time, Parent shall cause the Surviving Corporation to fulfill and honor in all respects the obligations of the Acquired Companies pursuant to any indemnification provisions under their respective Governing Documents as in effect on the date hereof and any indemnification agreement between any Acquired Company, on the one hand, and any of its current or former directors and officers (collectively, the “D&O Indemnitees”), on the other hand, in each case, solely to the extent any such agreement is set forth in Section 6.3(a) of the Disclosure Schedule, with respect to acts or omissions by them in their capacities as such at any time at or prior to the Effective Time.

(b) Prior to Closing, the Company shall obtain a six-year “tail” directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy covering acts or omissions occurring prior to the Closing Date with respect to those Persons who are currently covered by the Acquired Companies’ directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy on terms with respect to such coverage and amount no less favorable in the aggregate to the Acquired Companies’ directors and officers currently covered by such insurance than those of such policy in effect on the date hereof; provided, that such “tail” policy shall provide such coverage for six years from the Closing Date and shall be obtained from the Company’s or Parent’s current insurance company or another reputable insurance company, reasonably satisfactory to Parent (such policy, the “D&O Tail Policy”); provided, that one-hundred percent (100%) of the premium for the D&O Tail Policy shall be an Unpaid Transaction Expense.

(c) This Section 6.3 shall survive the consummation of the Merger and the Effective Time, is intended to benefit and may be enforced by the D&O Indemnitees, and shall be binding on all successors and assigns of Parent and the Surviving Corporation. If the Surviving Corporation, its Subsidiaries or any of their respective successors or assigns (i) shall consolidate with or merge into any other Person and shall not be the continuing or surviving corporation or entity of such consolidation or merger, or (ii) shall transfer all or substantially all of its properties and assets to any Person, then, and in each such case, proper provisions shall be made so that the successors and assigns of the Surviving Corporation and its Subsidiaries shall assume all of the obligations set forth in this Section 6.3.

Section 6.4 Tax Matters.

(a) Cooperation. Parent and the Securityholder Representative agree to furnish or cause to be furnished to the other, upon request, as promptly as practicable, such information and assistance relating to Taxes, including access to books and records, in such party’s possession as is reasonably necessary for the filing of all Tax Returns, the making of any election relating to Taxes, the preparation for any audit by any Taxing Authority and the prosecution or defense of any claim, suit or proceeding relating to any Tax. Parent and the Securityholder Representative agree, upon request, to use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain any certificate or other document from any Governmental Body or customer of the Company or any other Person as may be necessary to mitigate, reduce or eliminate any Tax that could be imposed. The Securityholder Representative shall reasonably cooperate and assist Parent with its efforts to collect from the Indemnifying Securityholders, and the Securityholder Representative shall provide to Parent in a timely manner, any factual information requested by Parent and that is reasonably necessary for Parent to determine the limitations, if any, on the Company’s Tax loss carryforwards under Sections 382, 383 and 384 of the Code or any similar provision of Law of any other jurisdiction applicable to the Company. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, the Securityholder Representative shall have no obligation to prepare or file any Tax Returns.

(b) Tax Returns. Parent will prepare and file or cause to be prepared and filed all Tax Returns of the Company and each of its Subsidiaries that are originally due after the Closing Date that relate to Pre-Closing Tax Periods. Each such Tax Return will be prepared in a manner consistent with existing

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procedures and practices and accounting methods, unless otherwise required by applicable Law. Each such Tax Return that is an income Tax Return will be provided to the Securityholder Representative at least twenty (20) days prior to the due date of the Tax Return (or, if any such Tax Return is due within twenty (20) days following the Closing Date, reasonably in advance of filing to allow the Securityholder Representative reasonable time to review such Tax Return) for the Securityholder Representative’s review and comment, and Parent shall consider in good faith any written comments made by the Securityholder Representative to Parent prior to filing.

(c) Tax Sharing Agreements. Any Tax allocation, sharing, indemnity or similar agreement to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or under which it may have Liability will be terminated effective as of the Closing.

(d) Transfer Taxes. Any transfer, sales, use, documentary, stamp, registration, and other such Taxes and fees (including any penalties and interest) (collectively, “Transfer Taxes”) that arise by reason of the Merger shall be paid one-half (1/2) by the Indemnifying Securityholders, severally and not jointly, pro rata in accordance with such Indemnifying Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion, and one-half (1/2) by Parent. The Person(s) required by applicable Law to file Tax Returns for the Transfer Taxes shall be responsible for the timely remittance of any Transfer Taxes to the appropriate Taxing Authority and will, at the expense of the Indemnifying Securityholders, file all necessary Tax Returns and other documentation with respect to all such Transfer Taxes. If required by applicable Law, Parent shall, and shall cause its Affiliates to, join in the execution of any such Tax Returns and other documentation.

(e) Tax Claims. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, Parent will have the sole right (but not the obligation) to conduct any Tax inquiry, investigation, audit or other Tax dispute or contest relating to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (each, a “Tax Claim”), subject to the procedures set forth in Section 8.4 (for the avoidance of doubt, except to the extent inconsistent with this Section 6.4). With respect to any Tax Claim that relates to a Pre-Closing Tax Period and that, in Parent’s reasonable judgment, could give rise to a material indemnification obligation of the Indemnifying Securityholders, Parent agrees to (i) provide the Securityholder Representative reasonable notification of the existence of such Tax Claim, and (ii) permit the Securityholder Representative a reasonable opportunity to consult with Parent regarding (but not to participate in, control or conduct) such Tax Claim at the Securityholder Representative’s sole cost and expense (on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders).

Section 6.5 Parent RSUs. Parent will cause restricted stock units to be issued to certain of the service providers set forth on Section 4.13(a) of the Disclosure Schedule who remain employed or engaged with Parent (or its Subsidiaries, including Surviving Corporation) after the Closing, in each case, subject to the terms (including vesting terms), definitions and provisions of Parent’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (or any successor thereto) and a restricted stock unit agreement by and between each such person and Parent, which each such person will be required to execute. The aggregate value of the underlying shares to such restricted stock units shall be the RSU Amount and the number of underlying shares to such restricted stock units shall be calculated based upon the average closing price of Parent stock on the New York Stock Exchange for the period beginning on the sixtieth (60) trading day prior to the date hereof and ending the trading day immediately preceding the date hereof.

Article 7
Closing Deliverables

Section 7.1 Closing Deliverables of the Company. On or prior to the Closing Date, the Company shall deliver (or cause to be delivered) to Parent the following:

 

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(a) the Spreadsheet;

(b) the Stockholder Written Consent duly executed by the holders of one-hundred percent (100%) of the Company Common Stock (voting as a single class);

(c) a certificate dated as of the Closing Date in the form of Exhibit H (the “Company Secretary’s Certificate”), duly executed by the Secretary of the Company, certifying as to (i) attached copies of the Company’s Governing Documents, and stating that such Governing Documents have not been amended, modified, revoked or rescinded, (ii) an attached copy of the resolutions of the board of directors of the Company authorizing and approving the execution, delivery and performance of, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by, this Agreement, and stating that such resolutions have not been amended, modified, revoked or rescinded, and (iii) (A) the Company’s representations and warranties contained in this Agreement (other than the Fundamental Representations and first sentence of Section 4.7) (without giving effect to any materiality, Material Adverse Effect or similar words or phrases limiting the scope of such representation or warranty, other than to the extent that such words or phrases define the scope of items or matters described on the Disclosure Schedule) are true and correct in all material respects as of the date hereof (except to the extent such representations and warranties by their terms speak as of an earlier date, in which case they shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such date) and (B) the Fundamental Representations and first sentence of Section 4.7 are true and correct in all respects as of the date hereof (except to the extent such representations and warranties by their terms speak as of an earlier date, in which case they shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such date).

(d) a certificate of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware as to the good standing of the Company as of a date not more than three (3) Business Days prior to the Closing Date;

(e) the Escrow Agreement, duly executed by the Securityholder Representative;

(f) payoff letters, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Parent, with respect to all outstanding Indebtedness for borrowed money of the Company, providing for the release of all Liens relating to such Indebtedness following satisfaction of the terms contained in such payoff letters;

(g) payoff letters or invoices, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Parent, with respect to all Unpaid Transaction Expenses;

(h) resignations (or evidence of removal), effective as of the Closing, of all the directors and officers of the Company, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Parent;

(i) duly executed copies of all Third-Party consents, approvals, assignments, notices, waivers, authorizations or other certificates set forth in Section 4.3(a) of the Disclosure Schedule;

(j) evidence reasonably satisfactory to Parent that each Contract and transaction set forth on Schedule 7.5(j) of the Disclosure Schedule has been terminated and is of no further force or effect as of immediately prior to the Effective Time;

(k) a properly executed certificate from the Company meeting the requirements of Treasury Regulation Section 1.1445-2(c)(3) (including a form of notice to the IRS in accordance with the requirements of Treasury Regulation Section 1.897-2(h)(2) and in the customary form along with written authorization for Parent to deliver such notice form to the IRS on behalf of the Company upon the Closing) in the form of Exhibit I;

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(l) evidence reasonably satisfactory to Parent that each Plan intended to qualify under Section 401 of the Code has been terminated pursuant to resolution of the Company’s board of directors, the form and substance of which shall have been subject to review and approval of Parent, effective as of no later than the day immediately preceding the Closing Date;

(m) evidence reasonably satisfactory to Parent that the Company has complied in all respects with the requirements under Section 228 of the DGCL and an affidavit, in such form as is reasonably satisfactory to Parent, that Company has delivered to each Stockholder an information statement accurately describing this Agreement, the Merger and the provisions of Section 262 of the DGCL;

(n) Support Agreement duly executed by each Stockholder;

(o) Restrictive Covenant Agreements duly executed by each Key Employee;

(p) Employee Offer Letters duly executed by each Key Employee and each Designated Employee;

(q) evidence reasonably satisfactory to Parent that the Company has paid out, or caused to be paid out, all Other Accrued Employee Amounts and all Excess Accrued PTO for all current or former employees, directors or other individual service providers of any Acquired Company;

(r) evidence reasonably satisfactory to Parent that the D&O Tail Policy described in Section 6.3(b) shall be bound at or promptly following the Closing;

(s) evidence that a waiver from each “disqualified individual” (within the meaning of Code Section 280G(c)) entitled to receive a “parachute payment” (within the meaning of Code Section 280G(b)) in connection with the transactions contemplated hereunder of such Person’s right to receive such payment or benefits has been submitted to such disqualified individual and, if such disqualified individual has executed such a waiver, a copy thereof;

(t) copies of the executed materials returned by the Stockholders in connection with the solicitation of their approval of any parachute payments to each disqualified individual (within the meaning of Code Section 280G(c)) entitled to receive a “parachute payment” (within the meaning of Code Section 280G(b));

(u) evidence reasonably satisfactory to Parent that the Company has obtained a prepaid cyber and professional errors & omissions insurance policies tail coverage for a period of up to three (3) years after Closing, in a form reasonably acceptable to Parent (the “Tail Policies”), and has caused the Tail Policies to be bound, issued, and/or endorsed as of the Closing Date such that the coverage obligations of the insurers thereunder in respect of the Company and all other insureds thereunder for claims arising out of facts and circumstances occurring prior to the Closing shall be and remain in full force and effect on no less favorable terms as the coverages provided to the Company and other insureds prior to the Closing Date;

(v) an Option Release Agreement, in a form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Parent, duly executed by each individual set forth on Schedule C;

(w) a Closing Proceeds Acknowledgment Letter, in a form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Parent, duly executed by Patrick Sullivan;

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(x) Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement, in a form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Parent, duly executed by the Securityholder Representative, the Company and Patrick Sullivan; and

(y) the Exchange Documents duly completed and validly executed in accordance with the instructions thereto by Patrick Sullivan and Darren Schreiber.

Section 7.2 Closing Deliveries of Parent and Merger Sub. On or prior to the Closing Date, Parent and Merger Sub shall deliver (or cause to be delivered) to the Company the following:

(a) the Escrow Agreement duly executed by Parent and the Escrow Agent.

 

Article 8
Indemnification

Section 8.1 Survival.

(a) Subject to Section 8.1(b), each representation and warranty contained in Article 4 and Article 5 shall survive the Closing and shall terminate on the eighteen (18) month anniversary of the Closing Date, except that (i) the Fundamental Representations shall survive the Closing and shall terminate [***], and (ii) the Tax Representations shall survive the Closing and shall terminate on the date that is 60 days past the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations for the Taxes that are the subject matter thereof (taking into account any extensions or waivers thereof). The covenants and agreements contained in this Agreement (i) that are required to be performed in whole prior to the Closing shall survive the Closing and shall terminate on the eighteen (18) month anniversary of the Closing Date and (ii) that require performance after the Closing shall survive until the date or dates expressly specified therein or, if not so specified, until performed in accordance with their terms.

(b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, the obligations to indemnify and hold harmless an Indemnified Person pursuant to this Article 8 in respect of a breach of representation or warranty, covenant or agreement shall terminate on the applicable survival termination date (as set forth in Section 8.1(a)), unless Parent shall have made a claim for indemnification pursuant to Section 8.2, subject to the terms and conditions of this Article 8 (or Section 6.4, as applicable), prior to such survival termination date, as applicable, including by delivering an Indemnification Claim Notice to the Indemnifying Securityholder. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, if an Indemnified Person has made a claim for indemnification pursuant to Section 8.2 and delivered an Indemnification Claim Notice to the Indemnifying Securityholder prior to such survival termination date, then such claim (and only such claim), if then unresolved, shall not be extinguished by the passage of the deadlines set forth in Section 8.1(a).

(c) In determining the existence of, and any Losses arising from, any inaccuracy or breach of a representation or warranty herein, the terms “material” or “materially,” any clause or phrase containing “material,” “materially,” “material respects,” “Material Adverse Effect” or any similar terms, clauses or phrases in any such representation or warranty shall be disregarded (as if such word or clause, as applicable, were deleted from such representation, warranty or covenant).

Section 8.2 Indemnification by the Indemnifying Securityholders. Subject to the limitations set forth in this Article 8, from and after the Closing, each Indemnifying Securityholder agrees to (x) severally and jointly with respect to amounts in the Escrow Funds; and otherwise (y) severally and not jointly, based on each Indemnifying Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion, indemnify, defend and hold Parent, each of its

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Affiliates and each of their respective Representatives (collectively, the “Indemnified Persons”) harmless from and in respect of any and all Losses that they may incur arising out of, relating to or resulting from:

(a) any breach or inaccuracy of any representations or warranties of the Company set forth in this Agreement or any other Transaction Document;

(b) any breach or failure of the Company to perform any of its covenants or other agreements contained in this Agreement or any other Transaction Document;

(c) the exercise by any Stockholder of appraisal or dissenters’ rights under Section 262 of the DGCL, including payments in respect of such Person’s Dissenting Shares to the extent such payments exceed the amount to which such Person would have been entitled pursuant to Section 2.4 in respect of such Dissenting Shares had such Person had not exercised appraisal or dissenters’ rights in respect thereof;

(d) any inaccuracies in the Spreadsheet;

(e) any Closing Indebtedness and any Unpaid Transaction Expenses, in each case, to the extent not reflected as a reduction to the Closing Proceeds as finally determined pursuant to Section 3.3;

(f) any claim or actions by Persons who are or were Securityholders, in their capacities as Securityholders, arising out of facts or circumstances existing on or prior to the Effective Time (including the execution and delivery of this Agreement, the performance by the Company and the Securityholder Representative of their respective obligations hereunder, or the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement);

(g) any claim by an Indemnifying Securityholder with respect to the actions or omissions of the Securityholder Representative, including any claim for fraud or misrepresentation, breach, or non-fulfillment of any representation, warranty, covenant, or agreement made by the Securityholder Representative in this Agreement;

(h) any claims by any D&O Indemnitee pursuant to Section 6.3, including, for the avoidance of doubt, any claims regarding a breach of fiduciary duty by the directors and officers of the Company prior to Closing;

(i) any Pre-Closing Taxes;

(j) any fraud or Willful Breach by the Company or its Representatives (in their capacities as such);

(k) any misclassification of (i) current or former employees of any Acquired Company as “exempt” for purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act, or any applicable country, federal, state, or local Law or Order or (ii) current or former independent contractors of any Acquired Company (including but not limited to workers referred to as “interns”) under the Fair Labor Standards Act, or any applicable country, federal, state, or local Law or Order, and in each case of clauses (i) and (ii), any associated or related Losses, including without limitation Taxes (including payroll, employment and withholding Taxes), associated with or related to such misclassification or associated Losses (regardless of whether such misclassification under this Section 8.2(k) constitutes a breach or inaccuracy of any representation or warranty in this Agreement);

(l) any breach of the representations and warranties set forth in Section 4.13(d), including with respect to all Laws applicable to any Acquired Company in respect of any of its employees,

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consultants, independent contractors and other service providers, whether directly or indirectly engaged, that reside in a foreign jurisdiction; and

(m) any matter set forth on Section 8.2(m) of the Disclosure Schedule.

Section 8.3 Limitations on Indemnification. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, the indemnification obligations of an Indemnifying Securityholder pursuant to this Agreement shall be subject to the following limitations:

(a) De Minimis Claim. No Indemnifying Securityholder shall be liable to an Indemnified Person for, and no Indemnified Person shall be entitled to, any indemnification for a Loss pursuant to Section 8.2(a) (other than with respect to breaches of the Fundamental Representations or the Tax Representations) if, with respect to any individual item of Loss, such item (together with any related series or groups of related Losses) is less than $3,800 (each, a “De Minimis Claim”).

(b) Basket. No Indemnifying Securityholder shall be liable to an Indemnified Person for, and no Indemnified Person shall be entitled to, any indemnification for Losses pursuant to Section 8.2(a) (other than with respect to breaches of the Fundamental Representations or the Tax Representations), unless the aggregate of all indemnifiable Losses (excluding all De Minimis Claims) in respect of indemnification pursuant to Section 8.2(a) (other than with respect to breaches of the Fundamental Representations or the Tax Representations), would exceed on a cumulative basis $75,000 (the “Basket”), and then all such Losses shall be indemnifiable hereunder, including the amount of the Basket.

(c) Maximum Amounts. The maximum amount of indemnifiable Losses that the Indemnifying Securityholders shall be liable for, or that may be recovered by the Indemnified Persons, in the aggregate:

(i) pursuant to Section 8.2(a) (other than with respect to claims pursuant to Section 8.2(j) or breaches of the Fundamental Representations or the Tax Representations), shall be $3,800,000; and

(ii) [***]

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, there shall be no cap on the amount of indemnifiable Losses that an Indemnifying Securityholder shall be liable for, or that may be recovered by an Indemnified Person, with respect to such Indemnifying Securityholder’s Willful Breach or fraud (whether on behalf of itself or the Company), fraud of which such Indemnifying Securityholder had actual knowledge, or such Indemnifying Securityholder’s intentional misrepresentation.

(d) Insurance and Other Payments. Payments by an Indemnifying Securityholder pursuant to Section 8.2 in respect of any Loss shall be limited to the amount of any Liability or damage that remains after deducting therefrom any insurance proceeds and any indemnity, contribution or other similar payment actually received by the Indemnified Person (or its Affiliates) from any third parties (other than the Indemnifying Securityholder) in respect of any such claim, net of any costs of recovery and increases in premiums.

(e) No Duplication. Losses shall be determined without duplication of any other Loss for which an indemnification claim has been made or could be made under any other representation, warranty, covenant or agreement. The Indemnified Persons shall not be entitled to recover more than once for the same Loss.

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(f) Other Matters. No indemnity may be sought hereunder in respect of any Loss to the extent such Loss was taken into account in determining the Merger Consideration.

(g) Priority of Recourse. Recourse in respect of indemnifiable Losses shall be made first, against the Indemnity Escrow Fund and second, to the extent in excess of such amount, subject to the limitations contained in this Section 8.3, against Indemnifying Securityholders.

(h) Exclusive Remedy. Except as expressly provided otherwise in this Agreement, and subject to Section 9.7, the parties acknowledge and agree that, following the Closing, the remedies provided for in Section 3.3, Section 6.4 and this Article 8 shall be the sole and exclusive remedies for claims and Losses available to the parties and their respective Affiliates arising out of or relating to this Agreement, except that nothing herein shall limit the Liability of an Indemnifying Securityholder for claims arising out of, relating to or resulting from such Indemnifying Securityholder’s Willful Breach or fraud (whether on behalf of itself or the Company) or fraud of which such Indemnifying Securityholder had actual knowledge.

Section 8.4 Indemnification Procedures.

(a) Direct Claims. Any claim by an Indemnified Person on account of a Loss which does not result from a Third-Party Claim (a “Direct Claim”) shall be asserted by Parent by delivering an Indemnification Claim Notice with respect to such Direct Claim to the Securityholder Representative. Parent shall allow the Securityholder Representative and its Representatives to investigate the matter or circumstance alleged to give rise to the Direct Claim, and whether and to what extent any amount is payable in respect of the Direct Claim, as provided in Section 8.4(c).

(b) Third-Party Claims.

(i) If Parent receives notice of the assertion or commencement of any action made or brought by any Person who is not a party to this Agreement or an Affiliate of a party to this Agreement (a “Third-Party Claim”) against an Indemnified Person with respect to which the Indemnifying Securityholders may be obligated to provide indemnification under this Agreement, Parent shall deliver an Indemnification Claim Notice with respect to such Third-Party Claim to the Securityholder Representative. Such Indemnification Claim Notice shall describe the Third-Party Claim in reasonable detail, and where reasonably practicable, shall include copies of all letters, claims, complaints, filings, documents and material correspondence received by the Indemnified Person or its Representatives with respect thereto.

(ii) The Securityholder Representative shall have the right, but not the obligation, to participate in any Third-Party Claim using the Securityholder Representative’s own counsel (at the Securityholder Representative’s cost and expense on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders), and Parent shall cooperate in good faith with the Securityholder Representative in respect of such participation.

(iii) The Indemnified Persons may, subject to the provisions of this Article 8, pay, compromise or defend such Third-Party Claim and seek indemnification for any and all Losses that they may incur arising out of, relating to or resulting from such Third-Party Claim. Parent shall keep the Securityholder Representative reasonably informed concerning the status of any such Third-Party Claim and any related proceedings and all stages thereof. The Securityholder Representative and the Indemnifying Securityholders shall cooperate in good faith with Parent in all reasonable respects in connection with the defense of any Third-Party Claim, including making available and retaining records relevant or relating to such Third-Party Claim as may be reasonably necessary for the preparation of the defense for, and the defense of, such Third-Party Claim. Parent shall not agree to any settlement of such Third-Party Claim without the written consent of the Securityholder Representative (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed); provided, however, if a Third-Party Claim (A) seeks relief other than

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the payment of monetary damages or could result in the imposition of an Order that would restrict in any respect any present or future activity or conduct of any Indemnified Person, (B) seeks a finding or admission of a violation of Law (including any Third-Party Claim seeking to impose criminal fines, penalties or Sanctions) or of any Order or of a violation of the rights of any Person by any Indemnified Person or (C) together with all other pending Third-Party Claims, seeks relief in excess of the Indemnifying Securityholders’ remaining maximum indemnification obligations hereunder with respect to such Third-Party Claim, then, in each such case, Parent shall be entitled to solely direct the defense of any such Third-Party Claim.

(c) Claim Procedure.

(i) In order for any Indemnified Person to be entitled to make a claim for indemnification under this Article 8, Parent shall deliver a written notice (an “Indemnification Claim Notice”) to the Securityholder Representative, as promptly as reasonably practicable after it acquires knowledge of the fact, event or circumstance giving rise to a claim for Losses pursuant to this Article 8. Parent may update an Indemnification Claim Notice from time to time to reflect any change in circumstances following the date of delivery thereof. Each Indemnification Claim Notice shall specify in reasonable detail the nature of, the facts, circumstances and the amount or a good faith estimate (to the extent ascertainable) of the potential Losses against which such Indemnified Person seeks indemnification for, such claim asserted, and the provisions of this Agreement upon which such claim for indemnification is made; provided, however, any failure by Parent to give such prompt Indemnification Claim Notice shall not relieve the Indemnifying Securityholders of their indemnification obligations, except and only to the extent that the Indemnifying Securityholders are actually and materially prejudiced thereby.

(ii) After delivery of an Indemnification Claim Notice to the Securityholder Representative, (A) Parent shall, upon written request from the Securityholder Representative, supply and make available to the Securityholder Representative and its Representatives (at the Securityholder Representative’s cost and expense on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders) all relevant information in its or its Affiliates’ possession relating to the claim reasonably requested by the Securityholder Representative (except to the extent that such action could jeopardize attorney-client privilege; provided, however, Parent shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to provide such information in such format to the Securityholder Representative, or on an outside-counsel-only basis or in such other manner, that would not result in the loss of such attorney-client privilege) and (B) Parent shall, and shall cause its Representatives, to (1) be reasonably available to the Securityholder Representative (at the Securityholder Representative’s cost and expense on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders) on reasonable advance notice during normal business hours to discuss such claim, (2) render to the Securityholder Representative and its Representatives such assistance as may reasonably be requested by the Securityholder Representative, (3) provide reasonable access to such books, records, accountant work papers and other documents or information in their possession or that may be reasonably obtained as the Securityholder Representative and/or its Representatives may reasonably require (at the Securityholder Representative’s cost and expense on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders) (provided, however, Parent’s accountants shall not be obligated to make any working papers available to the Securityholder Representative or its Representatives unless and until the Securityholder Representative or its Representatives, as applicable, have signed a customary confidentiality and hold harmless agreement relating to such access to working papers in form and substance reasonably acceptable to such accountants), and (4) otherwise cooperate with the Securityholder Representative and its Representatives in good faith (at the Securityholder Representative’s cost and expense on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders). Without limiting the foregoing, such cooperation shall include the retention and (upon the Securityholder Representative’s request) the provision to the Securityholder Representative or its Representatives of books, records and other documents and information which are actually and reasonably relevant to such claim.

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(iii) The Securityholder Representative may, within thirty (30) days after receipt of an Indemnification Claim Notice, deliver to Parent a written response (an “Indemnification Claim Response”) disputing such claim, which response must state (A) in reasonable detail the reasons why the Securityholder Representative disputes such claim, together with reasonable supporting detail, and (B) in respect of such claim, (1) that the Indemnified Person is entitled to receive an amount (the “Agreed Amount”) of cash that is less than the amount of all Losses set forth in such Indemnification Claim Notice or (2) that the Indemnified Person is not entitled to recovery in connection with the matters claimed in the Indemnification Claim Notice. Acceptance by an Indemnified Person of an Agreed Amount shall be without prejudice to the Indemnified Person’s right to claim the balance of the Losses claimed in such Indemnification Claim Notice.

(iv) Any Losses (or portion thereof) claimed in an Indemnification Claim Notice or any other matter set forth therein shall be deemed to be finally resolved for purposes of this Article 8 upon the earlier of (A) such amounts (or portions thereof) or other matters having been resolved by a written agreement executed by the Securityholder Representative, on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders, and Parent, (B) such amounts (or portions thereof) or other matters having been resolved by a final, nonappealable order, decision or ruling of a court of competent jurisdiction or arbitrator with respect to such amounts or matters in dispute, or portions thereof and (C) thirty (30) days after delivery of such Indemnification Claim Notice if the Securityholder Representative fails to deliver an Indemnification Claim Response in respect thereof prior to the expiry of such thirty (30) day period (clauses (A), (B) and (C), together, a “Final Resolution”).

(v) If any amount is payable to Parent pursuant to a Final Resolution, (A) to the extent such payment will be made from the Escrow Fund, the Securityholder Representative and Parent shall promptly jointly instruct the Escrow Agent to release to Parent from the Escrow Fund such amount, and (B) to the extent that the amount remaining in the Indemnity Escrow Fund is insufficient to cover such amount each Indemnifying Securityholder shall, subject to the limitations contained in Section 8.3, within ten (10) Business Days following the date of the determination of the Agreed Amount, pay such Indemnifying Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion (as of the date of such determination) of the amount of such shortfall to Parent.

Section 8.5 Release of Indemnity Escrow Funds. As promptly as possible following the eighteen (18) month anniversary of the Closing Date, and in any event within three (3) Business Days, Parent and the Securityholder Representative shall jointly instruct the Escrow Agent to release such portion of the Indemnity Escrow Amount as is remaining in the Indemnity Escrow Fund (excluding the amount that Parent determines in good faith to be necessary to satisfy all indemnification claims for which Indemnification Claim Notices have been delivered to the Securityholder Representative on or prior to such eighteen (18) month anniversary of the Closing Date that are not fully and finally resolved pursuant to a Final Resolution (or if resolved, not fully paid in accordance with the Final Resolution in respect thereof, if applicable)) as follows: (x) to the Paying Agent, a portion of such remaining amount to which the Stockholders are entitled pursuant to Article 2 for further payment to each Stockholder in accordance in accordance with such Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion and (y) to the Company, remaining amount after the distribution described in subclause (x) for further distribution to each vested In-the-Money Optionholders (as of immediately prior to the Effective Time) in accordance with such Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion via the Surviving Corporation’s payroll system.

Section 8.6 Treatment of Indemnification Payments. The parties agree that any indemnification payments made pursuant to this Agreement shall be treated for Tax purposes as an adjustment to the Merger Consideration, unless otherwise required by applicable Law.

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Article 9
Miscellaneous

Section 9.1 Notices. All notices, demands and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed given (a) when personally delivered, (b) when sent by email (with written confirmation of transmission) or (c) one (1) Business Day following the day sent by a nationally-recognized overnight courier (with written confirmation of receipt), in each case, at the following addresses (or to such other address as a party hereto may have specified by notice given to the other party hereto pursuant to this provision); provided that, with respect to notices delivered to the Securityholder Representative, such notices must be delivered solely via email:

(a) If to the Company (prior to Closing):

2600hz, Inc.
215 Pine Ridge Drive
Whispering Pines, NC 28327
Attention: Kate Zucchino
Email: kate@2600hz.com

 

with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:

Beyers Costin Simon
200 Fourth St., Suite 200
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Attention: Michael Garcia

(b) Email: mgarcia@beyerscostin.com If to the Securityholder Representative:

Fortis Advisors LLC

Attention: Notices Department (Project Geneva)

Email: notices@fortisrep.com

(c) If to Parent:

Ooma, Inc.
525 Almanor Avenue, Suite 200
Sunnyvale, California 94085
Attention: Jenny C. Yeh
Email: jenny.yeh@ooma.com

with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:

Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP
300 W 6th St Suite 1850
Austin, Texas 78701
Attention: Zac Padgett
Email: zpadgett@orrick.com

Section 9.2 Severability. If any provision of this Agreement shall be declared by any court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, void or unenforceable, all other provisions of this Agreement and the application of such provision to other Persons or circumstances other than those which it is determined to

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be illegal, void or unenforceable, shall not be impaired or otherwise affected and shall remain in full force and effect to the fullest extent permitted by applicable Law.

Section 9.3 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original and all of which together shall be deemed to be one and the same instrument. Copies of executed counterparts transmitted by electronic signature (including by means of email in .pdf format) shall be considered original executed counterparts for purposes of this Section 9.3.

Section 9.4 Expenses. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, whether or not the Closing occurs, each party shall each pay their respective expenses incurred in connection with the negotiation and execution of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby.

Section 9.5 Assignment; Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their respective permitted successors and permitted assigns; provided, however, no party to this Agreement may directly or indirectly assign any or all of its rights or delegate any or all of its obligations under this Agreement without the express prior written consent of the other parties to this Agreement, except that Parent may assign, in its sole discretion, all or part of its rights or obligations hereunder to one or more of its Affiliates or to any Person in connection with an internal restructuring, joint venture, sale or divestiture of all or any part of the equity interests or the assets of Parent or any of its Affiliates. No assignment of any obligations hereunder shall relieve any party of any such obligations.

Section 9.6 Amendment; Waiver. This Agreement may be amended, supplemented or otherwise modified only by a written instrument executed by Parent and Merger Sub, on the one hand, and the Securityholder Representative, on the other hand. No waiver by any party of any of the provisions hereof shall be effective unless explicitly set forth in writing and executed by the party so waiving. Except as provided in the preceding sentence, no action taken pursuant to this Agreement, including any investigation by or on behalf of any party, or a failure or delay by any party in exercising any power, right or privilege under this Agreement shall be deemed to constitute a waiver by the party taking such action of compliance with any representations, warranties, covenants, or agreements contained herein, and in any documents delivered or to be delivered pursuant to this Agreement and in connection with the Closing hereunder. The waiver by any party of a breach of any provision of this Agreement shall not operate or be construed as a waiver of any subsequent breach. After approval and adoption of this Agreement and the Merger by the Company’s stockholders and without their further approval, no amendment or waiver shall reduce the amount or change the kind of consideration to be received in exchange for any share of Company Stock.

Section 9.7 Remedies. The parties acknowledge and agree that irreparable damage would occur and that the parties may not have any adequate remedy at Law in the event that any provision of this Agreement were not performed in accordance with its specific terms or were otherwise breached, and that money damages or other legal remedies would not be an adequate remedy for any such failure to perform or any such breach. Accordingly, the parties acknowledge and agree that, without limitation of the other parties’ rights to seek any other form or amount of relief as may be available under this Agreement (including monetary damages), in the event of any breach or threatened breach by any party of its respective covenants or obligations set forth in this Agreement, the other parties shall be entitled to injunctive relief to prevent or restrain breaches or threatened breaches of this Agreement by such party, and to specifically enforce the terms and provisions of this Agreement to prevent breaches or threatened breaches of, or to enforce compliance with, such party’s covenants and obligations under this Agreement, without proof of actual damages or inadequacy of legal remedy and without bond or other security being required. Each of the parties hereby agrees not to raise any objections to the availability of the equitable remedy of specific performance to prevent or restrain breaches or threatened breaches of this Agreement by the Company or Parent, as applicable, and to specifically enforce the terms and provisions of this Agreement to prevent

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breaches or threatened breaches of, or to enforce compliance with, the covenants and obligations of the Company or Parent, as applicable, under this Agreement. The pursuit of specific enforcement or other equitable remedies by any party will not be deemed an election of remedies or waiver of the right to pursue any other right or remedy (whether at Law or in equity) to which such party may be entitled at any time. Subject to Section 8.3, any and all remedies herein expressly conferred upon a party will be deemed cumulative with and not exclusive of any other remedy conferred hereby, or by Law or equity upon such party, and the exercise by a party of any one remedy will not preclude the exercise at any time of any other remedy.

Section 9.8 Third Parties. This Agreement does not create any rights, claims or benefits inuring to any Person that is not a party nor create or establish any Third-Party beneficiary hereto; provided, however, notwithstanding the foregoing, (a) the D&O Indemnitees are intended Third-Party beneficiaries of, and may enforce, Section 6.3 and (b) the Indemnified Persons are intended Third-Party beneficiaries of, and may enforce, Article 8.

Section 9.9 Governing Law. This Agreement, and all claims or causes of action (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) that may be based upon, arise out of or relate to this Agreement or the negotiation, execution or performance of this Agreement (including any claim or cause of action based upon, arising out of or related to any representation or warranty made in or in connection with this Agreement) shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the Laws of the State of Delaware, without giving effect to any Laws, rules or provisions that would cause the application of the Laws of any jurisdiction other than the State of Delaware.

Section 9.10 Consent to Jurisdiction; Waiver of Jury Trial.

(a) Each of the parties hereby irrevocably and unconditionally (i) submits, for itself and its property, to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Delaware Court of Chancery (or, only if the Delaware Court of Chancery declines to accept jurisdiction over a particular matter, any Federal court of the United States of America sitting in the State of Delaware), and any appellate court from any thereof, in any Proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the negotiation, execution or performance of this Agreement (including any claim or cause of action based upon, arising out of or related to any representation or warranty made in or in connection with this Agreement), or for recognition or enforcement of any judgment, and agrees that all claims in respect of any such Proceeding shall be heard and determined in such Delaware Court of Chancery (or, only if the Delaware Court of Chancery declines to accept jurisdiction over a particular matter, any Federal court of the United States of America sitting in the State of Delaware), (ii) waives, to the fullest extent it may legally and effectively do so, any objection which it may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue of any Proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the negotiation, execution or performance of this Agreement (including any claim or cause of action based upon, arising out of or related to any representation or warranty made in or in connection with this Agreement) in the Delaware Court of Chancery, any Federal court of the United States of America sitting in the State of Delaware, or in any Delaware State court, (iii) waives, to the fullest extent permitted by Law, the defense of an inconvenient forum to the maintenance of such Proceeding in any such court and (iv) agrees that a final judgment in any such proceeding shall be conclusive and may be enforced in other jurisdictions by suit on the judgment or in any other manner provided by Law. Each of the parties agrees that service of process, summons, notice or document by registered mail addressed to it at the applicable address set forth in Section 9.1 shall be effective service of process for any Proceeding brought in any such court.

(b) THE PARTIES HEREBY IRREVOCABLY AND UNCONDITIONALLY WAIVE ANY RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY ACTION, PROCEEDING OR COUNTERCLAIM ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT, THE TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS OR ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY OR THEREBY OR THE ACTIONS OF THE

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PARTIES IN THE NEGOTIATION, EXECUTION, PERFORMANCE AND ENFORCEMENT OF THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS, WHETHER NOW EXISTING OR HEREAFTER ARISING, AND WHETHER SOUNDING IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE. THE PARTIES AGREE THAT ANY OF THEM MAY FILE A COPY OF THIS PARAGRAPH WITH ANY COURT AS WRITTEN EVIDENCE OF THE KNOWING, VOLUNTARY AND BARGAINED FOR AGREEMENT AMONG THE PARTIES IRREVOCABLY TO WAIVE TRIAL BY JURY AND THAT ANY PROCEEDING WHATSOEVER BETWEEN THEM RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT, THE TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS OR ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY OR THEREBY SHALL INSTEAD BE TRIED IN A COURT OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION BY A JUDGE SITTING WITHOUT A JURY.

Section 9.11 Disclosure Schedule. The Disclosure Schedule is hereby incorporated and made a part hereof and is an integral part of this Agreement. Disclosures included in the Disclosure Schedule shall be considered to be made for purposes of such other sections to the Disclosure Schedule to which such disclosures are specifically referenced or cross-referenced and in all other sections to the Disclosure Schedule to the extent that the relevance of any disclosure to any such other section of the Disclosure Schedule is reasonably apparent on the face of such disclosure. Any capitalized terms used in the Disclosure Schedule but not otherwise defined therein shall be defined as set forth in this Agreement.

Section 9.12 Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the other agreements, instruments, and documents contemplated hereby or executed in connection herewith (including the Confidentiality Agreement, the Transaction Documents and the Exhibits hereto) set forth the entire understanding of the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede any prior understandings, agreements or representations by or between the parties hereto, written or oral, which may have related to the subject matter hereof. In the event of any inconsistency between the provisions of this Agreement and any other Transaction Document, the provisions of this Agreement shall prevail.

Section 9.13 Securityholder Representative. By virtue of accepting the benefits hereof (including a share of the Merger Consideration, if and to the extent payable hereunder), approval of the Merger (if applicable) as well as through the execution and delivery of the Support Agreement in the case of the Stockholders, and the adoption of this Agreement and approval of the Merger by the Stockholders, and without any further action of any of the Indemnifying Securityholders or the Company, each Indemnifying Securityholder will, as a specific term of the Merger, be deemed to have agreed that:

(a) The Securityholder Representative is irrevocably constituted and appointed as the Securityholder Representative, exclusive agent, proxy, and true and lawful attorney in fact (coupled with an interest) for all Indemnifying Securityholders for all purposes under this Agreement and the Escrow Agreement, including the full power and authority on each such Person’s behalf: (i) to consummate the transactions contemplated under this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents; (ii) to negotiate claims and disputes arising under, or relating to, this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents (including, for the avoidance of doubt, the adjustment of Closing Proceeds contemplated by Section 3.3 and claims for indemnification under Article 8); (iii) to take action to cause to be disbursed to any Indemnifying Securityholder any funds to be disbursed to such Indemnifying Securityholder under this Agreement (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any portion of the Merger Consideration) or otherwise; (iv) to direct payment of any amounts to be received by any Indemnifying Securityholder pursuant to this Agreement (including, for the avoidance of doubt, any portion of the Merger Consideration) or to satisfy (on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders) any and all obligations or Liabilities of any Indemnifying Securityholder; (v) to execute and deliver any amendment or waiver to this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents (without the prior approval of any Indemnifying Securityholder); and (vi) to take or refrain from taking the foregoing and all other actions to be taken by or on behalf of any Indemnifying Securityholder in connection with this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents or otherwise

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relating to the subject matter of this Agreement, as determined by the Securityholder Representative. The powers, immunities and rights to indemnification granted to the Securityholder Representative Group hereunder: (i) are coupled with an interest, are therefore irrevocable without the consent of the Securityholder Representative and shall survive the death, incapacity, bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation of each Indemnifying Securityholder, and shall be binding on any successor thereto, and (ii) shall survive the delivery of an assignment by any Indemnifying Securityholder of the whole or any fraction of his, her or its interest in the Escrow Funds. All decisions and actions by the Securityholder Representative including under this Agreement, the Escrow Agreement or the Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement shall be binding upon each Indemnifying Securityholder and such Indemnifying Securityholder’s successors as if expressly confirmed and ratified in writing by such Indemnifying Securityholder, and no Indemnifying Securityholder shall have the right to object, dissent, protest or otherwise contest the same. Parent, the Surviving Corporation and their Affiliates may fully rely upon any such decision, act, consent or instruction of the Securityholder Representative as being the decision, act, consent or instruction of the Indemnifying Securityholder. Parent, the Surviving Corporation and their Affiliates is hereby relieved from any Liability to any Person for any acts done by them in accordance with such decision, act, consent or instruction of the Securityholder Representative. No Indemnified Person shall be liable to any Indemnifying Securityholder for any actions taken or omitted by them in reliance upon any instructions, notice, or other instruments delivered by the Securityholder Representative. All defenses which may be available to any Indemnifying Securityholder to contest, negate or disaffirm the action of the Securityholder Representative taken in good faith under this Agreement, the Escrow Agreement or the Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement are waived. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Securityholder Representative shall have no duties or obligations, except those expressly set forth herein, in the Escrow Agreement and in the Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement, and for purposes of clarity, there are no duties or obligations of the Securityholder Representative in any ancillary agreement, schedule, exhibit or the Disclosure Schedule. The Securityholder Representative may resign at any time, and may be removed or replaced by the vote of Indemnifying Securityholders with a majority of the Pro Rata Portion. The immunities and rights to indemnification shall survive the resignation or removal of the Securityholder Representative or any member of the Advisory Group and the Closing and/or any termination of this Agreement or the Escrow Agreement;

(b) The Securityholder Representative Group shall be indemnified, defended, held harmless and reimbursed by each Indemnifying Securityholder severally (based on each Indemnifying Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion), and not jointly, against all Liabilities, losses, claims, damages, costs, expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement (collectively, the “Securityholder Representative Expenses”) incurred without gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the Securityholder Representative and arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of its duties hereunder, under the Escrow Agreement or under the Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement, including any amounts paid or incurred by the Securityholder Representative in connection with any claim, action, suit or proceeding to which the Securityholder Representative is made a party by reason of the fact that such Person is or was acting as the Securityholder Representative pursuant to the terms of this Agreement (including, for the avoidance of doubt, the satisfaction of payment obligations on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders). Any and all amounts paid or incurred by the Securityholder Representative in connection with any claim, action, suit or proceeding to which the Securityholder Representative or such other Person is made a party or otherwise by reason of the fact that it is or was acting as the Securityholder Representative pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, the Escrow Agreement or the Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement are on behalf of the Indemnifying Securityholders (and not, for the avoidance of doubt, on behalf of the Securityholder Representative in any other capacity);

(c) Certain Indemnifying Securityholders have entered into an engagement agreement (the “Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement”) with the Securityholder Representative to

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provide direction to the Securityholder Representative in connection with its services under this Agreement, the Escrow Agreement and the Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement (such Indemnifying Securityholders, including their individual representatives, collectively hereinafter referred to as the “Advisory Group”). Neither the Securityholder Representative nor its members, managers, directors, officers, contractors, agents and employees nor any member of the Advisory Group (collectively, the “Securityholder Representative Group”) shall incur any Liability or otherwise have liability to any Indemnifying Securityholder for any action or failure to act in connection with the acceptance or administration of the Securityholder Representative’s responsibilities hereunder, under the Escrow Agreement or under the Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement, including any by virtue of the failure or refusal of the Securityholder Representative for any reason to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby or relating to the performance of their duties hereunder, unless and only to the extent such action or failure to act constitutes gross negligence or willful misconduct. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Securityholder Representative Group shall have no Liability in respect of any action, claim or proceeding brought against any such Person by any Indemnifying Securityholder, regardless of the legal theory under which such Liability or obligation may be sought to be imposed, whether sounding in contract or tort, or whether at Law or in equity, or otherwise, if any such Person took or omitted taking any action in good faith;

(d) Securityholder Representative Expenses may be recovered first, from the Expense Fund, second, from any distribution of the Escrow Funds otherwise distributable to the Indemnifying Securityholders at the time of distribution, and third, directly from each Indemnifying Securityholder severally (based on such Indemnifying Securityholder’s Pro Rata Portion), and not jointly;

(e) The Representative Holdback Amount shall be held by the Securityholder Representative in a segregated client account and shall be used (i) for the purposes of paying directly or reimbursing the Securityholder Representative for any Securityholder Representative Expenses incurred pursuant to this Agreement, the Escrow Agreement or the Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement, or (ii) as otherwise determined by the Advisory Group (the “Expense Fund”). The Securityholder Representative is not providing any investment supervision, recommendations or advice and shall have no responsibility or liability for any loss of principal of the Expense Fund other than as a result of its gross negligence or willful misconduct. The Securityholder Representative is not acting as a withholding agent or in any similar capacity in connection with the Expense Fund and has no tax reporting or income distribution obligations. The Indemnifying Securityholders will not receive any interest on the Expense Fund and assign to the Securityholder Representative any such interest. Subject to Advisory Group approval, the Securityholder Representative may contribute funds to the Expense Fund from any consideration otherwise distributable to the Indemnifying Securityholders. Upon full reimbursement of all Securityholder Representative Expenses or when reasonably determined by the Securityholder Representative that the Expense Fund is no longer required to be withheld, the Securityholder Representative shall distribute the remaining Expense Fund (if any) to the Paying Agent and/or the Company, as applicable, for further distribution to the Indemnifying Securityholders in accordance with their respective Pro Rata Portions; and

(f) The Indemnifying Securityholders acknowledge that the Securityholder Representative shall not be required to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur any financial liability in the exercise or performance of any of its powers, rights, duties or privileges or pursuant to this Agreement, the Escrow Agreement, the Securityholder Representative Engagement Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby. Furthermore, the Securityholder Representative shall not be required to take any action unless the Securityholder Representative has been provided with funds, security or indemnities which, in its determination, are sufficient to protect the Securityholder Representative against the costs, expenses and liabilities which may be incurred by the Securityholder Representative in performing such actions. The Securityholder Representative shall be entitled to: (i) rely upon the

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Spreadsheet, (ii) rely upon any signature believed by it to be genuine, and (iii) reasonably assume that a signatory has proper authorization to sign on behalf of the applicable Indemnifying Securityholder or other party. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein and without limiting the generality of other protections in favor of the Securityholder Representative Group hereunder, the Securityholder Representative and its Affiliates shall not be liable for any Loss or otherwise to any Indemnifying Securityholder for any action taken or not taken by the Securityholder Representative or for any act or omission taken or not taken in reliance upon the actions taken or not taken or decisions, communications or writings made, given or executed by Parent or Merger Sub or the Surviving Corporation.

Section 9.14 Relationship of the Parties. Nothing in this Agreement creates a joint venture or partnership between the parties. This Agreement does not authorize any party (a) to bind or commit, or to act as an agent, employee or legal representative of, another party, except as may be specifically set forth in other provisions of this Agreement or (b) to have the power to control the activities and operations of another party. The parties are independent contractors with respect to each other under this Agreement. Each party agrees not to hold itself out as having any authority or relationship contrary to this Section 9.14.

[Signature Page Follows]

 

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement and Plan of Merger on the date first above written.

PARENT

OOMA, INC.

 

By: /s/ Eric Stang

Name: Eric Stang

Title: Chief Executive Officer

MERGER SUB

GENEVA MERGER SUB, INC.

 

By: /s/ Eric Stang

Name: Eric Stang

Title: Chief Executive Officer

THE COMPANY

2600HZ, INC

By: /s/ Darren Schreiber

Name: Darren Schreiber

Title: CEO

THE SECURITYHOLDER REPRESENTATIVE:

FORTIS ADVISORS LLC (solely in its capacity as the Securityholder Representative)

By: /s/ Ryan Simkin

Name: Ryan Simkin

Title: Managing Director

[Signature Page to Merger Agreement]

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Exhibit 3.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Amended and restated BYLAWS

OF

Ooma, inc.

 

 

 

(Adopted and approved on June 3, 2015, as amended through September 8, 2023)

 

 

 

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ARTICLE I CORPORATE OFFICES			3
	1.1	REGISTERED OFFICE.	3
	1.2	OTHER OFFICES.	3
ARTICLE II MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS			3
	2.1	PLACE OF MEETINGS.	3
	2.2	ANNUAL MEETING.	3
	2.3	SPECIAL MEETING.	4
	2.4	ADVANCE NOTICE PROCEDURES.	4
	2.5	NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDERS’ MEETINGS.	12
	2.6	ADJOURNED MEETING; NOTICE.	12
	2.7	QUORUM.	12
	2.8	CONDUCT OF BUSINESS.	13
	2.9	VOTING.	13
	2.10	NO STOCKHOLDER ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT WITHOUT
	A MEETING.		14
	2.11	WAIVER OF NOTICE.	14
	2.12	RECORD DATE FOR STOCKHOLDER NOTICE; VOTING.	14
	2.13	PROXIES.	15
	2.14	INSPECTORS OF ELECTION.	15
ARTICLE III DIRECTORS			16
	3.1	POWERS.	16
	3.2	NUMBER OF DIRECTORS.	16
	3.3	ELECTION, QUALIFICATION AND TERM OF OFFICE OF DIRECTORS.	16
	3.4	RESIGNATION AND VACANCIES.	16
	3.5	PLACE OF MEETINGS; MEETINGS BY TELEPHONE.	17
	3.6	REGULAR MEETINGS.	17
	3.7	SPECIAL MEETINGS; NOTICE.	17
	3.8	QUORUM AND VOTING.	17
	3.9	WAIVER OF NOTICE.	18
	3.10	BOARD ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING.	18
	3.11	FEES AND COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS.	18
	3.12	REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS.	18
	3.13	Confidentiality.	18
	3.14	EMERGENCY BYLAWS	19
ARTICLE IV COMMITTEES			19
	4.1	COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS.	19
	4.2	COMMITTEE MINUTES.	19
	4.3	MEETINGS AND ACTION OF COMMITTEES.	19
	4.4	SUBCOMMITTEES	20
ARTICLE V OFFICERS			20
	5.1	OFFICERS.	20
	5.2	APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS.	20
	5.3	SUBORDINATE OFFICERS.	20
	5.4	REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION OF OFFICERS.	21
	5.5	VACANCIES IN OFFICES.	21
	5.6	THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE BOARD.	21
	5.7	LEAD NON-MANAGEMENT DIRECTOR.	21

 

 

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	5.8	THE VICE CHAIRPERSON OF THE BOARD.	21
	5.9	CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER.	21
	5.10	PRESIDENT.	22
	5.11	VICE PRESIDENTS.	22
	5.12	SECRETARY AND ASSISTANT SECRETARIES.	22
	5.13	CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER AND ASSISTANT TREASURERS.	23
	5.14	REPRESENTATION OF SHARES OF OTHER CORPORATIONS.	23
	5.15	AUTHORITY AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS.	23
ARTICLE VI INDEMNIFICATION			23
	6.1	INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS IN THIRD PARTY
	PROCEEDINGS.		23
	6.2	INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS IN ACTIONS BY OR IN
	THE RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION.		24
	6.3	SUCCESSFUL DEFENSE.	24
	6.4	INDEMNIFICATION OF OTHERS.	24
	6.5	ADVANCED PAYMENT OF EXPENSES.	25
	6.6	LIMITATION ON INDEMNIFICATION.	25
	6.7	DETERMINATION; CLAIM.	26
	6.8	NON-EXCLUSIVITY OF RIGHTS.	26
	6.9	INSURANCE.	26
	6.10	SURVIVAL.	26
	6.11	EFFECT OF REPEAL OR MODIFICATION.	26
	6.12	CERTAIN DEFINITIONS.	26
ARTICLE VII RECORDS AND REPORTS			27
	7.1	MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION OF RECORDS; LIST OF
	STOCKHOLDERS ENTITLED TO VOTE.		27
ARTICLE VIII STOCK			28
	8.1	STOCK CERTIFICATES.	28
	8.2	LOST, STOLEN OR DESTROYED CERTIFICATES.	28
	8.3	SPECIAL DESIGNATION ON CERTIFICATES.	28
	8.4	TRANSFER OF STOCK.	29
	8.5	STOCK TRANSFER AGREEMENTS.	29
ARTICLE IX GENERAL MATTERS			29
	9.1	CHECKS.	29
	9.2	EXECUTION OF CORPORATE CONTRACTS AND INSTRUMENTS.	29
	9.3	CONSTRUCTION; DEFINITIONS.	29
	9.4	DIVIDENDS.	30
	9.5	FISCAL YEAR.	30
	9.6	REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS.	30
	9.7	TIME PERIODS.	30
ARTICLE X NOTICES			30
	10.1	NOTICE BY ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION.	30
	10.2	NOTICE TO STOCKHOLDERS SHARING AN ADDRESS.	30
	10.3	NOTICE TO PERSON WITH WHOM COMMUNICATION IS UNLAWFUL.	31
ARTICLE XI AMENDMENTS			31

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Amended and restated BYLAWS

OF

Ooma, inc.

Article I

CORPORATE OFFICES

1.1 REGISTERED OFFICE.

The registered office of the Corporation shall be fixed in the Corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation, as the same may be amended from time to time. References in these Bylaws to the Certificate of Incorporation shall mean the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended from time to time, including the terms of any Certificate of Designations of any series of preferred stock.

1.2 OTHER OFFICES.

The Board of Directors may at any time establish other offices, and keep the books and records of the Corporation, except as may otherwise be required by law, at any place or places where the Corporation is qualified to do business.

Article II

MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

2.1 PLACE OF MEETINGS.

Meetings of stockholders shall be held at any place, within or outside the State of Delaware, designated by the Board of Directors (or the chairperson of the Board of Directors in the absence of a designation by the Board of Directors). The Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that a meeting of stockholders shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication as authorized by Section 211(a)(2) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”). In the absence of any such designation, stockholders’ meetings shall be held at the registered office of the Corporation.

2.2 ANNUAL MEETING.

The annual meeting of stockholders shall be held each year on a date and at a time designated by resolution of the Board of Directors and stated in the Corporation’s notice of the meeting. The meeting shall be for the election of directors to succeed those whose terms expire and for the transaction of such business as may properly come before the meeting. The Board of Directors may postpone, reschedule or cancel at any time and for any reason any annual meeting of stockholders previously scheduled by the Board of Directors before it (or any adjournment) is to be held, regardless of whether any notice or public disclosure with respect to such meeting (or adjournment) has been sent or made pursuant to Section 2.5 of these Bylaws or otherwise, in which case notice shall be provided to the stockholders of the new date, time and place, if any, of the meeting as provided in Section 2.5 below.

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2.3 SPECIAL MEETING.

(i) Subject to the rights of the holders of the shares of any series of preferred stock that have been expressly granted the right to call a special meeting of the holders of such series, a special meeting of the stockholders, other than those required by statute, may be called at any time by (A) the Board of Directors, (B) the chairperson of the Board of Directors, (C) the chief executive officer or (D) the president (in the absence of the chief executive officer). Special meetings of stockholders may not be called by any other person or persons. The Board of Directors may postpone, reschedule or cancel any previously scheduled special meeting of stockholders at any time and for any reason before it (or any adjournment) is to be held, regardless of whether any notice or public disclosure with respect to such meeting (or adjournment) has been sent or made pursuant to Section 2.5 of these Bylaws or otherwise, in which case notice shall be provided to the stockholders of the new date, time and place, if any, of the meeting as provided in Section 2.5 below.

(ii) The notice of a special meeting shall include the purpose for which the meeting is called. Only such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, the chairperson of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer or the president (in the absence of a chief executive officer). Nothing contained in this Section 2.3(ii) shall be construed as limiting, fixing or affecting the time when a meeting of stockholders called by action of the Board of Directors may be held.

2.4 ADVANCE NOTICE PROCEDURES.

(i) Advance Notice of Stockholder Business. At an annual meeting of the stockholders, only such business shall be conducted as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. To be properly brought before an annual meeting, business must be brought: (A) pursuant to the Corporation’s proxy materials with respect to such meeting, (B) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, or (C) by a stockholder of the Corporation who (1) is a stockholder of record at the time of the giving of the notice required by this Section 2.4(i) and on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the annual meeting, (2) has timely complied in proper written form with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 2.4(i) in all applicable respects, and (3) has delivered a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the Corporation’s voting shares required under applicable law to carry any such proposal and has included in such materials the Solicitation Notice (as defined below) (or if no Solicitation Notice relating thereto has been timely provided pursuant to this Section 2.4, has not solicited a number of proxies sufficient to have required the delivery of such a Solicitation Notice). In addition, for business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder, such business must be a proper matter for stockholder action pursuant to these Bylaws and applicable law. Except for proposals properly made in accordance with Rule 14a-8 under the 1934 Act (as defined below), and the rules and regulations thereunder (as so amended and inclusive of such rules and regulations), and included in the notice of meeting given by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, for the avoidance of doubt, clause (C) above shall be the exclusive means for a stockholder to bring business before an annual meeting of stockholders.

(a) To comply with clause (C) of Section 2.4(i) above, a stockholder’s notice must set forth all information required under this Section 2.4(i), and any updates or supplements thereto at the times and in the forms required by this Section 2.4, and must be timely received by the secretary of the Corporation. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice must be received by the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the ninetieth (90th) day nor earlier than 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the one-hundred and twentieth (120th) day before the one-year anniversary of the date on which the corporation first mailed its proxy materials or a notice of availability of proxy materials (whichever is earlier) for the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, however, that

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in the event that no annual meeting was held in the previous year or if the date of the annual meeting is advanced by more than thirty (30) days prior to or delayed by more than sixty (60) days after the one-year anniversary of the date of the previous year’s annual meeting, then, for notice by the stockholder to be timely, it must be so received by the secretary not earlier than 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the one-hundred and twentieth (120th) day prior to such annual meeting and not later than 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the later of (i) the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such annual meeting, or (ii) the tenth (10th) day following the day on which Public Announcement (as defined below) of the date of such annual meeting is first made by the Corporation. In no event shall any adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting or the announcement thereof commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described in this Section 2.4(i)(a). “Public Announcement” shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or a comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any successor thereto (the “1934 Act”).

(b) To be in proper written form, a stockholder’s notice to the secretary must set forth as to each matter of business the stockholder intends to bring before the annual meeting: (1) a brief description of the business intended to be brought before the annual meeting, the text of the proposal or business (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and in the event that such business includes a proposal to amend the Bylaws, the text of the proposed amendment), and the reasons for conducting such business at the annual meeting, (2) the name and address, as they appear on the Corporation’s books, of the stockholder proposing such business and any Stockholder Associated Person (as defined below), (3) a description of all agreements, arrangements and understandings between or among such stockholder and any such Stockholder Associated Person and any of its or their respective affiliates or associates, on the one hand, and any other person or persons, on the other hand, (including their names) in connection with the proposal of such business by such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person, (4) the class and number of shares of the Corporation that are held of record or are beneficially owned by the stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person and any derivative positions held or beneficially held by the stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person, including any shares of any class or series of the Corporation as to which such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person has a right to acquire beneficial ownership at any time in the future, (5) whether and the extent to which any hedging or other transaction or series of transactions has been entered into by or on behalf of such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person with respect to any securities of the Corporation (including without limitation any option, warrant, convertible security, stock appreciation right, or similar right with an exercise or conversion privilege or a settlement payment or mechanism at a price related to any class or series of shares of the Corporation or with a value derived in whole or in part from the value of any class or series of shares of the Corporation, whether or not such instrument or right shall be subject to settlement in the underlying class or series of shares of the Corporation or otherwise, and any cash-settled equity swap, total return swap, synthetic equity position or similar derivative arrangement (any of the foregoing, a “Derivative Instrument”), as well as any rights to dividends on the shares of any class or series of shares of the Corporation that are separated or separable from the underlying shares of the Corporation), and a description of any other agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any short interest in any security of the Corporation (for purposes of this Bylaw a person shall be deemed to have a short interest in a security if such person directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, has the opportunity to profit or share in any profit derived from any increase or decrease in the value of the subject security, including through performance-related fees (any of the foregoing, a “Short Interest”)) or any borrowing or lending of shares), the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, or to manage the risk or benefit from share price changes for, or to increase or decrease the voting power of, such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person with respect to any securities of the Corporation, (6) any proportionate interest in shares of the Corporation or Derivative Instruments held, directly or indirectly, by a general or limited partnership in which such stockholder or any Stockholder

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Associated Person or any of its or their respective affiliates or associates is a general partner or, directly or indirectly, beneficially owns an interest in a general partner of such general or limited partnership, (7) any direct or indirect material interest in any material contract or agreement with the Corporation, any affiliate of the Corporation or any principal competitor of the Corporation (including, in any such case, any employment agreement, collective bargaining agreement or consulting agreement), (8) any significant equity interests or any Derivative Instruments or Short Interests in any principal competitor of the Corporation held by such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person and/or any of its or their respective affiliates or associates, (9) any other material relationship between such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person, on the one hand, and the Corporation, any affiliate of the Corporation or any principal competitor of the Corporation, on the other hand, (10) all information that would be required to be set forth in a Schedule 13D filed pursuant to Rule 13d-1(a) or an amendment pursuant to Rule 13d-2(a) if such a statement were required to be filed under the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder by such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person and/or any of its or their respective affiliates or associates, (11) any other information relating to such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies or consents by such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person in support of the business or nomination proposed to be brought before the meeting pursuant to Section 14(a) (or any successor provision) under the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder; (12) such stockholder’s and any Stockholder Associated Person’s written consent to the public disclosure of information provided to the Corporation pursuant to this Section 2.4(b); (12) a complete written description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether oral or in writing) (including any knowledge that another person or entity is Acting in Concert (as defined below)) with such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person) between or among such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person, any of its or their respective affiliates or associates and any other person Acting in Concert with any of the foregoing persons, (13) a representation that such stockholder is a holder of record of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at such meeting and intends to appear in person (including virtually in the case of a meeting conducted solely by means of remote communication) or by proxy at the meeting to propose such business or nomination, (14) any proxy, contract, arrangement, or relationship pursuant to which such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person has a right to vote, directly or indirectly, any shares of any security of the Corporation, (15) any material interest of the stockholder or a Stockholder Associated Person in such business, including any anticipated benefit to such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person, and (16) a statement (an affirmative statement of such intent being “Solicitation Notice”) whether either such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person intends to deliver a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the Corporation’s voting shares required under applicable law to carry the proposal (such information provided and statements made as required by clauses (1) through (15), together with a Solicitation Notice, a “Business Solicitation Statement”). The disclosures to be made pursuant to the foregoing clauses (4), (5), (6) and (8) shall not include any information with respect to the ordinary course business activities of any broker, dealer, commercial bank, trust company or other nominee who is such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person solely as a result of being the stockholder directed to prepare and submit the notice required by these Bylaws on behalf of a beneficial owner. In addition, to be in proper written form, a stockholder’s notice to the secretary must be supplemented in writing (and such update shall clearly identify the information that has changed since the prior submission), if necessary, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice is true and correct in all material respects as of (i) the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting and (ii) 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the tenth (10th) business day prior to the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof. In the case of an update pursuant to clause (i) of the foregoing sentence, such update shall be received by the secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not later than five (5) business days after the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting, and in the case of an update pursuant to clause (ii) of the foregoing sentence, such update shall be received by the secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation not later than eight (8) business days prior to the date for the meeting, and, if practicable, any adjournment or postponement

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thereof. For the avoidance of doubt, the obligation to update as set forth in this paragraph shall not limit the Corporation’s rights with respect to any deficiencies in any notice provided by a stockholder, extend any applicable deadlines hereunder or enable or be deemed to permit a stockholder who has previously submitted notice hereunder to amend or update any proposal or nomination or to submit any new proposal, including by changing or adding nominees, matters, business and/or resolutions proposed to be brought before a meeting of stockholders.

(c) Without exception, no business shall be conducted at any annual meeting except in accordance with the provisions set forth in this Section 2.4(i) and, if applicable, Section 2.4(ii). In addition, business proposed to be brought by a stockholder may not be brought before the annual meeting if such stockholder or a Stockholder Associated Person, as applicable, takes action contrary to the representations made in the Business Solicitation Statement applicable to such business or if the Business Solicitation Statement applicable to such business contains an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. Except as otherwise provided by law or these Bylaws, the chairperson of the meeting shall have the power and duty to determine whether a nomination or any other business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.4(i) and, if applicable, Section 2.4(ii), and, if any proposed nomination or business is not in compliance herewith, to declare that such defective proposal or nomination shall be disregarded (and any such nominee shall be disqualified), including the circumstances described in Section 2.4(iv), including the provision to the Corporation of notices required under Rule 14a-19 under the 1934 Act in a timely manner. The chairperson of the annual meeting shall, if the facts warrant, determine and declare at the annual meeting that business was not properly brought before the annual meeting and in accordance with the provisions of this Section 2.4(i), and, if the chairperson should so determine, he or she shall so declare at the annual meeting that any such business not properly brought before the annual meeting shall not be conducted.

(ii) Advance Notice of Director Nominations at Annual Meetings. Notwithstanding anything in these Bylaws to the contrary, only persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.4(ii) shall be eligible for election or re-election as directors at an annual meeting of stockholders. Nominations of persons for election or re-election to the Board of Directors of the Corporation shall be made at an annual meeting of stockholders only (A) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (B) by a stockholder of the Corporation who (1) was a stockholder of record at the time of the giving of the notice required by this Section 2.4(ii) and on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the annual meeting and (2) has complied in all respects with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 2.4(ii). In addition to any other applicable requirements, for a nomination to be made by a stockholder, the stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in proper written form to the secretary of the Corporation. The number of nominees a stockholder may nominate for election at a meeting of stockholders (or in the case of a stockholder giving the notice on behalf of Stockholder Associated Person, the number of nominees a stockholder nominate for election at the meeting on behalf of such Stockholder Associated Person) shall not exceed the number of directors to be elected at such meeting.

(a) To comply with clause (B) of Section 2.4(ii) above, a nomination to be made by a stockholder must set forth all information required under this Section 2.4(ii) and, and to be timely, (x) must be received by the secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation at the time set forth in, and in accordance with, the final three sentences of Section 2.4(i)(a) above (y) must comply in all respects with the requirements of Section 14 of the 1934 Act, including without limitation, if applicable, the requirements of Rule 14a-19 (as such rule and regulations may be amended from time to time by the SEC, including any SEC Staff interpretations relating thereto) and (z) the Board of Directors or an executive officer designated thereby shall have determined that the stockholder has satisfied the requirements of this Section 2.4(ii). Notwithstanding anything in Section 2.4 or any other provision of

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these Bylaws to the contrary, in the event that the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors is increased and there is no Public Announcement by the Corporation naming all of the nominees for director or specifying the size of the increased Board of Director at least ninety (90) days prior to the one-year anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting (or, if the annual meeting is held more than thirty (30) days before or sixty (60) days after such anniversary date, at least ninety (90) days prior to such annual meeting), a stockholder’s notice required by this Section 2.4 shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it shall be delivered to the secretary at the principal executive office of the Corporation no later than 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such Public Announcement is first made by the Corporation.

(b) To be in proper written form, such stockholder’s notice to the secretary must set forth:

(1) as to each person (a “nominee”) whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or re-election as a director: (A) the name, age, business address and residence address of the nominee, (B) the principal occupation or employment of the nominee, (C) the class, series and number of shares of the Corporation that are held of record or are beneficially owned by the nominee and any Derivative Instruments held or beneficially held by the nominee, together with the date or dates such shares or Derivative Instruments were acquired and the investment intent of such acquisition, (D) whether and the extent to which any hedging or other transaction or series of transactions has been entered into by or on behalf of the nominee with respect to any securities of the Corporation, and a description of any other agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any Short Interest or any borrowing or lending of shares), the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to, or to manage the risk or benefit of share price changes for, or to increase or decrease the voting power of the nominee, (E) a description of all arrangements or understandings between the stockholder and each nominee and any other person or persons (naming such person or persons) pursuant to which the nominations are to be made by the stockholder, (F) a written statement executed by the nominee acknowledging that as a director of the Corporation, the nominee will owe a fiduciary duty under Delaware law with respect to the Corporation and its stockholders and will act in the best interests of the Corporation and its stockholders and not in the interests of individual constituencies, (G) a written questionnaire with respect to the background and qualification of such person, completed and executed by such person, which questionnaire shall be provided by the secretary upon written request of any such stockholder within five (5) business days of such written request; (H) a written representation and agreement, in the form provided by the secretary upon written request of such stockholder within five (5) business days of such written request, that such person (i) is not and will not become a party to (x) any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether written or oral) with, and has not given any commitment or assurance to, any person or entity as to how such person, if elected as a director of the Corporation, will act or vote on any issue or question (for purposes of this Section 2.4, a “Voting Commitment”) that has not been disclosed to the Corporation or (y) any Voting Commitment that could limit or interfere with such person’s ability to comply, if elected as a director of the Corporation, with such person’s fiduciary duties under applicable law, (ii) is not and will not become a party to any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity other than the Corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation, reimbursement or indemnification in connection with service or action as a director that has not been disclosed to the Corporation and (iii) if elected as a director of the Corporation, will comply with all applicable rules or regulations of any stock exchange applicable to the Corporation and all applicable publicly disclosed corporate governance, policies and guidelines of the Corporation applicable to directors, (I) a description of all direct and indirect compensation and other material monetary agreements, arrangements and understandings during the past three (3) years, and any other material relationships, between or among such stockholder, any Stockholder Associated Person or any of its or their respective affiliates and associates, on the one hand, and each proposed nominee, and his or her respective affiliates and associates, on the other hand, including all information that would be required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 under Regulation S-K if such stockholder, any Stockholder Associated Person or any

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of its or their respective affiliates and associates were the “registrant” for purposes of such rule and the nominee were a director or executive officer of such registrant, (J) a description of any position of such person as an officer or director of any principal competitor of the Corporation within the three (3) years preceding the submission of the notice, and (K) any other information relating to the nominee that would be required to be disclosed about such nominee if proxies were being solicited for the election or re-election of the nominee as a director in an election contest (even if an election contest is not involved), or that is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the 1934 Act (including such person’s written consent to being named as a nominee in a proxy statement and form of proxy relating to the meeting at which directors are to be elected, to the public disclosure of information regarding or related to such person provided to the Corporation by such person or otherwise pursuant to this Section 2.4 and to serving a full term as a director of the Corporation if elected); and

 

(2) as to such stockholder giving notice, (A) the information required to be provided pursuant to clauses (2) through (15) of Section 2.4(i)(b) above, and the supplement referenced in the second sentence of Section 2.4(i)(b) above (except that the references to “business” in such clauses shall instead refer to nominations of directors for purposes of this paragraph), and (B) (x) a statement whether either such stockholder or Stockholder Associated Person will deliver a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of a number of the Corporation’s voting shares reasonably believed by such stockholder or Stockholder Associated Person to be necessary to elect or re-elect such nominee(s) and (y) a statement that such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person intends to solicit proxies from holders of shares representing at least sixty-seven percent (67%) of the voting power of shares entitled to vote on the election of directors in support of such nominee or nominees other than the Corporation’s nominees, in accordance with Rule 14a-19 under the 1934 Act, and the name of each participant (as defined in Item 4 of Schedule 14A under the 1934 Act) in such solicitation (such information provided and statements made as required by clauses (A) and (B) above, a “Nominee Solicitation Statement”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, if such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person no longer plans to solicit proxies in accordance with its representation pursuant to clause (B) above, such stockholder shall inform the Corporation of this change by delivering a writing to the secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation no later than two (2) business days after the occurrence of such change.

(c) At the request of the Board of Directors, any person nominated by a stockholder for election or re-election as a director must furnish to the secretary of the Corporation within five (5) business days of such written request (1) that information required to be set forth in the stockholder’s notice of nomination of such person as a director as of a date subsequent to the date on which the notice of such person’s nomination was given and (2) such other information as may reasonably be required by the Corporation to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as an independent director or audit committee financial expert of the Corporation under applicable law, securities exchange rule or regulation, or any publicly-disclosed corporate governance guideline or committee charter of the Corporation and (3) that could be material to a reasonable stockholder’s understanding of the independence, or lack thereof, of such nominee; in the absence of the furnishing of such information if requested, such stockholder’s nomination shall not be considered in proper form pursuant to this Section 2.4(ii).

(d) Without exception, no person shall be eligible for election or re-election as a director of the Corporation at an annual meeting of stockholders unless nominated in accordance with the provisions set forth in this Section 2.4(ii). Any person who has been determined by a majority of the Board of Directors to have violated Section 3.13 of these Bylaws or a Board Confidentiality Policy (as defined below) while serving as a director of the Corporation in the preceding five (5) years shall also be ineligible to be nominated to serve as a member of the Board of Directors, absent a prior waiver for such nomination approved by directors representing two-thirds of the total authorized number of directors Board of Directors. In addition, a nominee shall not be eligible for election or re-election if a stockholder or

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Stockholder Associated Person, as applicable, takes action contrary to the representations made in the Nominee Solicitation Statement applicable to such nominee or if the Nominee Solicitation Statement applicable to such nominee contains an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The chairperson of the annual meeting shall, if the facts warrant, determine and declare at the annual meeting that a nomination was not made in accordance with the provisions prescribed by these Bylaws, and if the chairperson should so determine, he or she shall so declare at the annual meeting, and the defective nomination shall be disregarded.

(iii) Advance Notice of Director Nominations for Special Meetings.

(a) For a special meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected or re-elected (provided that the Board of Directors has determined that directors shall be elected or re-elected at such meeting), nominations of persons for election or re-election to the Board of Directors shall be made only (1) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (2) by any stockholder of the Corporation who (A) is a stockholder of record at the time of the giving of the notice required by this Section 2.4(iii) and on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the special meeting, (B) delivers a timely written notice of the nomination to the secretary of the Corporation that includes the information set forth in Sections 2.4(ii)(b) and (ii)(c) above, (C) has complied in all respects with the requirements of Section 14 of the 1934 Act, including, without limitation, if applicable, the requirements of Rule 14a-19 (as such rule and regulations may be amended from time to time by the SEC, including any SEC Staff interpretations relating thereto), and (D) has been determined to have satisfied the requirements of this Section 2.4(iii) by the Board or an executive officer designated thereby. In no event shall an adjournment or postponement of a special meeting commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for providing such notice. To be timely, such notice must be received by the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation (x) not earlier than 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the one hundred and twentieth (120th) day prior to such special meeting and (y) not later than 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the later of the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such special meeting or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which Public Announcement is first made of the date of the special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected or re-elected at such meeting.

(b) A person shall not be eligible for election or re-election as a director at a special meeting unless the person is nominated (i) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (ii) by a stockholder in accordance with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 2.4(iii). In addition, a nominee shall not be eligible for election or re-election if a stockholder or Stockholder Associated Person, as applicable, takes action contrary to the representations made in the Nominee Solicitation Statement applicable to such nominee or if the Nominee Solicitation Statement applicable to such nominee contains an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The chairperson of the special meeting shall, if the facts warrant, determine and declare at the meeting that a nomination or business was not made in accordance with the procedures prescribed by these Bylaws, and if the chairperson should so determine, he or she shall so declare at the meeting, and the defective nomination or business shall be disregarded.

(iv) Other Requirements and Rights.

(a) In addition to the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.4, a stockholder must also comply with all applicable requirements of state law and of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section 2.4. Nothing in this Section 2.4 shall be deemed to affect any rights of: (x) a stockholder to request inclusion of proposals in the Corporation’s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 (or any successor provision) under the 1934 Act; or (y) the Corporation to omit a proposal from the Corporation’s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 (or any successor provision) under the 1934 Act.

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(b) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.4, unless otherwise required by law, no stockholder shall solicit proxies in support of director nominees other than the Corporation’s nominees unless such stockholder has complied with Rule 14a-19 under the 1934 Act in connection with the solicitation of such proxies, including the provision to the Corporation of notices required thereunder in a timely manner. If (i) any stockholder provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19(b) under the 1934 Act and (ii) such stockholder subsequently fails to comply with the requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(2) or (3) under the 1934 Act, then the Corporation shall disregard any proxies for any proposed nominees on the Corporation’s proxy card other than the Corporation’s nominees (and any such proposed nominee(s) shall be disqualified), notwithstanding that proxies in favor thereof may have been received by the Corporation. If any stockholder provides notice pursuant to Rule 14a-19(b) under the 1934 Act, such stockholder shall deliver to the secretary, no later than 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the fifth (5th) business day prior to the applicable meeting, reasonable evidence that the requirements of Rule 14a-19(a)(3) under the 1934 Act have been satisfied.

(c) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.4, unless otherwise required by law, if the stockholder (or a Qualified Representative of the stockholder (as defined below)) does not appear at the annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation to present a nomination or proposed business, such nomination shall be disregarded and such proposed business shall not be transacted, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation. For purposes of this Section 2.4(iv)(c), to be considered a “Qualified Representative” of a stockholder, a person must be a duly authorized officer, manager, trustee or partner of such stockholder or must be authorized by a writing executed by such stockholder or an electronic transmission delivered by such stockholder to act for such stockholder as a proxy at the meeting of stockholders and such person must produce such writing or electronic transmission, or a reliable reproduction thereof, at the meeting. The secretary of the Corporation, or any other person who shall be appointed to serve as secretary of the meeting, may require, on behalf of the Corporation, reasonable and appropriate documentation to verify the status of a person purporting to be a “Qualified Representative” for purposes hereof.

(d) Any written notice, supplement, update or other information required to be delivered by a stockholder to the Corporation pursuant to this Section 2.4 must be given by (i) hand delivery (including use of a delivery service), by registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, or by sending such notice by overnight express courier, to the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation, and (ii) facsimile, electronic mail or other form of electronic transmission to the secretary.

(v) Certain Definitions.

For purposes of this Section 2.4, references to “business day” shall mean any day, other than a Saturday, Sunday, or day on which commercial banks are required or authorized to be closed in Wilmington, Delaware and “affiliate” and “associate” shall have the meanings ascribed thereto in Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended; provided, however, that the term “partner” as used in the definition of “associate” shall not include any limited partner that is not involved in the management of the relevant partnership. For purposes of this Section 2.4, a “Stockholder Associated Person” of any stockholder shall mean (i) any person controlling, directly or indirectly, or Acting in Concert with, such stockholder, (ii) any beneficial owner of shares of stock of the Corporation owned of record or beneficially by such stockholder and on whose behalf the proposal or nomination, as the case may be, is being made, or (iii) any person controlling, controlled by or under common control with such person referred to in the preceding clauses (i) and (ii). Additionally, a person shall be deemed to be “Acting in Concert” with another person if such person knowingly acts (whether or not pursuant to an express agreement, arrangement or understanding) in concert with, or toward a common goal relating to the management, governance or control of the Corporation in substantial parallel with, such other person where (1) each person is conscious of the other person’s conduct or intent and this awareness is an element in their decision-making processes and

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(2) at least one additional factor suggests that such persons intend to act in concert or in substantial parallel, which such additional factors may include, without limitation, exchanging information (whether publicly or privately), attending meetings, conducting discussions or making or soliciting invitations to act in concert or in substantial parallel; provided, that a person shall not be deemed to be Acting in Concert with any other person solely as a result of the solicitation or receipt of revocable proxies or consents from such other person in response to a solicitation made pursuant to, and in accordance with, Section 14(a) (or any successor provision) of the 1934 Act by way of a proxy or consent solicitation statement filed on Schedule 14A. A person Acting in Concert with another person shall be deemed to be Acting in Concert with any third party who is also Acting in Concert with such other person.

2.5 NOTICE OF STOCKHOLDERS’ MEETINGS.

Notice of the place, if any, date, and time of all meetings of the stockholders, the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting, shall be given, not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date on which the meeting is to be held, to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting, except as otherwise provided herein or required by law (meaning, here and hereinafter, as required from time to time by the DGCL or the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation).

2.6 ADJOURNED MEETING; NOTICE.

Notwithstanding Section 2.7 of these Bylaws, the chairperson of the meeting shall have the power to adjourn the meeting to another time, date and place (if any) regardless of whether a quorum is present, at any time and for any reason. Any meeting of stockholders, annual or special, may be adjourned from time to time (including an adjournment taken to address a technical failure to convene or continue a meeting using remote communication). When a meeting is adjourned to another time or place, unless these Bylaws otherwise require, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time and place, if any, thereof, and the means of remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such adjourned meeting are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken, or are provided in any other manner permitted by the DGCL. If the adjournment is for more than thirty (30) days, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. If, after the adjournment, a new record date for stockholders entitled to vote is fixed for the adjourned meeting, the Board of Directors shall fix a new record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting [in accordance with Section 213(a) of the DGCL and Section 2.12 of these Bylaws], and shall give notice of the adjourned meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such adjourned meeting as of the record date fixed for notice of such adjourned meeting. At the adjourned meeting, the Corporation may transact any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting. To the fullest extent permitted by law, if a quorum is present at the original meeting, it shall also be deemed present at the adjourned meeting.

2.7 QUORUM.

At any meeting of stockholders, the holders of a majority of the voting power of all issued and outstanding stock entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, except to the extent that the presence of a larger number may be required by law or the rules of any stock exchange upon which the Corporation’s securities are listed. Where a separate vote by a class or series or classes or series is required by the Certificate of Incorporation, a majority of the voting power of all issued and outstanding shares of such class or series or classes or series, present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting, shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to that vote on that matter, except as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws.

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A quorum, once established at a meeting, shall not be broken by the withdrawal of enough votes to leave less than a quorum, including, to the fullest extent permitted by law, at any adjournment thereof (unless a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting). If a quorum is not present or represented at any meeting of the stockholders, then either (i) the chairperson of the meeting, or (ii) if directed by to be voted on by the chairperson of the meeting, the holders of a majority of the voting power of all issued and outstanding stock entitled to vote at the meeting, present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting, shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present or represented. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum is present or represented, any business may be transacted that might have been transacted at the meeting as originally noticed.

2.8 CONDUCT OF BUSINESS.

The chairperson of any meeting of stockholders shall determine the order of business and the procedure at the meeting, including the manner of voting and the conduct of business. The chairperson of any meeting of stockholders shall be designated by the Board of Directors; in the absence of such designation, the chairperson of the Board of Directors, if any, the chief executive officer (in the absence of the chairperson) or the president (in the absence of the chairperson of the Board of Directors and the chief executive officer), or in their absence any other executive officer of the Corporation, shall serve as chairperson of the stockholder meeting. The chairperson shall have the power to recess the meeting or adjourn the meeting to another place, if any, date and time. The date and time of the opening and closing of the polls for each matter upon which the stockholders will vote at the meeting shall be announced at the meeting. The Secretary of the Corporation shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in such person’s absence the chairperson of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting.

2.9 VOTING.

(i) The stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.12 of these Bylaws, subject to Section 217 (relating to voting rights of fiduciaries, pledgors and joint owners of stock) and Section 218 (relating to voting trusts and other voting agreements) of the DGCL.

(ii) Except as may be otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, each stockholder shall be entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder.

(iii) Unless a different or minimum vote is required by law, the rules or regulations of any stock exchange applicable to the Corporation, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, in which case such different or minimum vote shall be the applicable vote on the matter, in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter shall be the act of the stockholders. Except as otherwise required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast by holders of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the election of directors. Where a separate vote by a class or series or classes or series is required, in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of the majority of shares of such class or series or classes or series present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting shall be the act of such class or series or classes or series, except as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws.

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2.10 NO STOCKHOLDER ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING.

Subject to the rights of the holders of the shares of any series of preferred stock or any other class of stock or series thereof that have been expressly granted the right to take action by written consent, any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation and may not be effected by any consent in writing by such stockholders.

2.11 WAIVER OF NOTICE.

Whenever notice is required to be given under any provision of the DGCL or of the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws to a stockholder, a written waiver thereof, signed by the person entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time of the event for which notice is to be given, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the stockholders need be specified in any written waiver of notice or any waiver by electronic transmission unless so required by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws.

2.12 RECORD DATE FOR STOCKHOLDER NOTICE; VOTING.

In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors may, except as otherwise required by law, fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall not be more than sixty (60) nor less than ten (10) days before the date of such meeting. If the Board of Directors so fixes a date, such date shall also be the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting unless the Board of Directors determines, at the time it fixes such record date, that a later date on or before the date of the meeting shall be the date for making such determination.

If no record date is fixed by the Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given or, if notice is waived, at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held.

A determination of stockholders of record entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting, and in such case shall also fix as the record date for stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote in accordance with the provisions of Section 213 of the DGCL and this Section 2.12 of the adjourned meeting.

In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights or the stockholders entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date shall be not more than sixty (60) days prior to such action. If no such record date is fixed, the record date

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for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.

2.13 PROXIES.

Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder by a written proxy or by proxy authorized by a transmission permitted by law, filed in accordance with the procedure established for the meeting, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A proxy shall be deemed signed if the stockholder’s name is placed on the proxy (whether by manual signature, typewriting, electronic or telegraphic transmission or otherwise) by the stockholder or the stockholder’s attorney-in-fact. The revocability of a proxy that states on its face that it is irrevocable shall be governed by the provisions of Section 212(e) of the DGCL. Any stockholder directly or indirectly soliciting proxies from other stockholders must use a proxy card color other than white, which shall be reserved for exclusive use by the Board.

2.14 INSPECTORS OF ELECTION.

Before any meeting of stockholders, the Board of Directors shall appoint an inspector or inspectors of election to act at the meeting or its adjournment. The number of inspectors shall be either one (1) or three (3). If any person appointed as inspector fails to appear or fails or refuses to act, then the chairperson of the meeting may, and upon the request of any stockholder or a stockholder’s proxy shall, appoint a person to fill that vacancy.

Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his or her duties, shall take and sign an oath to execute faithfully the duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of his or her ability. The inspector or inspectors so appointed and designated shall (i) ascertain the number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation outstanding and the voting power of each share; (ii) determine the shares of capital stock of the Corporation represented at the meeting and the validity of proxies and ballots; (iii) count all votes and ballots; (iv) determine and retain for a reasonable period a record of the disposition of any challenges made to any determination by the inspectors; (v) certify their determination of the number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation represented at the meeting and such inspector or inspectors' count of all votes and ballots; (vi) determine when the polls shall open and close; (vii) determine the result; and (viii) do any other acts that may be proper to conduct the election or vote with fairness to all stockholders. The inspector(s) may appoint or retain other persons or entities to assist the inspector(s) in the performance of the duties of the inspector(s).

In determining the validity and counting of proxies and ballots cast at any meeting of stockholders of the Corporation, the inspector or inspectors may consider such information as is permitted by applicable law. No ballot, proxies or votes, nor any revocations thereof or changes thereto, shall be accepted by the inspector(s) after the closing of the polls unless the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (the “Court of Chancery”), upon application by a stockholder, shall determine otherwise.

If there are three (3) inspectors of election, the decision, act or certificate of a majority is effective in all respects as the decision, act or certificate of all. Any report or certificate made by the inspectors of election is prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.

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Article III

DIRECTORS

3.1 POWERS.

The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors except as may be otherwise provided in the DGCL or Certificate of Incorporation.

3.2 NUMBER OF DIRECTORS.

The Board of Directors shall consist of one or more members, each of whom shall be a natural person. Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock to elect directors under specified circumstances, the number of directors shall be fixed from time to time solely by the Board of Directors, pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the Board of Directors.

3.3 ELECTION, QUALIFICATION AND TERM OF OFFICE OF DIRECTORS.

Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, the Board of Directors is divided into three classes designated as Class I, Class II and Class III, respectively. Each class consists, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of such directors. Except as provided in Section 3.4 of these Bylaws, each director, including a director elected to fill a vacancy, shall hold office until the expiration of the term for which elected and until such director’s successor is elected and qualified or until such director’s earlier death, resignation or removal. At each annual meeting of stockholders following 2015, directors elected to succeed those directors of the class whose terms then expire shall be elected for a term of office to expire at the third succeeding annual meeting of stockholders after their election. Directors need not be stockholders unless so required by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws. The Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws may prescribe other qualifications for directors.

3.4 RESIGNATION AND VACANCIES.

Any director may resign at any time upon notice given in writing or by electronic transmission to the Corporation; provided, however, that if such notice is given by electronic transmission, such electronic transmission must either set forth or be submitted with information from which it can be determined that the electronic transmission was authorized by the director. A resignation is effective when the resignation is delivered unless the resignation specifies a later effective date or an effective date determined upon the happening of an event or events. Acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. A resignation which is conditioned upon the director failing to receive a specified vote for reelection as a director may provide that it is irrevocable. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, when one or more directors resign from the Board of Directors, effective at a future date, a majority of the directors then in office, including those who have so resigned, shall have power to fill such vacancy or vacancies, the vote thereon to take effect when such resignation or resignations shall become effective.

Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, (i) newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number of directors elected by all of the stockholders having the right to vote as a single class or (ii) vacancies resulting from death, resignation, retirement, disqualification, removal from office or other causes shall, unless otherwise required by law, be filled only by a majority vote of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director (and not by the stockholders). If the directors are divided into classes, a person so elected

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by the directors then in office to fill a vacancy or newly created directorship shall hold office until the next election of the class for which such director shall have been chosen and until his or her successor shall have been duly elected and qualified. No decrease in the number of authorized directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.

3.5 PLACE OF MEETINGS; MEETINGS BY TELEPHONE.

The Board of Directors of the Corporation may hold meetings, both regular and special, either within or outside the State of Delaware.

Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, members of the Board of Directors, or any committee designated by the Board of Directors, may participate in a meeting of the Board of Directors, or any committee, by means of conference telephone or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and such participation in a meeting shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.

3.6 REGULAR MEETINGS.

Regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held without notice at such time and at such place as shall from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors.

3.7 SPECIAL MEETINGS; NOTICE.

Special meetings of the Board of Directors for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time by the chairperson of the Board of Directors, the president, any vice president, the secretary or a majority of the authorized number of directors.

Notice of the time and place of special meetings shall be (i) delivered personally by courier or telephone to each director, (ii) sent by first-class mail, postage prepaid, (iii) sent by facsimile, or (iv) by electronic mail, directed to each director at that director’s address, telephone number, facsimile number or electronic mail address as it is shown on the records of the Corporation. If the notice is mailed, it shall be deposited in the United States mail at least four (4) days before the time of the holding of the meeting. If the notice is (i) delivered personally by hand, by courier or by telephone, (ii) sent by facsimile or (iii) sent by electronic mail, it shall be delivered at least twenty-four (24) hours before the time of the holding of the meeting, or on such shorter notice as the person or persons calling such meeting may deem necessary and appropriate in the circumstances. Any oral notice given personally or by telephone may be communicated either to the director or to a person at the office of the director who the person giving the notice has reason to believe will promptly communicate it to the director. Notice of any meeting need not be given to any director who shall, either before or after the meeting, submit a waiver of such notice or who shall attend such meeting except attendance for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the meeting to the transaction of business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. The notice need not specify the purpose of the meeting, and unless otherwise indicated in the notice thereof, any and all business may be transacted at a special meeting.

3.8 QUORUM AND VOTING.

At all meetings of the Board of Directors, a majority of the total authorized number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business and the vote of a majority of the directors present at any meeting at which there is a quorum shall be the act of the Board of Directors, except as may be otherwise specifically provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation. If a quorum is not present at any meeting of the Board of Directors, then the majority of directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present.

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3.9 WAIVER OF NOTICE.

Whenever notice is required to be given under any provision of the DGCL or of the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws to a director, a written waiver thereof, signed by the person entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time of the event for which notice is to be given, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the directors, or members of a committee of directors, need be specified in any written waiver of notice or any waiver by electronic transmission unless so required by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws.

3.10 BOARD ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT WITHOUT A MEETING.

Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board of Directors or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission and the writing or writings or electronic transmission or transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or committee. Such filing shall be in paper form if the minutes are maintained in paper form and shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form.

Written consents representing actions taken by the board or committee may be executed by telex, telecopy or other facsimile transmission, and such facsimile shall be valid and binding to the same extent as if it were an original. Such action by written consent shall have the same force and effect as a unanimous vote of the Board of Directors.

3.11 FEES AND COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS.

Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the Board of Directors shall have the authority to fix the compensation of directors. No such compensation shall preclude any director from serving the Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor.

3.12 REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS.

Unless otherwise restricted by statute, by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these Bylaws, any director or the entire Board of Directors may be removed, but only for cause, by the holders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors, voting together as a single class.

No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director prior to the expiration of such director’s term of office.

3.13 Confidentiality.

Each director shall maintain the confidentiality of, and shall not share with any third party person or entity (including third parties that originally sponsored, nominated or designated such director (the “Sponsoring Party”)), any non-public information learned in their capacities as directors, including communications among members of the Board of Directors in their capacities as directors. The Board of Directors may adopt a board confidentiality policy further implementing and interpreting this bylaw (a

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“Board Confidentiality Policy”). All directors are required to comply with this bylaw and any such Board Confidentiality Policy unless such director or the Sponsoring Party for such director has entered into a specific written agreement with the Corporation, in either case as approved by the Board, providing otherwise with respect to such confidential information.

3.14 EMERGENCY BYLAWS.

To the fullest extent permitted by law, in the event of any emergency, disaster or catastrophe, as referred to in Section 110 of the DGCL, or other similar emergency condition, the Board of Directors may adopt emergency bylaws.

Article IV

COMMITTEES

4.1 COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS.

The Board of Directors may designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a member of a committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or members constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors or in these Bylaws, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers that may require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority to (a) approve or adopt or recommend any action or matter (other than election or removal of directors) expressly required by the DGCL to be submitted to stockholders or (b) amend the Bylaws of the Corporation.

4.2 COMMITTEE MINUTES.

Each committee shall keep regular minutes of its meetings and report the same to the Board of Directors when required.

4.3 MEETINGS AND ACTION OF COMMITTEES.

Meetings and actions of committees shall be governed by, and held and taken in accordance with, the provisions of:

(i) Section 3.5 (place of meetings and meetings by telephone);

(ii) Section 3.6 (regular meetings);

(iii) Section 3.7 (special meetings; notice);

(iv) Section 3.8 (quorum; voting);

(v) Section 3.9 (waiver of notice); and

(vi) Section 3.10 (action without a meeting)

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with such changes in the context of those Bylaws as are necessary to substitute the committee and its members for the Board of Directors and its members. However:

(a) the time of regular meetings of committees may be determined either by resolution of the Board of Directors or by resolution of the committee;

(b) special meetings of committees may also be called either by resolution of the Board of Directors or by resolution of the committee; and

(c) notice of special meetings of committees shall also be given to all alternate members, who shall have the right to attend all meetings of the committee. The Board of Directors may adopt rules for the government of any committee not inconsistent with the provisions of these Bylaws.

Any provision in the Certificate of Incorporation providing that one or more directors shall have more or less than one vote per director on any matter shall apply to voting in any committee or subcommittee, unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws.

4.4 SUBCOMMITTEES

Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws or the resolutions of the Board of Directors designating the committee, a committee may create one or more subcommittees, each subcommittee to consist of one or more members of the committee, and delegate to a subcommittee any or all of the powers and authority of the committee.

Article V

OFFICERS

5.1 OFFICERS.

The officers of the Corporation shall be a chief executive officer and a secretary. The Corporation may also have, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, a chairperson of the Board of Directors, a Lead Non-Management Director, a vice chairperson of the Board of Directors, a president, a chief financial officer or treasurer, one or more vice presidents, one or more assistant vice presidents, one or more assistant treasurers, one or more assistant secretaries, and any such other officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of these Bylaws. Any number of offices may be held by the same person.

5.2 APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS.

The officers of the Corporation, except such officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Sections 5.3 or 5.5 of these Bylaws, shall be appointed by the Board of Directors, subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of employment.

5.3 SUBORDINATE OFFICERS.

The Board of Directors may appoint, or empower the chief executive officer or the president to appoint, such other officers and agents as the business of the Corporation may require, each of whom shall hold office for such period, have such authority, and perform such duties as are provided in these Bylaws or as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine.

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5.4 REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION OF OFFICERS.

Subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of employment, any officer may be removed, either with or without cause, by an affirmative vote of the majority of the Board of Directors or, except in the case of an officer chosen by the Board of Directors, by any officer upon whom such power of removal may be conferred by the Board of Directors.

Any officer may resign at any time by giving written or electronic notice to the attention of the secretary of the Corporation; provided, however, that if such notice is given by electronic transmission, such electronic transmission must either set forth or be submitted with information from which it can be determined that the electronic transmission was authorized by the officer. Any resignation shall take effect at the date of the receipt of that notice or at any later time specified in that notice; and, unless otherwise specified in that notice, the acceptance of the resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any resignation is without prejudice to the rights, if any, of the Corporation under any contract to which the officer is a party.

5.5 VACANCIES IN OFFICES.

Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Corporation shall be filled by the Board of Directors.

5.6 THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE BOARD.

The chairperson of the Board of Directors shall have the powers and duties customarily and usually associated with the office of the chairperson of the Board of Directors. The chairperson of the Board of Directors shall preside at meeting of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors.

5.7 LEAD NON-MANAGEMENT DIRECTOR.

The Board of Directors may, in its discretion, elect a lead non-management director from among its members that are Independent Directors (as defined below) (such director, the “Lead Non-Management Director”). The Lead Non-Management Director shall preside at all meetings at which the chairperson of the Board of Directors is not present and shall exercise such other powers and duties as may from time to time be assigned to such person by the Board of Directors or as prescribed by these Bylaws. For purposes of these Bylaws, “Independent Director” has the meaning ascribed to such term under the rules of the exchange upon which the Corporation’s common stock is primarily traded.

5.8 THE VICE CHAIRPERSON OF THE BOARD.

The vice chairperson of the Board of Directors, if any has been appointed or elected, shall have the powers and duties customarily and usually associated with the office of the vice chairperson of the Board of Directors. In the case of absence or disability of the chairperson of the Board of Directors and the Lead Non-Management Director, the vice chairperson of the Board of Directors shall perform the duties and exercise the powers of the chairperson of the Board of Directors.

5.9 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER.

Subject to such supervisory powers, if any, as may be given by the Board of Directors to the chairperson of the board, if any, the chief executive officer of the Corporation shall, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, have ultimate authority for decisions relating to the supervision, direction and management of the affairs and the business of the Corporation customarily and usually associated with

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the position of chief executive officer, including, without limitation, all powers necessary to direct and control the organizational and reporting relationships within the Corporation. In the absence or nonexistence of a chairperson of the Board of Directors and Lead Non-Management Director, he or she shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and stockholders and shall have the general powers and duties of management usually vested in the office of chief executive officer of a corporation and shall have such other powers and duties as may be prescribed or delegated by the Board of Directors or these Bylaws.

5.10 PRESIDENT.

Subject to such supervisory powers, if any, as may be given by the Board of Directors to the chairperson of the board (if any) or the chief executive officer, the president shall have general supervision, direction, and control of the business and other officers of the Corporation. He or she shall have the general powers and duties of management usually vested in the office of president of a corporation and such other powers and duties as may be prescribed or delegated by the Board of Directors or these Bylaws. In the event of the absence or disability of the chief executive officer, the president shall perform the duties and exercise the powers of the chief executive officer unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors.

5.11 VICE PRESIDENTS.

In the absence or disability of the chief executive officer and president, the vice presidents, if any, in order of their rank as fixed by the Board of Directors or, if not ranked, a vice president designated by the Board of Directors, shall perform all the duties of the president and when so acting shall have all the powers of, and be subject to all the restrictions upon, the president. The vice presidents shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as from time to time may be prescribed or delegated to them respectively by the Board of Directors, these Bylaws, the president or the chairperson of the board.

5.12 SECRETARY AND ASSISTANT Secretaries.

(i) The secretary shall attend meetings of the Board of Directors and meetings of the stockholders and record all votes and minutes of all such proceedings in a book or books kept for such purpose.

The secretary shall keep or cause to be kept, at the principal executive office of the Corporation or such other place as the Board of Directors may direct, a book of minutes of all meetings and actions of directors, committees of directors, and stockholders. The minutes shall show the time and place of each meeting, the names of those present at directors’ meetings or committee meetings, the number of shares present or represented at stockholders’ meetings, and the proceedings thereof.

The secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors required to be given by law or by these Bylaws. He or she shall keep the seal of the Corporation, if one be adopted, in safe custody and shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed or delegated by the Board of Directors or by these Bylaws.

(ii) Each assistant secretary shall have such powers and perform such duties as may from time to time be assigned to him or her by the Board of Directors, the chairperson of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, the president or the secretary. In the event of the absence, inability or refusal to act of the secretary, the assistant secretary (or if there shall be more than one, the assistant secretaries in the order determined by the board of directors) shall perform the duties and exercise the powers of the secretary.

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5.13 CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER and assistant treasurers.

(i) The chief financial officer shall be the treasurer of the Corporation. The chief financial officer shall have custody of the Corporation’s funds and securities, shall be responsible for maintaining the Corporation’s accounting records and statements, shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the Corporation, and shall deposit or cause to be deposited monies or other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the Corporation in such depositories as may be designated by the Board of Directors. The chief financial officer shall also maintain adequate records of all assets, liabilities and transactions of the Corporation and shall assure that adequate audits thereof are currently and regularly made. The chief financial officer shall have all such further powers and duties as are customarily and usually associated with the position of chief financial officer, or as may from time to time be assigned to him or her by the Board of Directors, the chairperson of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer or the president.

(ii) Each assistant treasurer shall have such powers and perform such duties as may from time to time be assigned to him or her by the Board of Directors, the chairperson of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer, the president or the chief financial officer. In the event of the absence, inability or refusal to act of the chief financial officer, the assistant treasurer (or if there shall be more than one, the assistant treasurers in the order determined by the Board of Directors) shall perform the duties and exercise the powers of the chief financial officer.

5.14 REPRESENTATION OF SHARES OF OTHER CORPORATIONS.

The chairperson of the board, the chief executive officer, the president, any vice president, the chief financial officer, the secretary or assistant secretary of this Corporation, or any other person authorized by the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer or the president or a vice president, is authorized to vote, represent, and exercise on behalf of this Corporation all rights incident to any and all shares of any other corporation or corporations held by this Corporation. The authority granted herein may be exercised either by such person directly or by any other person authorized to do so by proxy or power of attorney duly executed by the person having such authority.

5.15 AUTHORITY AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS.

In addition to the foregoing authority and duties, all officers of the Corporation shall respectively have such authority and perform such duties in the management of the business of the Corporation as may be designated or delegated from time to time by the Board of Directors.

Article VI

INDEMNIFICATION

6.1 indemnification of directors and officers in third party proceedings.

Subject to the other provisions of this Article VI, the Corporation shall indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as now or hereinafter in effect, any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (a “Proceeding”) (other than an action by or in the right of the Corporation) by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director of the Corporation or an officer of the Corporation, or while a director of the Corporation or officer of the Corporation is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership,

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joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such Proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person’s conduct was unlawful; provided, however, that except as provided in Section 6.1 of this Article VI with respect to proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification, the Corporation shall indemnify any such indemnitee in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person only if such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors of the Corporation. The termination of any Proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner which such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that such person’s conduct was unlawful.

6.2 INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS IN ACTIONS BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION.

Subject to the other provisions of this Article VI, the Corporation shall indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as now or hereinafter in effect, any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, or while a director or officer of the Corporation is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation; except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the Corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.

6.3 SUCCESSFUL DEFENSE.

To the extent that a present or former director or officer of the Corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding described in Section 6.1 or Section 6.2, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, such person shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection therewith.

6.4 INDEMNIFICATION OF OTHERS.

Subject to the other provisions of this Article VI, the Corporation shall have power to indemnify its employees and its agents to the extent not prohibited by the DGCL or other applicable law. The Board of Directors shall have the power to delegate the determination of whether employees or agents shall be indemnified to such person or persons as the Board of Directors of the Corporation determines.

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6.5 ADVANCED PAYMENT OF EXPENSES.

Expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by an officer or director of the Corporation in defending any Proceeding shall be paid by the Corporation in advance of the final disposition of such Proceeding upon receipt of a written request therefor (together with documentation reasonably evidencing such expenses) and an undertaking by or on behalf of the person to repay such amounts if it shall ultimately be determined that the person is not entitled to be indemnified under this Article VI or the DGCL. Such expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by former directors and officers or other employees and agents may be so paid upon such terms and conditions, if any, as the Corporation deems reasonably appropriate and shall be subject to the Corporation’s expense guidelines. The right to advancement of expenses shall not apply to any claim for which indemnity is excluded pursuant to these Bylaws, but shall apply to any Proceeding referenced in Section 6.6(ii) or 6.6(iii) prior to a determination that the person is not entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation.

6.6 LIMITATION ON INDEMNIFICATION.

Subject to the requirements in Section 6.3 and the DGCL, the Corporation shall not be obligated to indemnify any person pursuant to this Article VI in connection with any Proceeding (or any part of any Proceeding):

(i) for which payment has actually been made to or on behalf of such person under any statute, insurance policy, indemnity provision, vote or otherwise, except with respect to any excess beyond the amount paid;

(ii) for an accounting or disgorgement of profits pursuant to Section 16(b) of the 1934 Act, or similar provisions of federal, state or local statutory law or common law, if such person is held liable therefor (including pursuant to any settlement arrangements);

(iii) for any reimbursement of the Corporation by such person of any bonus or other incentive-based or equity-based compensation or of any profits realized by such person from the sale of securities of the Corporation, as required in each case under the 1934 Act (including any such reimbursements that arise from an accounting restatement of the Corporation pursuant to Section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), or the payment to the Corporation of profits arising from the purchase and sale by such person of securities in violation of Section 306 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act), if such person is held liable therefor (including pursuant to any settlement arrangements);

(iv) initiated by such person against the Corporation or its directors, officers, employees, agents or other indemnitees, unless (a) the Board of Directors authorized the Proceeding (or the relevant part of the Proceeding) prior to its initiation, (b) the Corporation provides the indemnification, in its sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the Corporation under applicable law, (c) otherwise required to be made under Section 6.7 or (d) otherwise required by applicable law; or

(v) if prohibited by applicable law; provided, however, that if any provision or provisions of this Article VI shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever: (1) the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Article VI (including, without limitation, each portion of any paragraph or clause containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that is not itself held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby; and (2) to the fullest extent possible, the provisions of this Article VI (including, without limitation, each such portion of any paragraph or clause containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall be construed so as to give effect to the intent manifested by the provision held invalid, illegal or unenforceable.

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6.7 DETERMINATION; CLAIM.

If a claim for indemnification or advancement of expenses under this Article VI is not paid in full within 90 days after receipt by the Corporation of the written request therefor, the claimant shall be entitled to an adjudication by a court of competent jurisdiction of his or her entitlement to such indemnification or advancement of expenses. The Corporation shall indemnify such person against any and all expenses that are incurred by such person in connection with any action for indemnification or advancement of expenses from the Corporation under this Article VI, to the extent such person is successful in such action, and to the extent not prohibited by law. In any such suit, the Corporation shall, to the fullest extent not prohibited by law, have the burden of proving that the claimant is not entitled to the requested indemnification or advancement of expenses.

6.8 NON-EXCLUSIVITY OF RIGHTS.

The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article VI shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws or any statute, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such person’s official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office. The Corporation is specifically authorized to enter into individual contracts with any or all of its directors, officers, employees or agents respecting indemnification and advancement of expenses, to the fullest extent not prohibited by the DGCL or other applicable law.

6.9 INSURANCE.

The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person’s status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such liability under the provisions of the DGCL.

6.10 SURVIVAL.

The rights to indemnification and advancement of expenses conferred by this Article VI shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.

6.11 EFFECT OF REPEAL OR MODIFICATION.

Any amendment, alteration or repeal of this Article VI shall not adversely affect any right or protection hereunder of any person in respect of any act or omission occurring prior to such amendment, alteration or repeal.

6.12 CERTAIN DEFINITIONS.

For purposes of this Article VI, references to the “Corporation” shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers, employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of

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such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under the provisions of this Article VI with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as such person would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued. For purposes of this Article VI, references to “other enterprises” shall include employee benefit plans; references to “fines” shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to “serving at the request of the Corporation” shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner “not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation” as referred to in this Article VI.

Article VII

RECORDS AND REPORTS

7.1 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION OF RECORDS; list of stockholders entitled to vote.

The Corporation shall, either at its principal executive offices or at such place or places as designated by the Board of Directors, keep a record of its stockholders listing their names and addresses and the number and class of shares held by each stockholder, a copy of these Bylaws as amended to date, accounting books, and other records.

The officer who has charge of the stock ledger of the Corporation shall, at least ten (10) days before every meeting of stockholders, prepare and make a complete list of stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders (provided, however, if the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote is less than ten (10) days before the meeting date, the list shall reflect the stockholders entitled to vote as of the tenth (10th) day before the meeting date), arranged in alphabetical order for each class of stock and showing the address of each such stockholder and the number of shares registered in his or her name.

The Corporation shall not be required to include electronic mail addresses or other electronic contact information on such list. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder for any purpose germane to the meeting for a period of ten (10) days prior to the meeting (i) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (ii) during ordinary business hours, at the Corporation’s executive offices. In the event that the Corporation determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the Corporation may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the Corporation. If the meeting is to be held at a place, then the list shall be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time thereof, and may be examined by any stockholder who is present during the whole time of the meeting. If the meeting is to be held solely by means of remote communication, then the list shall also be open to the examination of any stockholder during the whole time of the meeting on a reasonably accessible electronic network, and the information required to access such list shall be provided with the notice of the meeting. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Corporation may maintain and authorize examination of the list of stockholders required by this Section 7.1 in any manner expressly permitted by the DGCL at the time.

This list shall presumptively determine (a) the identity of the stockholders entitled to examine such stock list and to vote at the meeting and (b) the number of shares held by each of them.

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Article VIII

stock

8.1 STOCK CERTIFICATES.

The shares of the Corporation shall be represented by certificates, provided that the Board of Directors of the Corporation may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of its stock shall be uncertificated shares that may be evidenced by a book-entry system maintained by the registrar of such stock. Any such resolution shall not apply to shares represented by a certificate until such certificate is surrendered to the Corporation. Each holder of stock represented by certificates shall be entitled to a certificate signed by, or in the name of the Corporation by, the president or a vice president, and by the secretary or an assistant secretary, or the chief financial officer or an assistant treasurer, certifying the number of shares owned by him or her. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate has ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if he or she were such officer, transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue. Notwithstanding any other provision in these Bylaws, the Corporation may adopt a system of issuance, recordation and transfer of shares of the Corporation by electronic or other means not involving any issuance of certificates, including provisions for notice to purchasers in substitution for any required statements on certificates, and as may be required by applicable corporate securities laws, which system has been approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Any system so adopted shall not become effective as to issued and outstanding certificated securities until the certificates therefor have been surrendered to the Corporation.

8.2 LOST, STOLEN OR DESTROYED CERTIFICATES.

Except as provided in this Section 8.2, no new certificates for shares shall be issued to replace a previously issued certificate unless the latter is surrendered to the Corporation and canceled at the same time. The Corporation may issue a new certificate of stock or uncertificated shares in the place of any certificate previously issued by it, alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, and the Corporation may require the owner of the lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or the owner’s legal representative, to give the Corporation a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be made against it on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate or uncertificated shares.

8.3 SPECIAL DESIGNATION ON CERTIFICATES.

If the Corporation is authorized to issue more than one class of stock or more than one series of any class, then the powers, the designations, the preferences, and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights shall be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of the certificate that the Corporation shall issue to represent such class or series of stock; provided, however, that except as otherwise provided in Section 202 of the DGCL, in lieu of the foregoing requirements there may be set forth on the face or back of the certificate that the Corporation shall issue to represent such class or series of stock, a statement that the Corporation will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights. Within a reasonable time after the issuance or transfer of uncertificated stock, the Corporation shall send to the registered owner thereof a written notice containing the information required to be set forth or stated on certificates pursuant to this Section 8.3 or Sections 156, 202(a) or 218(a) of the DGCL or with

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respect to this Section 8.3 a statement that the Corporation will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights. Except as otherwise expressly provided by law, the rights and obligations of the holders of uncertificated stock and the rights and obligations of the holders of certificates representing stock of the same class and series shall be identical.

8.4 TRANSFER OF STOCK.

Transfers of shares of stock of the Corporation shall be made only upon its books by the holders thereof, in person or by an attorney duly authorized, and, if such stock is certificated, upon the surrender of a certificate or certificates for a like number of shares, properly endorsed or accompanied by proper evidence of succession, assignation or authority to transfer; provided, however, that such succession, assignment or authority to transfer is not prohibited by the Certificate of Incorporation, these Bylaws, applicable law or contract.

8.5 STOCK TRANSFER AGREEMENTS.

The Corporation shall have power to enter into and perform any agreement with any number of stockholders of any one or more classes of stock of the Corporation to restrict the transfer of shares of stock of the Corporation of any one or more classes owned by such stockholders in any manner not prohibited by the DGCL.

Article IX

GENERAL MATTERS

9.1 CHECKS.

From time to time, the Board of Directors shall determine by resolution which person or persons may sign or endorse all checks, drafts, other orders for payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness that are issued in the name of or payable to the Corporation, and only the persons so authorized shall sign or endorse those instruments.

9.2 EXECUTION OF CORPORATE CONTRACTS AND INSTRUMENTS.

The Board of Directors, except as otherwise provided in these Bylaws, may authorize any officer or officers, or agent or agents, to enter into any contract or execute any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation; such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. Unless so authorized or ratified by the Board of Directors or within the agency power of an officer, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power or authority to bind the Corporation by any contract or engagement or to pledge its credit or to render it liable for any purpose or for any amount.

9.3 CONSTRUCTION; DEFINITIONS.

Unless the context requires otherwise, the general provisions, rules of construction, and definitions in the DGCL shall govern the construction of these Bylaws. Without limiting the generality of this provision, the singular number includes the plural, the plural number includes the singular, and the term “person” includes both a corporation and a natural person.

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9.4 DIVIDENDS.

The directors of the Corporation, subject to any restrictions contained in (a) the DGCL or (b) the Certificate of Incorporation, may declare and pay dividends upon the shares of its capital stock. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of the Corporation’s capital stock.

The directors of the Corporation may set apart out of any of the funds of the Corporation available for dividends a reserve or reserves for any proper purpose and may abolish any such reserve. Such purposes shall include but not be limited to equalizing dividends, repairing or maintaining any property of the Corporation, and meeting contingencies.

9.5 FISCAL YEAR.

The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors and may be changed by the Board of Directors.

9.6 REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS.

The Corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to receive dividends and to vote as such owner, shall be entitled to hold liable for calls and assessments the person registered on its books as the owner of shares, and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of another person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of Delaware.

9.7 TIME PERIODS.

In applying any provision of these Bylaws which requires that an act be done or not be done a specified number of days prior to an event or that an act be done during a period of a specified number of days prior to an event, calendar days shall be used, the day of the doing of the act shall be excluded, and the date of the event shall be included.

Article X

NOTICES

10.1 NOTICE BY ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION.

Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders pursuant to the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any notice shall be effective if given by a form of electronic transmission in the manner provided in Section 232 of the DGCL.

10.2 NOTICE TO STOCKHOLDERS SHARING AN ADDRESS.

Except as otherwise prohibited under the DGCL, without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, any notice to stockholders given by the Corporation under the provisions of the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws shall be effective if given by a single written notice to stockholders who share an address if consented to by the stockholders at that address to whom such notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the Corporation. Any stockholder who fails to object in writing to the Corporation, within 60 days of having been given written notice by the Corporation of its intention to send the single notice, shall be deemed to have consented to receiving such single written notice.

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10.3 NOTICE TO PERSON WITH WHOM COMMUNICATION IS UNLAWFUL.

Whenever notice is required to be given, under the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, to any person with whom communication is unlawful, the giving of such notice to such person shall not be required and there shall be no duty to apply to any governmental authority or agency for a license or permit to give such notice to such person. Any action or meeting which shall be taken or held without notice to any such person with whom communication is unlawful shall have the same force and effect as if such notice had been duly given. In the event that the action taken by the Corporation is such as to require the filing of a certificate under the DGCL, the certificate shall state, if such is the fact and if notice is required, that notice was given to all persons entitled to receive notice except such persons with whom communication is unlawful.

Article XI

AMENDMENTS

These Bylaws may be adopted, amended, or repealed by the stockholders entitled to vote; provided, however, that the affirmative vote of the holders of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66 2/3%) of the total voting power of outstanding voting securities, voting together as a single class, shall be required for the stockholders of the Corporation to alter, amend or repeal, or adopt any Bylaw inconsistent with the following provisions of these Bylaws: Article II, Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.12 of Article III, Article VI and this Article XI (including, without limitation, any such Article or Section as renumbered as a result of any amendment, alteration, change, repeal, or adoption of any other Bylaw). The Board of Directors shall also have the power to adopt, amend or repeal Bylaws; provided, however, that a Bylaw amendment adopted by stockholders which specifies the votes that shall be necessary for the election of directors shall not be further amended or repealed by the Board of Directors.

* * *

31

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Exhibit 10.1

CREDIT AGREEMENT

dated as of October 20, 2023

among

OOMA, INC.,
as the Borrower,

THE LENDERS PARTY HERETO,

and

CITIZENS BANK, N.A.,
as Administrative Agent

 

 

CITIZENS BANK, N.A.,
as Sole Lead Arranger and Sole Bookrunner

 

 

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Article 1 Definitions and Rules of Construction	1
Section 1.1 Definitions	1
Section 1.2 Classification of Loans and Borrowings	39
Section 1.3 Terms Generally	39
Section 1.4 Accounting Terms; GAAP.	39
Section 1.5 Rounding	40
Section 1.6 References to Time	40
Section 1.7 Resolution of Drafting Ambiguities	40
Section 1.8 Status of Loan Document Obligations	40
Section 1.9 Rates Generally	40
Section 1.10 Divisions	41
Section 1.11 Letter of Credit Amounts	41
Article 2 The Credits	41
Section 2.1 Commitments.	41
Section 2.2 Borrowings, Conversions and Continuations of Loans.	42
Section 2.3 [Reserved].	43
Section 2.4 Letters of Credit.	43
Section 2.5 Termination and Reduction of Commitments.	49
Section 2.6 Repayment of Loans; Evidence of Debt.	50
Section 2.7 Prepayments.	51
Section 2.8 Payments Generally; Administrative Agent’s Clawback.	51
Section 2.9 Defaulting Lenders.	54
Section 2.10 Cash Collateral.	56
Section 2.11 Incremental Commitments.	57
Article 3 Interest, Fees, Yield Protection, etc.	59
Section 3.1 Interest.	59
Section 3.2 Fees.	60
Section 3.3 Inability to Determine Rates	61
Section 3.4 Increased Costs; Illegality.	62
Section 3.5 Compensation for Losses	63
Section 3.6 Taxes.	64
Section 3.7 Mitigation Obligations; Replacement of Lenders.	67
Section 3.8 Benchmark Replacement Setting.	68
Article 4 Conditions Precedent to Credit Extensions	69
Section 4.1 Conditions to Initial Credit Extensions	69
Section 4.2 Conditions to All Credit Extensions	72
Article 5 Representations and Warranties	72
Section 5.1 Existence, Qualification and Power; Compliance with Laws	72
Section 5.2 Authorization; No Contravention	73
Section 5.3 Governmental Authorization; Other Consents	73
Section 5.4 Binding Effect	73
Section 5.5 Financial Statements; No Material Adverse Effect.	73
Section 5.6 Litigation	74
Section 5.7 Environmental Matters.	74
Section 5.8 Ownership of Properties; Liens	75

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Section 5.9 Casualty, Etc	76
Section 5.10 Investment Company Status, Etc	76
Section 5.11 Taxes	76
Section 5.12 ERISA.	76
Section 5.13 Subsidiaries; Equity Interests	77
Section 5.14 Insurance	77
Section 5.15 Federal Reserve Regulations, Etc	77
Section 5.16 Collateral Documents.	78
Section 5.17 Solvency	78
Section 5.18 Anti-Corruption Laws; Sanctions; Anti-Terrorism Laws.	78
Section 5.19 Material Owned Real Property	79
Section 5.20 Accuracy of Information, Etc.	79
Section 5.21 Labor Matters	79
Section 5.22 Absence of Certain Restrictions	80
Section 5.23 No Default	80
Section 5.24 Common Enterprise	80
Section 5.25 Brokers’ Fees	80
Section 5.26 Affected Financial Institutions.	80
Article 6 Affirmative Covenants	80
Section 6.1 Financial Statements and Other Information	80
Section 6.2 Notices of Material Events	82
Section 6.3 Existence; Conduct of Business	83
Section 6.4 Payment and Performance of Obligations	83
Section 6.5 Maintenance of Properties	83
Section 6.6 Books and Records; Inspection Rights	83
Section 6.7 Compliance with Laws	83
Section 6.8 Use of Proceeds.	84
Section 6.9 Information Concerning Collateral	84
Section 6.10 Insurance.	84
Section 6.11 [Reserved].	86
Section 6.12 Covenant to Guarantee and Provide Security.	86
Section 6.13 Environmental Matters	88
Section 6.14 [Reserved]	88
Section 6.15 Certain Post-Closing Obligations	88
Section 6.16 Cash Management	88
Article 7 Negative Covenants	88
Section 7.1 Indebtedness; Equity Interests.	88
Section 7.2 Liens	91
Section 7.3 Fundamental Changes; Business; Fiscal Year.	91
Section 7.4 Investments, Loans, Advances, Guarantees and Acquisitions	92
Section 7.5 Dispositions	94
Section 7.6 Sale and Lease Back Transactions	95
Section 7.7 Swap Agreements	95
Section 7.8 Restricted Payments	95
Section 7.9 Transactions with Affiliates	96
Section 7.10 Restrictive Agreements	96
Section 7.11 Amendment of Material Documents	97
Section 7.12 Financial Covenants.	97

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Section 7.13 Payments on Subordinated Debt	97
Section 7.14 Government Regulation	98
Section 7.15 Hazardous Materials	98
Article 8 Events of Default	98
Section 8.1 Events of Default	98
Section 8.2 Remedies Upon Event of Default	100
Section 8.3 Application of Funds	101
Article 9 The Administrative Agent	102
Section 9.1 Appointment and Authority	102
Section 9.2 Rights as a Lender or L/C Issuer	102
Section 9.3 Exculpatory Provisions.	102
Section 9.4 Reliance by Administrative Agent	103
Section 9.5 Delegation of Duties	104
Section 9.6 Resignation of Administrative Agent.	104
Section 9.7 Non-Reliance on Administrative Agent, L/C Issuers and Other Lenders	105
Section 9.8 No Other Duties, Etc	105
Section 9.9 Administrative Agent May File Proofs of Claim	105
Section 9.10 Collateral and Guarantee Matters.	106
Section 9.11 Compliance with Flood Insurance Laws	107
Section 9.12 Cash Management Obligations and Swap Agreement Obligations	107
Section 9.13 Erroneous Payments.	107
Article 10 Miscellaneous	110
Section 10.1 Notices.	110
Section 10.2 Waivers; Amendments.	112
Section 10.3 Expenses; Indemnity; Damage Waiver.	114
Section 10.4 Successors and Assigns.	115
Section 10.5 Survival	119
Section 10.6 Counterparts; Integration; Effectiveness; Electronic Execution	119
Section 10.7 Severability	120
Section 10.8 Setoff	120
Section 10.9 Governing Law; Jurisdiction; Consent to Service of Process.	120
Section 10.10 WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL	121
Section 10.11 Payments Set Aside	121
Section 10.12 Headings	122
Section 10.13 Interest Rate Limitation	122
Section 10.14 Confidentiality; Treatment of Certain Information	122
Section 10.15 USA PATRIOT Act	123
Section 10.16 No Fiduciary Duty	123
Section 10.17 Acknowledgement and Consent to Bail-In of Affected Financial Institutions	123
Section 10.18 Certain ERISA Matters.	124
Section 10.19 Acknowledgement Regarding Any Supported QFCs	125

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SCHEDULES:

Schedule 1.1	Mortgage Requirement
Schedule 2.1	Commitments
Schedule 2.4	Existing Letters of Credit
Schedule 4.1(f)	Collateral Documents and Related Requirements
Schedule 5.13	Subsidiaries; Equity Interests
Schedule 5.14	Insurance
Schedule 5.16(a)	UCC Filing Offices
Schedule 5.16(b)	Mortgage Filing Offices
Schedule 5.19	Owned Real Property
Schedule 6.15	Certain Post-Closing Obligations
Schedule 7.1	Existing Indebtedness
Schedule 7.2	Existing Liens
Schedule 7.4	Existing Investments
Schedule 7.10	Existing Restrictions
Schedule 10.1	Notice Information

 

EXHIBITS:

Exhibit A	Form of Assignment and Assumption
Exhibit B	Form of Committed Loan Notice
Exhibit C	Form of Revolving Loan Note
Exhibit D	Form of Compliance Certificate
Exhibit E	Form of Closing Certificate
Exhibit F	Form of Subsidiary Joinder Agreement
Exhibit G-1	Form of U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate For Foreign Lenders That Are Not Partnerships For U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes
Exhibit G-2	Form of U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate For Foreign Participants That Are Not Partnerships For U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes
Exhibit G-3	Form of U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate For Foreign Participants That Are Partnerships For U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes
Exhibit G-4	Form of U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate For Foreign Lenders That Are Partnerships For U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes
Exhibit H	Form of Master Intercompany Note
Exhibit I	Form of Solvency Certificate
Exhibit J	Form of Secured Obligation Designation Notice

 

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CREDIT AGREEMENT

CREDIT AGREEMENT, dated as of October 20, 2023, among OOMA, INC., a Delaware corporation (the “Borrower”), the LENDERS party hereto and CITIZENS BANK, N.A., as Administrative Agent.

RECITALS

A. The Borrower has requested that the Lenders make loans and other financial accommodations to the Borrower as more fully set forth herein.

B. The Lenders have indicated their willingness to lend and the L/C Issuer has indicated its willingness to issue Letters of Credit, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein.

In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements herein contained, the parties hereto covenant and agree as follows:

Article 1

Definitions and Rules of Construction

Section 1.1 Definitions. As used in this Credit Agreement, the following terms have the meanings specified below:

“ABR Borrowing” means, as to any Borrowing, the ABR Loans comprising such Borrowing.

“ABR Loan” means a Loan bearing interest based on the Alternate Base Rate.

“Acquired Entity or Business” means, for any period, any Person, property, business or asset acquired by the Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries in a Permitted Acquisition, to the extent not subsequently sold, transferred or otherwise Disposed of during such period.

“Acquisition” means any transaction or series of related transactions resulting, directly or indirectly, in: (a) the acquisition by any Person of (i) all or substantially all of the assets of another Person or (ii) all or substantially all of any business line, unit or division of another Person, (b) the acquisition by any Person (i) of in excess of 50% of the Equity Interests of any other Person, or (ii) otherwise causing any other Person to become a subsidiary of such Person, or (c) a merger, amalgamation consolidation, or any other combination of any Person with another Person (other than a Person that is a Loan Party or a Subsidiary of a Loan Party) in which a Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries is the surviving Person.

“Administrative Agent” means Citizens Bank, in its capacity as administrative agent for the Lenders or any successor thereto.

“Administrative Agent’s Payment Office” means the Administrative Agent’s office located at 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 (Corporate Banking Servicing / Commercial Loan Operations), or such other office as to which the Administrative Agent may from time to time notify the Borrower and the Lenders.

“Administrative Questionnaire” means an Administrative Questionnaire in a form supplied by the Administrative Agent.

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“Affected Financial Institution” means (a) any EEA Financial Institution or (b) any UK Financial Institution.

“Affiliate” means, with respect to a specified Person, another Person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, Controls or is Controlled by or is under common Control with the Person specified.

“Agent Parties” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.1(d)(iii).

“Agreement Date” means the first date appearing in this Credit Agreement.

“Alternate Base Rate” means, for any day, a rate per annum equal to the greatest of (a) the Prime Rate in effect on such day, (b) the Federal Funds Rate in effect on such day plus 0.50% per annum and (c) the Daily SOFR Rate on such day plus 1.00% per annum, provided that the Alternate Base Rate shall at no time be less than the Floor. If the Administrative Agent shall have determined (which determination shall be conclusive absent clearly manifest error) that it is unable to ascertain the Federal Funds Rate or the Daily SOFR Rate for any reason, including the inability or failure of the Administrative Agent to obtain sufficient quotations in accordance with the terms of the definition of the term Federal Funds Rate, the Alternate Base Rate shall be determined without regard to clause (b) or (c), as applicable, of the preceding sentence until the circumstances giving rise to such inability no longer exist. Any change in the Alternate Base Rate due to a change in the Prime Rate, the Federal Funds Rate or the Daily SOFR Rate, as applicable, shall be effective from and including the effective date of such change in the Prime Rate, the Federal Funds Rate or the Daily SOFR Rate, as applicable, respectively.

“Anti-Corruption Laws” means all laws, rules, and regulations of any jurisdiction applicable to the Loan Parties or their respective Subsidiaries from time to time concerning or relating to bribery or corruption.

“Anti-Terrorism Laws” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.18(c).

“Applicable Law” means, as to any Person, all applicable Laws binding upon such Person or to which such a Person is subject.

“Applicable Lending Office” means for any Lender, such Lender’s office, branch or affiliate designated for SOFR Loans, ABR Loans or Letters of Credit or participations therein, as applicable, as notified to the Administrative Agent, any of which offices may be changed by such Lender.

“Applicable Margin” means: with respect to the Revolving Loans, L/C Participation Fees and Commitment Fees, in the case of (i) ABR Revolving Borrowings, 1.25%, (ii) SOFR Revolving Borrowings and the L/C Participation Fees, 2.00%, and (iii) Commitment Fees, 0.25%

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Applicable Margin in respect of any Class of Incremental Term Loans shall be the applicable percentages per annum set forth in the relevant Incremental Assumption Agreement.

“Applicable Percentage” means, at any time (a) with respect to any Lender with a Commitment of any Class, the percentage equal to a fraction the numerator of which is the amount of such Lender’s Commitment of such Class and the denominator of which is the aggregate amount of all Commitments of such Class of all Lenders (provided that if the Commitments under the Revolving Facility have terminated or expired, the Applicable Percentages of the Lenders under the Revolving Facility shall be determined based upon the Revolving Exposure at such time of the determination pursuant to clause (b) below) and (b) with respect to the Loans of any Class, a percentage equal to a fraction the numerator of which is such

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Lender’s Outstanding Amount of the Loans of such Class and the denominator of which is the aggregate Outstanding Amount of all Loans of such Class.

“Appropriate Lenders” means, at any time, (a) with respect to the Revolving Facility, the Revolving Lenders, (b) with respect to any Letters of Credit, the L/C Issuer and the Revolving Lenders and (c) with respect to any Incremental Term Facility, the applicable Incremental Term Lenders.

“Approved Fund” means any Fund that is administered or managed by (a) a Lender, (b) an Affiliate of a Lender or (c) an entity or an Affiliate of an entity that administers or manages a Lender.

“Approved Line of Business” means, collectively, (a) those lines of business in which the Borrower and its Subsidiaries operate on the Closing Date and (b) any business or activity that is similar, related or incidental thereto or a reasonable expansion or extension thereof.

“Arranger” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.7.

“Assignment and Assumption” means an assignment and assumption entered into by a Lender and an Eligible Assignee (with the consent of any party whose consent is required by Section 10.4) and accepted by the Administrative Agent, in substantially the form of Exhibit A or any other form approved by the Administrative Agent.

“Attorney Costs” means when referring to the Attorney Costs of (a) the Administrative Agent, all reasonable and documented fees and reasonable and documented out-of-pocket expenses, charges and disbursements of one law firm (and one local counsel in each relevant jurisdiction and one special or regulatory counsel for each relevant subject matter to the extent reasonably necessary) and (b) each Credit Party other than the Administrative Agent, all reasonable and documented fees and reasonable and documented out-of-pocket expenses, charges and disbursements of one counsel to each such Credit Party.

“Attributable Indebtedness” means, at any date, (a) in respect of any Capitalized Lease of any Person, the capitalized amount thereof that would appear on a balance sheet of such Person prepared as of such date in accordance with GAAP, (b) in respect of any Synthetic Lease Obligation of any Person, the capitalized or principal amount of the remaining lease payments under the relevant lease that would appear on a balance sheet of such Person prepared as of such date in accordance with GAAP if such lease or other agreement were accounted for as a Capitalized Lease, and (c) all Synthetic Debt of such Person.

“Audited Financial Statements” means the Form 10-K containing the audited consolidated balance sheet of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries as of the last day of each of the two most recent Fiscal Years ended at least 90 days prior to the Closing Date and the related audited consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flows and shareholders’ equity of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries for each of the two most recent Fiscal Years ended at least 90 days prior to the Closing Date.

“Auto-Renewal Letter of Credit” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.4(b)(iii).

“Availability Period” means, with respect to the Revolving Facility, the period from and including the Closing Date to but excluding the earlier of the Maturity Date with respect to the Revolving Facility and, if different, the date of the termination of the Revolving Commitments in accordance with the provisions of this Credit Agreement.

“Available Tenor” means, as of any date of determination and with respect to the then-current Benchmark, as applicable, (x) if such Benchmark is a term rate, any tenor for such Benchmark (or component thereof) that is or may be used for determining the length of an Interest Period pursuant to this Credit Agreement or (y) otherwise, any payment period for interest calculated with reference to such

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Benchmark (or component thereof), as applicable, that is or may be used for determining any frequency of making payments of interest calculated with reference to such Benchmark pursuant to this Credit Agreement, in each case, as of such date and not including, for the avoidance of doubt, any tenor for such Benchmark that is then-removed from the definition of “Interest Period” pursuant to Section 3.8(d).

“Back-to-Back Letter of Credit” means a letter of credit, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the L/C Issuer and issued by an issuer reasonably satisfactory to the L/C Issuer.

“Backstopped” means, in respect of any Letter of Credit that remains outstanding on the applicable date, that the L/C Issuer shall have received (a) a Back-to-Back Letter of Credit and/or (b) cash or Cash Equivalents, provided that (i) the sum of the maximum drawable amount of such Back-to-Back Letter of Credit plus the amount of such cash and Cash Equivalents shall not be less than the Minimum Collateral Amount of the maximum drawable amount of such Letter of Credit, (ii) the arrangements with respect to such cash, Cash Equivalents and drawings on any Back-to‑Back Letter of Credit allow the L/C Issuer to apply the same to reimburse itself with respect to drawings on, and other sums owing with respect to, such Letter of Credit, and (iii) the requirements under clauses (i) and (ii) of this defined term are in all respects reasonably satisfactory to the L/C Issuer.

“Bail-In Action” means the exercise of any Write-Down and Conversion Powers by the applicable Resolution Authority in respect of any liability of an Affected Financial Institution.

“Bail-In Legislation” means (a) with respect to any EEA Member Country implementing Article 55 of Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union, the implementing law, regulation, rule or requirement for such EEA Member Country from time to time that is described in the EU Bail-In Legislation Schedule and (b) with respect to the United Kingdom, Part I of the United Kingdom Banking Act 2009 (as amended from time to time) and any other law, regulation or rule applicable in the United Kingdom relating to the resolution of unsound or failing banks, investment firms or other financial institutions or their affiliates (other than through liquidation, administration or other insolvency proceedings).

“Bankruptcy Code” means Title 11 of the United States Code or any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors.

“Benchmark” means, initially, the Term SOFR Reference Rate; provided that if a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred with respect to the Term SOFR Reference Rate or the then-current Benchmark, then “Benchmark” means the applicable Benchmark Replacement to the extent that such Benchmark Replacement has replaced such prior benchmark rate pursuant to Section 3.8(a). Any reference to “Benchmark” shall include, as applicable, the published component used in the calculation thereof.

“Benchmark Replacement” means, for any Available Tenor, the first alternative set forth in the order below that can be determined by the Administrative Agent for the applicable Benchmark Replacement Date:

(a) Daily Simple SOFR; or

(b) the sum of: (i) the alternate benchmark rate that has been selected by the Administrative Agent and the Borrower giving due consideration to (A) any selection or recommendation of a replacement benchmark rate or the mechanism for determining such a rate by the Relevant Governmental Body or (B) any evolving or then-prevailing market convention for determining a benchmark rate and an adjustment as a replacement to the then-current Benchmark for Dollar-denominated syndicated credit facilities at such time and (ii) the related Benchmark Replacement Adjustment;

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provided, that any such Benchmark Replacement shall be administratively feasible as determined by the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion.

If the Benchmark Replacement as determined pursuant to clause (a) or (b) above would be less than the Floor, such Benchmark Replacement will be deemed to be the Floor for the purposes of this Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents.

“Benchmark Replacement Adjustment” means, with respect to any replacement of the then-current Benchmark with an Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement, the spread adjustment, or method for calculating or determining such spread adjustment (which may be a positive or negative value or zero) that has been selected by the Administrative Agent and the Borrower giving due consideration to (a) any selection or recommendation of a spread adjustment, or method for calculating or determining such spread adjustment, for the replacement of such Benchmark with the applicable Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement by the Relevant Governmental Body or (b) any evolving or then-prevailing market convention for determining a spread adjustment, or method for calculating or determining such spread adjustment, for the replacement of such Benchmark with the applicable Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement for Dollar-denominated syndicated credit facilities.

“Benchmark Replacement Date” means a date and time determined by Administrative Agent, which date shall be no later than the earliest to occur of the following events with respect to the then-current Benchmark:

(a) in the case of clause (a) or (b) of the definition of “Benchmark Transition Event”, the later of (i) the date of the public statement or publication of information referenced therein and (ii) the date on which the administrator of such Benchmark (or the published component used in the calculation thereof) permanently or indefinitely ceases to provide all Available Tenors of such Benchmark (or such component thereof); or

(b) in the case of clause (c) of the definition of “Benchmark Transition Event”, the first date on which such Benchmark (or the published component used in the calculation thereof) has been determined and announced by or on behalf of the administrator of such Benchmark (or such component thereof) or the regulatory supervisor for the administrator of such Benchmark (or such component thereof) to be non-representative; provided that such non-representativeness will be determined by reference to the most recent statement or publication referenced in such clause (c) and even if any Available Tenor of such Benchmark (or such component thereof) continues to be provided on such date.

For the avoidance of doubt, the “Benchmark Replacement Date” will be deemed to have occurred in the case of clause (a) or (b) with respect to any Benchmark upon the occurrence of the applicable event or events set forth therein with respect to all then-current Available Tenors of such Benchmark (or the published component used in the calculation thereof).

“Benchmark Transition Event” means the occurrence of one or more of the following events with respect to the then-current Benchmark:

(a) a public statement or publication of information by or on behalf of the administrator of such Benchmark (or the published component used in the calculation thereof) announcing that such administrator has ceased or will cease to provide all Available Tenors of such Benchmark (or such component thereof), permanently or indefinitely; provided that, at the time of such statement or publication, there is no successor administrator that will continue to provide any Available Tenor of such Benchmark (or such component thereof);

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(b) a public statement or publication of information by the regulatory supervisor for the administrator of such Benchmark (or the published component used in the calculation thereof), the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, an insolvency official with jurisdiction over the administrator for such Benchmark (or such component), a resolution authority with jurisdiction over the administrator for such Benchmark (or such component) or a court or an entity with similar insolvency or resolution authority over the administrator for such Benchmark (or such component), which states that the administrator of such Benchmark (or such component) has ceased or will cease to provide all Available Tenors of such Benchmark (or such component thereof) permanently or indefinitely; provided that, at the time of such statement or publication, there is no successor administrator that will continue to provide any Available Tenor of such Benchmark (or such component thereof); or

(c) a public statement or publication of information by or on behalf of the administrator of such Benchmark (or the published component used in the calculation thereof) or the regulatory supervisor for the administrator of such Benchmark (or such component thereof) announcing that all Available Tenors of such Benchmark (or such component thereof) are not, or as of a specified future date will not be, representative.

For the avoidance of doubt, a “Benchmark Transition Event” will be deemed to have occurred with respect to any Benchmark if a public statement or publication of information set forth above has occurred with respect to each then-current Available Tenor of such Benchmark (or the published component used in the calculation thereof).

“Benchmark Unavailability Period” means, the period (if any) (a) beginning at the time that a Benchmark Replacement Date has occurred if, at such time, no Benchmark Replacement has replaced the then-current Benchmark for all purposes hereunder and under any Loan Document in accordance with Section 3.8 and (b) ending at the time that a Benchmark Replacement has replaced the then-current Benchmark for all purposes hereunder and under any Loan Document in accordance with Section 3.8.

“Beneficial Ownership Certification” means, with respect to the Borrower, a certification regarding beneficial ownership as required by the Beneficial Ownership Regulation, which certification shall be substantially in the form provided by Administrative Agent or such other form satisfactory to the Administrative Agent.

“Beneficial Ownership Regulation” means 31 C.F.R. § 1010.230.

“Benefit Plan” means any of (a) an “employee benefit plan” (as defined in ERISA) that is subject to Title I of ERISA, (b) a “plan” as defined in Section 4975 of the Code or (c) any Person whose assets include (for purposes of ERISA Section 3(42) or otherwise for purposes of Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code) the assets of any such “employee benefit plan” or “plan”.

“Borrower” has the meaning assigned to such term in the Preamble.

“Borrowing” means a borrowing consisting of simultaneous Loans of the same Class, Type and, in the case of a SOFR Borrowing, having the same Interest Period, made by the Lenders.

“Borrowing Minimum” means (a) in the case of a SOFR Borrowing, $1,000,000 and (b) in the case of an ABR Borrowing, $500,000.

“Borrowing Multiple” means (a) in the case of a SOFR Borrowing, $250,000 and (b) in the case of an ABR Borrowing, $100,000.

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“Business Day” means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or day on which banks in New York City, New York are authorized or required by law to close.

“Capitalized Lease Obligations” means, at the time any determination thereof is to be made, the amount of the liabilities in respect of Capitalized Leases that would at such time be required to be capitalized and reflected as a liability on a balance sheet (excluding the footnotes thereto) prepared in accordance with GAAP.

“Capitalized Leases” means, subject to Section 1.4(c), all leases that are required to be capitalized in accordance with GAAP.

“Cash Collateralize” means to deposit in a Controlled Account or to pledge and deposit with or deliver to the Administrative Agent, for the benefit of one or more of the L/C Issuer or the Lenders, as collateral for L/C Obligations or obligations of the Lenders to fund participations in respect of L/C Obligations, cash or deposit account balances or, if each of the Administrative Agent and the L/C Issuer shall agree in its sole discretion, other credit support, in each case pursuant to documentation in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent and the L/C Issuer. “Cash Collateral”, “Cash Collateralized” and “Cash Collateralization” shall have a meaning analogous to the foregoing and shall include the proceeds of such cash collateral and other credit support.

“Cash Equivalents” means each of the following to the extent, except with respect to items described in clause (f) below, denominated in Dollars:

(a) debt obligations maturing within one year from the date of acquisition thereof to the extent the principal thereof and interest thereon is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States;

(b) commercial paper maturing within 180 days from the date of acquisition thereof and having, at such date of acquisition, the highest credit rating obtainable from S&P or Moody’s;

(c) certificates of deposit, banker’s acceptances and time deposits maturing within 180 days from the date of acquisition thereof issued or guaranteed by or placed with, and money market deposit accounts issued or offered by, any domestic office of any commercial bank organized under the laws of the United States or any state, commonwealth or other political subdivision thereof that has a combined capital and surplus and undivided profits of not less than $500,000,000 or, to the extent not otherwise included, any Lender, and which is rated at least A-2 by S&P and P-2 by Moody’s in the note or commercial paper rating category;

(d) repurchase agreements with a term of not more than 30 days for securities described in clause (a) of this definition and entered into with a financial institution satisfying the criteria described in clause (c) of this definition;

(e) money market mutual funds, substantially all of the investments of which are in cash or investments contemplated by clauses (a), (b) and (c) of this definition;

(f) other investments permitted by the Borrower’s investment policy, as amended from time to time, provided that such investment policy (and such amendments thereto) has been approved by the Administrative Agent in writing; and

(g) with respect to any Foreign Subsidiary, (i) obligations of the national government of the country in which such Foreign Subsidiary maintains its chief executive office and principal place of business, provided that such country is a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, in each case maturing within one year after the date of investment therein, (ii) certificates of

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deposit of, bankers acceptances of, or time deposits with, any commercial bank which is organized and existing under the laws of the country in which such Foreign Subsidiary maintains its chief executive office and principal place of business, provided such country is a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and whose short term commercial paper rating from S&P is at least “A-1” or the equivalent thereof or from Moody’s is at least “P-1” or the equivalent thereof (any such bank being an “Approved Foreign Bank”), and in each case with maturities of not more than 270 days from the date of acquisition and (iii) the equivalent of demand deposit accounts which are maintained with an Approved Foreign Bank.

“Cash Management Obligations” means all obligations of the Loan Parties in respect of any Cash Management Services provided to any Loan Party or its Subsidiaries (whether absolute or contingent and howsoever and whenever created, arising, evidenced or acquired (including all renewals, extensions and modifications thereof and substitutions therefor)) that are (a) owed to the Administrative Agent or any of its Affiliates, (b) owed on the Closing Date to a Person that is a Lender or an Affiliate of a Lender as of the Closing Date or (c) owed to a Person that is a Lender or an Affiliate of a Lender at the time such obligations are incurred or becomes a Lender or an Affiliate of a Lender after it has incurred such obligations, provided that any such provider of Cash Management Services (other than the Administrative Agent or its Affiliates) executes and delivers a Secured Obligation Designation Notice to the Administrative Agent.

“Cash Management Services” means, collectively, (a) commercial debit or credit cards, merchant card processing and other services, purchase, stored value or debit cards, including non-card e-payables services, (b) treasury management services (including cash pooling arrangements, controlled disbursement, netting, overdraft, lockbox and electronic or automatic clearing house fund transfer services, return items, sweep and interstate depository network services, foreign check clearing services), and (c) any other demand deposit or operating account relationships or other cash management services.

“Casualty Event” means any event that gives rise to the receipt by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries of any insurance proceeds or condemnation awards arising from any damage to, destruction of, or other casualty or loss involving, or any seizure, condemnation, confiscation or taking under power of eminent domain of, or requisition of title or use of or relating to or in respect of any equipment, fixed assets or Real Property (including any improvements thereon) of such Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries.

“CEA Swap Obligation” means, with respect to any Subsidiary Guarantor, any obligation to pay or perform under any agreement, contract or transaction that constitutes a “swap” within the meaning of Section 1a(47) of the Commodity Exchange Act.

“Change in Law” means the occurrence, after the Agreement Date, of any of the following: (a) the adoption or taking effect of any law, rule, regulation or treaty, (b) any change in any law, rule, regulation or treaty or in the administration, interpretation, implementation or application thereof by any Governmental Authority or (c) the making or issuance of any request, rule, guideline or directive (whether or not having the force of law) by any Governmental Authority or the compliance therewith by any Credit Party (or, for purposes of Section 3.4(b), by any Applicable Lending Office of such Credit Party or such Credit Party’s holding company, if any); provided that notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, (i) the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and all requests, rules, guidelines and directives thereunder or issued in connection therewith or in the implementation thereof and (ii) all requests, rules, guidelines and directives promulgated by the Bank for International Settlements, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (or any successor or similar authority) or the United States or foreign regulatory authorities, in each case pursuant to Basel III, shall in each case be deemed to be a “Change in Law”, regardless of the date enacted, adopted, issued or implemented.

“Change of Control” means an event or series of events by which (a) any Person or group (within the meaning of Rule 13d-5 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as in effect on the Agreement Date)

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shall own directly or indirectly, beneficially or of record, shares representing more than 45% of the aggregate ordinary voting power or economic interests represented by the issued and outstanding Equity Interests of the Borrower on a fully diluted basis, (b) a majority of the seats (other than vacant seats) on the board of directors (or equivalent governing body) of the Borrower shall at any time be occupied by Persons who were neither (i) nominated, approved or appointed by the board of directors (or equivalent governing body) of the Borrower nor (ii) nominated, approved or appointed by individuals so nominated, approved, or appointed, or (c) any change in control (or similar event, however denominated) with respect to any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries shall occur under and as defined in any indenture or agreement in respect of Indebtedness in an outstanding principal amount in excess of the Threshold Amount to which any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries is a party.

“Citizens Bank” means Citizens Bank, N.A., a national banking association.

“Class”, when used in reference to any Loan or Borrowing, refers to whether such Loan, or the Loans comprising such Borrowing, are Revolving Loans or Incremental Term Loans, and, when used in reference to any Commitment, refers to whether such Commitment is a Revolving Commitment or Incremental Term Loan Commitment.

“Closing Date” means the date on which the conditions specified in Section 4.1 are satisfied (or waived in accordance with Section 10.2).

“Closing Date Acquired Companies” means the Closing Date Acquisition Target and each of its subsidiaries.

“Closing Date Acquisition” means the acquisition by way of merger of the Closing Date Acquisition Target in accordance with the Closing Date Acquisition Agreement.

“Closing Date Acquisition Agreement” means the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of the Closing Date, by and among Borrower, Merger Sub (as defined therein), the Closing Date Acquisition Target and the Securityholder Representative named therein.

“Closing Date Acquisition Target” means 2600hz, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time.

“Collateral” means all the “Collateral” as defined in the Collateral Documents and all other property of whatever kind and nature pledged or charged, or purported to be pledged or charged, as collateral under any Collateral Document, and shall include the Mortgaged Properties. For the avoidance of doubt, the assets of Excluded Subsidiaries shall not constitute “Collateral”.

“Collateral and Guarantee Requirement” means, at any time, the requirement that:

(a) the Administrative Agent shall have received each Collateral Document required to be delivered on the Closing Date pursuant to Section 4.1, or, following the Closing Date, pursuant to pursuant to Section 6.15 (to the extent not delivered on the Closing Date) or Section 6.12, duly executed by each Loan Party that is a party thereto;

(b) all Secured Obligations shall have been unconditionally guaranteed jointly and severally on a senior basis by each of the Subsidiary Guarantors;

(c) except to the extent otherwise provided hereunder or under any Collateral Document, the Secured Obligations shall have been secured by a perfected first priority (subject to Liens expressly

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permitted pursuant to Section 7.2) security interest in, and, where applicable, Mortgages on, substantially all tangible and intangible assets of each Loan Party (including (i) accounts receivable, (ii) deposit accounts, commodity accounts and security accounts which shall be Controlled Accounts except that no Excluded Account (as such term is defined in the Security Agreement) shall be required to be a Controlled Account, (iii) inventory, (iv) machinery and equipment, (v) investment property, (vi) [reserved], (vii) Intellectual Property, (viii) other general intangibles, (ix) Material Owned Real Property, (x) Pledged Debt, Pledged Debt Securities and Pledged Equity Interests (as such terms are defined in the Security Agreement), (xi) motor vehicles (provided that no action shall be required to be taken to perfect the security interest therein other than the filing of a UCC financing statement) and (xii) the proceeds of the foregoing), it being understood that, in the case of the pledge of Equity Interests, the Administrative Agent shall have received all stock certificates or other instruments (if any) representing such Equity Interests, together with stock powers or other instruments of transfer with respect thereto endorsed in blank; provided that the pledge of any shares in respect of any Subsidiaries that are not Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries shall be limited to the shares actually owned by the applicable pledgor;

(d) the Secured Obligations shall have been secured by a first priority security interest in (i) all Indebtedness of the Borrower and each of its Subsidiaries that is owing to any Loan Party, which shall be evidenced by the Master Intercompany Note and (ii) all other Indebtedness owed to a Loan Party, which if evidenced by a promissory note or other instrument, shall have been pledged to the Administrative Agent, and in each case under clauses (i) and (ii), the Administrative Agent shall have received the Master Intercompany Note and such other promissory notes and other instruments together with note powers or other instruments of transfer with respect thereto endorsed in blank;

(e) none of the Collateral shall be subject to any Lien other than Liens expressly permitted by Section 7.2;

(f) the Administrative Agent shall have received a Perfection Certificate from the Borrower with respect to each Loan Party; and

(g) the Mortgage Requirement shall have been satisfied.

The foregoing definition shall not require the creation or perfection of pledges of or security interests in, or the obtaining of title insurance or surveys with respect to, particular assets if and for so long as the Administrative Agent agrees in writing that the cost of creating or perfecting such pledges or security interests in such assets or obtaining title insurance or surveys in respect of such assets shall be excessive in view of the benefits to be obtained by the Lenders therefrom.

The Administrative Agent may grant extensions of time for the perfection of security interests in or the obtaining of title insurance and surveys and the other requirements pursuant to this definition with respect to particular assets (including extensions beyond the Closing Date for the perfection of security interests in the assets of the Loan Parties on such date) where it reasonably determines (and without the consent of any other Secured Party), that, except as may be required by law, perfection or other requirements cannot be accomplished without undue effort or expense by the time or times at which it would otherwise be required by this Credit Agreement or the Collateral Documents.

Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this definition or anything in this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document to the contrary, (a) Liens required to be granted from time to time pursuant to the Collateral and Guarantee Requirement shall be subject to exceptions and limitations set forth herein and in the Collateral Documents and, to the extent appropriate in the applicable jurisdiction, as agreed between the Administrative Agent and the Borrower, (b) in no event shall the Collateral include any Excluded Assets (as such term is defined in the Security Agreement), and (c) notwithstanding anything to the contrary

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included in this definition, delivery of only the Collateral Documents required to be delivered by Section 4.1 shall be a condition precedent to the Credit Extensions on the Closing Date.

“Collateral Documents” means, collectively, the Security Agreement, each account control agreement, each Mortgage, each Copyright Security Agreement, each Patent Security Agreement, each Trademark Security Agreement, each Perfection Certificate, each agreement creating or perfecting rights in Cash Collateral and each other security agreement, instrument or other document executed or delivered pursuant to the Collateral and Guarantee Requirement, Section 6.12, Section 6.15 or the Security Agreement to secure any of the Secured Obligations.

“Commitment” means with respect to any Lender, such Lender’s Revolving Commitment and Incremental Term Loan Commitment (if any).

“Commitment Fee” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.2(a).

“Committed Loan Notice” means a notice of a Borrowing, a conversion of Loans from one Type to the other, or a continuation of SOFR Loans pursuant to Section 2.2(a), which, if in writing, shall be substantially in the form of Exhibit B.

“Commodity Exchange Act” means the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.) and any successor statute.

“Communications” means, collectively, any notice, demand, communication, information, document or other material provided by or on behalf of any Loan Party pursuant to any Loan Document or the transactions contemplated therein which is distributed to the Administrative Agent, any Lender or any L/C Issuer by means of electronic communications pursuant to Section 10.1, including through the Platform.

“Compliance Certificate” means a certificate, substantially in the form of Exhibit D.

“Conforming Changes” means, with respect to either the use or administration of the Benchmark, or the use, administration, adoption or implementation of any Benchmark Replacement, any technical, administrative or operational changes (including, for example and not by way of limitation or prescription, changes to the definition of “Alternate Base Rate,” the definition of “Business Day,” the definition of “Interest Period” or any similar or analogous definition, the definition of “Government Securities Business Day,” timing and frequency of determining rates and making payments of interest, timing of borrowing requests or prepayment, conversion or continuation notices, the applicability and length of lookback periods, the applicability of Section 3.5, and other technical, administrative or operational matters) that the Administrative Agent decides may be appropriate in connection with the use or administration of the Benchmark or to reflect the adoption and implementation of any Benchmark Replacement or to permit the use and administration thereof by the Administrative Agent in a manner substantially consistent with market practice (or, if the Administrative Agent decides that adoption of any portion of such market practice is not administratively feasible or if the Administrative Agent determines that no market practice for the administration of any such rate exists, in such other manner of administration as the Administrative Agent decides is reasonably necessary in connection with the administration of this Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents).

“Connection Income Taxes” means Other Connection Taxes that are imposed on or measured by net income (however denominated) or that are franchise Taxes or branch profits Taxes.

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“Contested in Good Faith” means, with respect to any matter, that such matter is being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings diligently conducted and for which adequate reserves have been provided in accordance with GAAP.

“Contractual Obligation” means, as to any Person, any provision of any security issued by such Person or of any agreement, instrument or other undertaking to which such Person is a party or by which it or any of its property is bound.

“Control” means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of a Person, whether through the ability to exercise voting power, by contract or otherwise. “Controlling” and “Controlled” have meanings analogous thereto.

“Controlled Account” means, as the context may require, a commodities account, deposit account and/or securities account that is subject to a Control Agreement (as defined in the Security Agreement) in form and substance satisfactory to the Administrative Agent and, with respect to Cash Collateral, the L/C Issuer.

“Controlled Foreign Corporation” means a controlled foreign corporation within the meaning of Section 957(a) of the Code.

“Copyright Security Agreement” has the meaning assigned to such term in the Security Agreement.

“Credit Agreement” means this Credit Agreement.

“Credit Extension” means the making of a Loan or a L/C Credit Extension.

“Credit Facilities” means the Revolving Facility and any Incremental Term Facility; each, a “Credit Facility”.

“Credit Parties” means the Administrative Agent, the L/C Issuer and the Lenders.

“Daily Simple SOFR” means, for any day, a rate per annum equal to the greater of (a) the sum of (i) SOFR, with the conventions for this rate (which will include a lookback) being established by the Administrative Agent in accordance with the conventions for this rate selected or recommended by the Relevant Governmental Body for determining “Daily Simple SOFR” for syndicated business loans; provided, that if the Administrative Agent decides that any such convention is not administratively feasible for the Administrative Agent, then the Administrative Agent may establish another convention in its reasonable discretion plus (ii) the Daily Simple SOFR Adjustment, and (b) the Floor.

“Daily Simple SOFR Adjustment” means 0.10000%.

“Daily SOFR Rate” means, for any day, a rate per annum equal to Term SOFR in effect on such day for a one-month Interest Period (subject to the Floor referred to in the definition of “Term SOFR”).

“Debtor Relief Laws” means the Bankruptcy Code, and all other liquidation, conservatorship, bankruptcy, assignment for the benefit of creditors, moratorium, rearrangement, receivership, insolvency, reorganization, or similar debtor relief laws of the United States or other applicable jurisdictions from time to time in effect.

“Default” means any event or condition which constitutes an Event of Default or that upon notice, lapse of time or both would, unless cured or waived, become an Event of Default.

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“Default Rate” means (a) when used with respect to the outstanding principal balance of any Loan, the sum of (i) the rate of interest otherwise applicable thereto plus (ii) 5.00% per annum, and (b) when used with respect to any L/C Borrowing or any interest, fee or other amount payable under the Loan Documents which shall not have been paid when due, the sum of (i) the Alternate Base Rate plus (ii) the Applicable Margin applicable to ABR Revolving Borrowings plus (iii) 5.00% per annum.

“Defaulting Lender” means, subject to Section 2.9(b), any Lender that (a) has failed to (i) fund all or any portion of its Loans within two Business Days of the date such Loans were required to be funded hereunder unless such Lender notifies the Administrative Agent and the Borrower in writing that such failure is the result of such Lender’s determination that one or more conditions precedent to funding (each of which conditions precedent, together with any applicable default, shall be specifically identified in such writing) has not been satisfied, or (ii) pay to the Administrative Agent, the L/C Issuer, or any other Lender any other amount required to be paid by it hereunder (including in respect of its participation in Letters of Credit) within two Business Days of the date when due, (b) has notified the Borrower, the Administrative Agent or the L/C Issuer in writing that it does not intend to comply with its funding obligations hereunder, or has made a public statement to that effect (unless such writing or public statement relates to such Lender’s obligation to fund a Loan hereunder and states that such position is based on such Lender’s determination that a condition precedent to funding (which condition precedent, together with any applicable default, shall be specifically identified in such writing or public statement) cannot be satisfied), (c) has failed, within three Business Days after written request by the Administrative Agent or the Borrower, or, to the extent an L/C Issuer has outstanding L/C obligations owed to it at such time, such L/C Issuer, to confirm in writing to the Administrative Agent and the Borrower that it will comply with its prospective funding obligations hereunder, provided that such Lender shall cease to be a Defaulting Lender pursuant to this clause (c) upon receipt of such written confirmation by the Administrative Agent, such L/C Issuer or the Borrower, or (d) has, or has a direct or indirect holding company that has, (i) become the subject of a proceeding under any Debtor Relief Law, or (ii) had appointed for it a receiver, custodian, conservator, trustee, administrator, assignee for the benefit of creditors or similar Person charged with reorganization or liquidation of its business or assets, including the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other state or federal regulatory authority acting in such a capacity or (iii) become the subject of a Bail-In Action; provided that a Lender shall not be a Defaulting Lender solely by virtue of the ownership or acquisition of any equity interest in that Lender or any direct or indirect holding company thereof by a Governmental Authority so long as such ownership interest does not result in or provide such Lender with immunity from the jurisdiction of courts within the United States or from the enforcement of judgments or writs of attachment on its assets or permit such Lender (or such Governmental Authority) to reject, repudiate, disavow or disaffirm any contracts or agreements made with such Lender. Any determination by the Administrative Agent that a Lender is a Defaulting Lender under any one or more of clauses (a) through (d) above shall be conclusive and binding absent manifest error, and such Lender shall be deemed to be a Defaulting Lender (subject to Section 2.9(b)) upon delivery of written notice of such determination to the Borrower, the L/C Issuer and each Lender.

“Disposition” means, with respect to any Person, the sale, transfer, license, lease or other disposition (including by way of Division, Sale Leaseback or any sale or issuance of Equity Interests by way of a merger or otherwise) by such Person to any other Person, with or without recourse, of (a) any notes or accounts receivable or any rights and claims associated therewith, (b) any Equity Interests of any Subsidiary (other than directors’ qualifying shares), or (c) any other assets, provided, however, that none of the following shall constitute a Disposition: (i) any sale, transfer, license, lease or other disposition by (A) a Loan Party to another Loan Party or (B) a Non-Loan Party Subsidiary to the Borrower or another Subsidiary, in each case, on terms which are no less favorable than are obtainable from any Person which is not one of its Affiliates, (ii) the collection and settlement of accounts receivable and other obligations in the ordinary course of business, (iii) sales of inventory in the ordinary course of business, (iv) dispositions of substantially worn out, damaged, uneconomical, surplus or obsolete assets and assets that are no longer useful in the business of the Borrower or its Subsidiaries, and (v) sales, transfers, licenses, leases or other

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Dispositions resulting in aggregate Net Cash Proceeds not exceeding $5,000,000 during any Fiscal Year. Each of the terms “Dispose” and “Disposed” when used as a verb shall have an analogous meaning.

“Disqualified Equity Interest” means, with respect to any Person, any Equity Interest of such Person which, by its terms, or by the terms of any security or other Equity Interests into which it is convertible or for which it is exchangeable, or upon the happening of any event or condition, (a) matures or is mandatorily redeemable (other than solely for Qualified Equity Interests and cash in lieu of fractional shares of such Equity Interests) pursuant to a sinking fund obligation or otherwise (except as a result of a change in control or asset sale so long as any rights of the holders thereof upon the occurrence of a change in control or asset sale event shall be subject to the prior occurrence of the Termination Date), (b) is redeemable at the option of the holder thereof (other than solely for Qualified Equity Interests), in whole or in part, (c) provides for the scheduled payments of dividends in cash, or (d) is or becomes convertible into or exchangeable for Indebtedness or any other Equity Interests that would constitute Disqualified Equity Interests, in each case, prior to the date that is 91 days after the Latest Maturity Date at the time such Equity Interests are issued.

“Division” means the division of the assets, liabilities and/or obligations of a Person (the “Dividing Person”) among two or more Persons, whether pursuant to a “plan of division” or similar arrangement pursuant to Section 18-217 of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act or any similar provision under the laws of any other applicable jurisdiction and pursuant to which the Dividing Person may or may not survive.

“Dollars” or “$” refers to the lawful money of the United States.

“Domestic Subsidiary” means a Subsidiary incorporated or organized under the laws of the United States, or any state, commonwealth or other political subdivision thereof (including, for the avoidance of doubt, the District of Columbia).

“Earn-Out Obligations” means, with respect to any Person, obligations of such Person that are recognized under GAAP as a liability of such Person, payable in cash or which may be payable in cash at the seller’s or obligee’s option arising from the acquisition of a business or a line of business (whether pursuant to an acquisition of Equity Interests or assets, the consummation of a merger or consolidation or otherwise) and payable to the seller or sellers thereof.

“EEA Financial Institution” means (a) any credit institution or investment firm established in any EEA Member Country that is subject to the supervision of an EEA Resolution Authority, (b) any entity established in an EEA Member Country that is a parent of an institution described in clause (a) of this definition, or (c) any financial institution established in an EEA Member Country that is a subsidiary of an institution described in clauses (a) or (b) of this definition and is subject to consolidated supervision with its parent.

“EEA Member Country” means any of the member states of the European Union, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway.

“EEA Resolution Authority” means any public administrative authority or any person entrusted with public administrative authority of any EEA Member Country (including any delegee) having responsibility for the resolution of any EEA Financial Institution.

“Eligible Assignee” means any Person that meets the requirements to be an assignee under Section 10.4(b)(iii), (v) and (vi) (subject to such consents, if any, as may be required under Section 10.4(b)(iii)).

“Engagement Letter” means the Engagement Letter, dated September 18, 2023, between the Borrower and Citizens Bank.

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“Environmental Claims” means any and all administrative, regulatory or judicial actions, suits, demands, demand letters, claims, liens, notices of liability, non-compliance or violation, investigations, proceedings, settlements, consent decrees, consent orders, consent agreements and all costs and liabilities relating to or arising from or under any Environmental Law, including (a) any and all claims by Governmental Authorities for enforcement, investigation, corrective action, cleanup, removal, response, remedial or other actions, cost recovery, damages, natural resource damages or penalties pursuant to or arising under any Environmental Law, (b) any and all claims by any one or more Persons seeking damages, contribution, restitution, indemnification, cost recovery, compensation or injunctive relief directly or indirectly resulting from, based upon or arising under Environmental Law, pertaining to Hazardous Materials or an alleged injury or threat of injury to human health, safety, natural resources, or the indoor or outdoor environment, and (c) all liabilities contingent or otherwise, expenses, obligations, losses, damages, fines and penalties arising under any Environmental Law.

“Environmental Law” means, collectively and individually any and all federal, state, local, or foreign statute, rule, regulation, code, guidance, ordinance, order, judgment, directive, decree, injunction or common law as now or previously in effect and regulating, relating to or imposing liability or standards of conduct concerning: the environment; protection of the environment and natural resources; air emissions; water discharges; noise emissions; the Release, threatened Release or discharge into the environment and physical hazards of any Hazardous Material; the generation, handling, management, treatment, storage, transport or disposal of any Hazardous Material or otherwise concerning pollution or the protection of the outdoor or indoor environment, preservation or restoration of natural resources, employee or human health or safety, and potential or actual exposure to or injury from Hazardous Materials.

“Environmental Liability” means, in respect of any Person, any statutory, common law or equitable liability, contingent or otherwise of such Person directly or indirectly resulting from, arising out of or based upon (a) the violation of any Environmental Law or Environmental Permit, or (b) an Environmental Claim.

“Environmental Permit” means any permit, approval, authorization, certificate, license, variance, filing or permission required by or from any Governmental Authority pursuant to any Environmental Law.

“Equity Interests” means, with respect to any Person, (a) shares of capital stock of (or other ownership or profit interests in) such Person, (b) warrants, options or other rights for the purchase or acquisition from such Person of shares of capital stock of (or other ownership or profit interests in) such Person, (c) securities (other than Indebtedness) convertible into or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of (or other ownership or profit interests in) such Person or warrants, rights or options for the purchase or acquisition from such Person of such shares (or such other interests), (d) all other ownership or profit interests in such Person (including partnership, member or trust interests therein), whether voting or non-voting, and whether or not such shares, warrants, options, rights or other interests are outstanding on any date of determination and (e) any Security Entitlement (as defined in the Security Agreement) in respect of any Equity Interest described in this definition.

“ERISA” means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, and the rules and regulations issued thereunder.

“ERISA Affiliate” means any trade or business (whether or not incorporated) that, together with any Loan Party, is treated as a single employer under Section 414(b) or 414(c) of the Code or, solely for purposes of Sections 302 and 303 of ERISA and Sections 412 and 430 of the Code, is treated as a single employer under subsection (b), (c), (m) or (o) of Section 414 of the Code.

“ERISA Event” means (a) any “reportable event”, as defined in Section 4043(c) of ERISA with respect to a Pension Plan (other than an event for which the 30-day notice period referred to in Section 4043 of ERISA is waived); (b) the existence with respect to any Pension Plan of a non-exempt “prohibited

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transaction,” as defined in Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975(c)(1) of the Code; (c) any failure of any Pension Plan to satisfy the “minimum funding standard” applicable to such Pension Plan under Section 412 or Section 430 of the Code or Section 302 or Section 303 of ERISA, whether or not waived; (d) the filing pursuant to Section 412(c) of the Code or Section 302(c) of ERISA of an application for a waiver of the minimum funding standard with respect to any Pension Plan, the failure to make by its due date a required installment under Section 430(j)(3) of the Code with respect to any Pension Plan or the failure of any Loan Party or ERISA Affiliate to make any required contribution to any Multiemployer Plan; (e) a determination that any Pension Plan is, or is expected to be, in “at-risk” status (as defined in Section 430(i)(4) of the Code or Section 303(i)(4) of ERISA; (f) the incurrence by any Loan Party or any ERISA Affiliate of any liability under Title IV of ERISA with respect to the termination of any Pension Plan including the imposition of any Lien in favor of the PBGC or any Pension Plan (other than for PBGC premiums due but not delinquent under Section 4007 of ERISA); (g) the filing of a notice of intent to terminate, the treatment of a Pension Plan amendment as a termination under Section 4041 or Section 4041A or ERISA, the receipt by any Loan Party or any ERISA Affiliate from the PBGC or a Pension Plan administrator of any notice relating to an intention to terminate any Pension Plan or Pension Plans or to appoint a trustee to administer any Pension Plan under Section 4042 of ERISA or the occurrence of an event or condition which constitutes grounds under Section 4042 of ERISA or the termination of, or the appointment of a trustee to administrator, any Pension Plan; (h) any limitations under Section 436 of the Code become applicable; (i) the incurrence by any Loan Party or any of its ERISA Affiliates of any liability with respect to the withdrawal or partial withdrawal from any Pension Plan or Multiemployer Plan; (j) a withdrawal by any Loan Party or any ERISA Affiliate from a Pension Plan subject to Section 4063 of ERISA during a plan year in which it was a substantial employer (as defined in Section 4001(a)(2) of ERISA) or a cessation of operations that is treated as such a withdrawal under Section 4062(e) of ERISA; (k) the receipt by any Loan Party or any ERISA Affiliate of any notice, or the receipt by any Multiemployer Plan from any Loan Party or any ERISA Affiliate of any notice, concerning the imposition of Withdrawal Liability or a determination that a Multiemployer Plan is, or is expected to be, insolvent or in reorganization, within the meaning of Title IV of ERISA or in endangered or critical status within the meaning of Section 432 of the Code or Section 305 or Title IV of ERISA; or (l) the imposition on any Loan Party or any ERISA Affiliate of any tax under Sections 4971 through 4980H of the Code, or the assessment of a civil penalty on any Loan Party or any ERISA Affiliate under Section 502(c) of ERISA.

“Erroneous Payment” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.13(a).

“Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.13(d)(i).

“Erroneous Payment Impacted Class” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.13(d)(i).

“Erroneous Payment Return Deficiency” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.13(d)(i).

“Erroneous Payment Subrogation Rights” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.13(e).

“EU Bail-In Legislation Schedule” means the EU Bail-In Legislation Schedule published by the Loan Market Association (or any successor person), as in effect from time to time.

“Event of Default” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 8.1.

“Excluded CEA Swap Obligation” means, with respect to any Subsidiary Guarantor, any CEA Swap Obligation if, and only to the extent that, all or a portion of the Guarantee of such Subsidiary Guarantor of, or the grant by such Subsidiary Guarantor of a security interest to secure, such CEA Swap Obligation (or any Guarantee thereof) is or becomes illegal under the Commodity Exchange Act or any

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rule, regulation or order of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (or the application or official interpretation of any thereof), including by virtue of such Subsidiary Guarantor’s failure for any reason to constitute an “eligible contract participant” as defined in the Commodity Exchange Act and the regulations thereunder at the time the Guarantee of such Subsidiary Guarantor or the grant of such security interest becomes effective with respect to such CEA Swap Obligation. If a CEA Swap Obligation arises under a master agreement governing more than one swap, such exclusion shall apply only to the portion of such CEA Swap Obligation that is attributable to swaps for which such Guarantee or security interest is or becomes illegal.

“Excluded Subsidiary” means (a) any Subsidiary that is prohibited by applicable law, rule or regulation or by any Contractual Obligation (to the extent such contractual obligation is existing (i) on the Closing Date or (ii) at the time of acquisition of such Subsidiary so long as the prohibition or restriction in such contract is not entered into in contemplation thereof) from providing a Guarantee of the Secured Obligations or which would require governmental (including regulatory or any other Governmental Authority’s) consent, approval, license or authorization to provide such a Guarantee unless such consent, approval, license or authorization has been received, (b) any Foreign Subsidiary, (c) any Domestic Subsidiary that is a Subsidiary of a Foreign Subsidiary, (d) any Foreign Subsidiary Holdco, (e) any captive insurance company, (f) any Immaterial Subsidiary and (g) any other Subsidiary with respect to which the Borrower and the Administrative Agent reasonably determine in writing the cost or other consequences of providing such a Guarantee shall be excessive in view of the benefits of such Guarantee to be afforded to the Lenders therefrom. Any Excluded Subsidiary shall automatically cease to be an Excluded Subsidiary upon its ownership, lease or exclusive license of assets constituting Material Assets.

“Excluded Taxes” means any of the following Taxes imposed on or with respect to a Recipient or required to be withheld or deducted from a payment to a Recipient, (a) Taxes imposed on or measured by net income (however denominated), franchise Taxes, and branch profits Taxes, in each case, (i) imposed as a result of such Recipient being organized under the laws of, or having its principal office or, in the case of any Lender, its Applicable Lending Office located in, the jurisdiction imposing such Tax (or any political subdivision thereof) or (ii) that are Other Connection Taxes, (b) in the case of a Lender, U.S. federal withholding Taxes imposed on amounts payable to or for the account of such Lender with respect to an applicable interest in a Loan or Commitment pursuant to a law in effect on the date on which (i) such Lender acquires such interest in the Loan or Commitment (other than pursuant to an assignment request by the Borrower under Section 3.7(b)) or (ii) such Lender changes its Applicable Lending Office, except in each case to the extent that, pursuant to Section 3.6, amounts with respect to such Taxes were payable either to such Lender’s assignor immediately before such Lender became a party hereto or to such Lender immediately before it changed its Applicable Lending Office, (c) Taxes attributable to such Recipient’s failure to comply with Section 3.6(g) and (d) any U.S. federal withholding Taxes imposed under FATCA.

“FATCA” means Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code, as of the date of this Credit Agreement (or any amended or successor version that is substantively comparable and not materially more onerous to comply with) and any current or future regulations or official interpretations thereof and any agreement entered into pursuant to Section 1471(b)(1) of the Code and any fiscal or regulatory legislation, rules or official practices adopted pursuant to any intergovernmental agreement, treaty or convention among Governmental Authorities and implementing such Sections of the Code.

“Federal Funds Rate” means, for any day, a rate per annum (expressed as a decimal, rounded upwards, if necessary, to the next higher 1/100 of 1%) equal to the weighted average of the rates on overnight federal funds transactions with members of the Federal Reserve System arranged by federal funds brokers on such day, as published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on the Business Day next succeeding such day, provided that (a) if the day for which such rate is to be determined is not a Business Day, the Federal Funds Rate for such day shall be such rate on such transactions on the next preceding Business Day as so published on the next succeeding Business Day, (b) if such rate is not so published for

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any day, the Federal Funds Rate for such day shall be the average of the quotations for such day on such transactions received by the Administrative Agent from three federal funds brokers of recognized standing selected by it and (c) if the Federal Funds Rate shall be less than zero, such rate shall be deemed to be zero for purposes of this Credit Agreement.

“Federal Reserve Board” means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System of the United States.

“Financial Covenants” means the covenants set forth in Section 7.12(a) and (b).

“Financial Officer” means, with respect to any Person, the chief financial officer, principal accounting officer, treasurer or comptroller of such Person (or such other financial officer as is acceptable to the Administrative Agent).

“Fiscal Year” means the four fiscal quarter period of the Borrower ending on January 31 of each calendar year (i.e., the “2023 Fiscal Year” refers to the Fiscal Year ended on January 31, 2023).

“Flood Certificate” means a “Standard Flood Hazard Determination Form” of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and any successor Governmental Authority performing a similar function.

“Flood Documents” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.11.

“Flood Insurance Laws” means, collectively, (i) the National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994 (which comprehensively revised the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 and the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973) as now or hereafter in effect or any successor statute thereto, (ii) the Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 as now or hereafter in effect or any successor statute thereto and (iii) the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 as now or hereafter in effect or any successor statute thereto.

“Flood Insurance Policies” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 6.10(b).

“Flood Program” means the National Flood Insurance Program created by the U.S. Congress pursuant to the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, the National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994 and the Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004, in each case as amended from time to time, and any successor statutes.

“Flood Zone” means an area identified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (or any successor agency) as a “Special Flood Hazard Area” with respect to which flood insurance has been made available under Flood Insurance Laws.

“Floor” means 0.00% per annum.

“Foreign Lender” means (a) if the Borrower is a U.S. Person, a Lender that is not a U.S. Person, and (b) if the Borrower is not a U.S. Person, a Lender that is resident or organized under the laws of a jurisdiction other than that in which the Borrower is resident for tax purposes.

“Foreign Plan” means any employee pension benefit plan or arrangement (a) maintained, or contributed to by any Loan Party or Subsidiary that is not subject to the laws of the United States, or (b) mandated by a government other than the United States for employees of any Loan Party or Subsidiary.

“Foreign Subsidiary” means any Subsidiary that is not a Domestic Subsidiary.

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“Foreign Subsidiary Holdco” means any Domestic Subsidiary that owns no material assets other than the Equity Interests of one or more Foreign Subsidiaries that are Controlled Foreign Corporations.

“Fronting Exposure” means, at any time there is a Defaulting Lender, such Defaulting Lender’s L/C Exposure other than such Defaulting Lender’s L/C Exposure that has been reallocated to other Lenders or Cash Collateralized in accordance with the terms hereof.

“Fund” means any Person (other than a natural Person) that is (or will be) engaged in making, purchasing, holding or otherwise investing in commercial loans, bonds and similar extensions of credit in the ordinary course of its activities.

“GAAP” means generally accepted accounting principles in effect from time to time in the United States.

“Government Securities Business Day” means any day except for (a) a Saturday, (b) a Sunday or (c) a day on which the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (or any successor thereto) recommends that the fixed income departments of its members be closed for the entire day for purposes of trading in United States government securities.

“Governmental Authority” means the government of the United States or any other nation, or of any political subdivision thereof, whether state or local, and any department, commission, board, bureau, agency, authority, instrumentality, regulatory body, court, central bank or other entity exercising executive, legislative, judicial, taxing, regulatory or administrative powers or functions of or pertaining to government (including any supra national bodies such as the European Union or the European Central Bank) and any group or body charged with setting financial accounting or regulatory capital rules or standards (including the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Bank for International Settlements or the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision or any successor or similar authority to any of the foregoing).

“Guarantee Agreement” means the Guarantee Agreement, dated as of the date Closing Date, among the Loan Parties and the Administrative Agent.

“Guarantees” of or by any Person (the “guarantor”) means any obligation, contingent or otherwise, of the guarantor guaranteeing or having the economic effect of guaranteeing any Indebtedness or other obligation of any other Person (the “primary obligor”) in any manner, whether directly or indirectly, and including any obligation of the guarantor, direct or indirect, (a) to purchase or pay (or advance or supply funds for the purchase or payment of) such Indebtedness or other obligation or to purchase (or to advance or supply funds for the purchase of) any security for the payment thereof, (b) to purchase or lease property, securities or services for the purpose of assuring the owner of such Indebtedness or other obligation of the payment thereof, (c) to maintain working capital, equity capital or any other financial statement condition or liquidity of the primary obligor as to enable the primary obligor to pay such Indebtedness or other obligation or (d) as an account party in respect of any letter of credit or letter of guaranty issued to support such Indebtedness or obligation, provided that the term “Guarantee” shall not include endorsements for collection or deposit in the ordinary course of business. The term “Guaranteed” has a meaning analogous thereto. The amount of any Guarantee at any time shall be deemed to be an amount equal to the lesser at such time of (i) the stated or determinable amount of the primary obligation in respect of which such Guarantee is made (or, if not stated or determinable, the maximum reasonably anticipated amount of the obligations in respect of which such Guarantee is made) and (ii) the maximum amount for which the guarantor may be liable pursuant to the terms of the instrument embodying such Guarantee.

“Hazardous Materials” means all substances, wastes, chemicals, pollutants, or other contaminants, including petroleum or petroleum distillates, asbestos or asbestos containing materials, polychlorinated biphenyls, radon gas, mold, infectious, pharmaceutical or medical wastes and all other substances of any

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nature that are now or hereafter regulated under any Environmental Law or are now or hereafter defined, listed, classified, considered or described as hazardous, dangerous or toxic by any Governmental Authority or under any Environmental Law.

“Immaterial Subsidiary” means, as of any date of determination, those Subsidiaries (other than 2600hz, Inc., a Delaware corporation) designated in writing to the Administrative Agent that, together with their respective Subsidiaries, when considered on an individual or aggregate basis, do not have any of the following: (a) individually, assets with a book value of five percent (5%) or more of the total value of the consolidated assets of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, (b) together with all Non-Loan Party Subsidiaries, assets with a book value of ten percent (10%) or more of the total value of the consolidated assets of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, (c) individually, Recurring Revenue of five percent (5%) or more of the Recurring Revenue of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, as measured on the last day of the most recent period of four consecutive fiscal quarters of the Borrower for which the relevant financial information is available, and (d) together with all Non-Loan Party Subsidiaries, Recurring Revenue of less than ten percent (10%) of the Recurring Revenue of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, as measured on the last day of the most recent period of four consecutive fiscal quarters of the Borrower for which the relevant financial information is available. The Borrower's written notice described above shall include calculations demonstrating compliance with clauses (a) through (d) above in detail reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent. Upon any Immaterial Subsidiary failing to satisfy the requirements of any clauses (a) through (d) above, such Subsidiary shall automatically cease to be an Immaterial Subsidiary.

“Incremental Assumption Agreement” means an Incremental Assumption Agreement in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent and the Borrower, among the Borrower, the Administrative Agent and each Incremental Term Lender and/or existing or additional Revolving Lender party thereto.

“Incremental Commitments” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.11(a).

“Incremental Term Facility” means a term loan credit facility evidenced by Incremental Term Loan Commitments, if any.

“Incremental Term Lender” means a Lender with an Incremental Term Loan Commitment or an outstanding Incremental Term Loan.

“Incremental Term Loan Commitment” means the commitment of any Lender, established pursuant to Section 2.11, to make an Incremental Term Loan to the Borrower.

“Incremental Term Loan Maturity Date” means the final maturity date of any Incremental Term Loan, as set forth in the applicable Incremental Assumption Agreement, provided that if such date is not a Business Day, the Incremental Term Loan Maturity Date shall be the Business Day immediately preceding such day.

“Incremental Term Loan Repayment Date” means each date regularly scheduled for the payment of principal of any Incremental Term Loan, as set forth in the applicable Incremental Assumption Agreement.

“Incremental Term Loans” means term loans made by one or more Lenders to the Borrower pursuant to Section 2.1(c).

“Indebtedness” of any Person means, without duplication:

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(a) all obligations of such Person for borrowed money;

(b) all obligations of such Person evidenced by bonds, debentures, notes, loan agreements or other similar instruments, including seller paper;

(c) the maximum amount (after giving effect to any prior drawings or reductions which have been reimbursed) of all letters of credit (including standby and commercial) and banker’s acceptances, bank guaranties, surety bonds and similar instruments issued or created by or for the account of such Person;

(d) the Swap Termination Value of each Swap Agreement (to the extent reflecting an amount owed by such Person or an amount that would be owing were such Swap Agreement terminated);

(e) the Attributable Indebtedness of such Person in respect of Capitalized Lease Obligations, Synthetic Debt and Synthetic Lease Obligations of such Person (regardless of whether accounted for as indebtedness under GAAP);

(f) all obligations of such Person to pay the deferred purchase price of property or services (other than (i) trade accounts payable in the ordinary course of business which are paid within 120 days of their respective due dates and (ii) any purchase price adjustments, earn out or similar obligation until such obligation becomes a liability on the balance sheet of such Person in accordance with GAAP and if not paid after becoming due and payable);

(g) indebtedness (excluding prepaid interest thereon) secured by a Lien (or for which the holder of such indebtedness has an existing right, contingent or otherwise, to be secured by a Lien) on property owned or being purchased by such Person (including indebtedness arising under conditional sales or other title retention agreements and mortgage, industrial revenue bond, industrial development bond and similar financings), whether or not such indebtedness shall have been assumed by such Person or is limited in recourse;

(h) all Earn-Out Obligations due and owing of such Person;

(i) all obligations of such Person in respect of Disqualified Equity Interests;

(j) all obligations of such Person to pay a specified purchase price for goods or services whether or not delivered or accepted (e.g., take or pay obligations) or similar obligations and, without duplication, all obligations of such Person under conditional sale or other title retention agreements relating to property or assets purchased by such Person; and

(k) all Guarantees by such Person of any of the foregoing.

The Indebtedness of any Person shall include the Indebtedness of any partnership or joint venture (other than a joint venture that is itself a corporation, company, or limited liability company) in which such Person is a general partner or a joint venturer, unless such Indebtedness is expressly made non-recourse to such Person. The amount of Indebtedness of any Person for purposes of clause (g) shall be deemed to be equal to the greater of (i) the aggregate unpaid amount of such Indebtedness and (ii) the fair market value of the property encumbered thereby as determined by such Person in good faith.

“Indemnified Taxes” means (a) Taxes, other than Excluded Taxes, imposed on or with respect to any payment made by or on account of any obligation of any Loan Party under any Loan Document and (b) to the extent not otherwise described in clause (a), Other Taxes.

“Indemnitee” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.3(b).

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“Information” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.14(b).

“Intellectual Property” has the meaning assigned to such term in the Security Agreement.

“Interest Payment Date” means (a) with respect to any ABR Loan, the last Business Day of each calendar month and the Maturity Date of the Credit Facility under which such ABR Loan was made and (b) with respect to any SOFR Loan, the last day of the Interest Period therefor and, in the case of any Interest Period of more than three months’ duration, each day prior to the last day of such Interest Period that occurs at a three-month interval after the first day of such Interest Period, and the Maturity Date of the Credit Facility under which such SOFR Loan was made.

“Interest Period” means, with respect to any applicable Loan or Borrowing, the period commencing on the date of such Loan or Borrowing and ending on the numerically corresponding day in the calendar month that is one, three or six months thereafter (in each case, subject to the availability thereof), as specified in the applicable Committed Loan Notice; provided that (i) if any Interest Period would end on a day other than a Business Day, such Interest Period shall be extended to the next succeeding Business Day unless such next succeeding Business Day would fall in the next calendar month, in which case such Interest Period shall end on the next preceding Business Day, (ii) any Interest Period that commences on the last Business Day of a calendar month (or on a day for which there is no numerically corresponding day in the last calendar month of such Interest Period) shall end on the last Business Day of the last calendar month of such Interest Period, (iii) no Interest Period shall extend beyond the Maturity Date and (iv) no tenor that has been removed from this definition pursuant to Section 3.8(d) shall be available for specification in such Committed Loan Notice. For purposes hereof, the date of a Loan or Borrowing initially shall be the date on which such Loan or Borrowing is made and thereafter shall be the effective date of the most recent conversion or continuation of such Loan or Borrowing. Interest shall accrue from and including the first day of an Interest Period to but excluding the last day of such Interest Period.

“Investment” means, as to any Person, (a) any Acquisition by such Person, (b) any direct or indirect acquisition or investment by such Person in another Person, whether by means of the purchase or other acquisition of Equity Interests or debt or other securities of another Person (including any partnership or joint venture interest), or (c) any direct or indirect loan, advance or capital contribution to, Guarantee with respect to any Indebtedness or other obligation of, such other Person. For purposes of covenant compliance, the amount of any Investment on any date of determination shall be, in the case of any Investment in the form of (i) a loan or an advance, the principal amount thereof outstanding on such date, (ii) a Guarantee, the amount of such Guarantee as determined in accordance with the last sentence of the definition of such term, (iii) a transfer of Equity Interests or other property by the investor to the investee, including any such transfer in the form of a capital contribution, or the issuance of Equity Interests to such investor, the fair market value (as determined reasonably and in good faith by the chief financial officer of the Borrower) of such Equity Interests or other property as of the time of the transfer or issuance, without any adjustment for increases or decreases in value of, or write-ups, write-downs or write-offs with respect to, such Investment, and (iv) any Investment (other than any Investment referred to in clauses (i), (ii) or (iii) above) in the form of an Acquisition or a purchase or other acquisition for value of any evidences of Indebtedness or other securities of any other Person, the original cost of such Investment (including any Indebtedness assumed in connection therewith), plus the cost of all additions, as of such date, thereto, and minus the amount, as of such date, of any portion of such Investment repaid to the investor in cash as a repayment of principal or a return of capital, as the case may be, but without any other adjustment for increases or decreases in value of, or write-ups, write-downs or write-offs with respect to, such Investment.

“IRS” means the United States Internal Revenue Service.

“ISP” means the International Standby Practices, International Chamber of Commerce Publication No. 590 (or such later version thereof as may be in effect at the applicable time of issuance).

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“Latest Maturity Date” means, at any date of determination, the latest Maturity Date applicable to any Loan or Commitment hereunder at such time, including the latest Maturity Date of any Incremental Term Loan, in each case as extended in accordance with this Credit Agreement or pursuant to any other Loan Document from time to time.

“Laws” means, collectively, all international, foreign, federal, state and local statutes, treaties, rules, guidelines, regulations, ordinances, codes and administrative or judicial precedents or authorities, including the interpretation or administration thereof by any Governmental Authority charged with the enforcement, interpretation or administration thereof, and all applicable administrative orders, directed duties, requests, licenses, authorizations and permits of, and agreements with, any Governmental Authority, in each case whether or not having the force of law.

“L/C Advance” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.4(c)(iii).

“L/C Borrowing” means an extension of credit resulting from a drawing under any Letter of Credit which has not been reimbursed on the applicable L/C Honor Date or refinanced as a Revolving Borrowing.

“L/C Credit Extension” means, with respect to any Letter of Credit, the issuance or renewal thereof or extension of the expiry date thereof, or the reinstatement or increase of the amount thereof or any amendment thereto.

“L/C Disbursement” means a payment made by the L/C Issuer pursuant to a Letter of Credit.

“L/C Exposure” means, with respect to any Revolving Lender at any time, its Applicable Percentage of the L/C Obligations.

“L/C Fronting Fee” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.2(b)(ii).

“L/C Honor Date” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.4(c)(i).

“L/C Issuer” means Citizens Bank in its capacity as issuer of Letters of Credit hereunder.

“L/C Obligations” means, at any time, with respect to all of the Revolving Lenders, the sum, without duplication, of (a) the undrawn portion of all Letters of Credit plus (b) the aggregate of all Unreimbursed Amounts in respect of Letters of Credit (unless refinanced as a Revolving Borrowing), including all L/C Borrowings.

“L/C Participation Fee” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.2(b)(i).

“L/C Sublimit” means an amount equal to the lesser of (a) $10,000,000 and (b) the aggregate amount of the Revolving Commitments. The L/C Sublimit is a sublimit of the Revolving Commitments.

“Lead Arranger” means Citizens Bank, in its capacity as lead arranger and bookrunner of the credit facilities established under this Credit Agreement.

“Lenders” means (a) the financial institutions listed on Schedule 2.1 (other than any such financial institution that has ceased to be a party hereto pursuant to an Assignment and Acceptance) and (b) any financial institution that has become a party hereto pursuant to an Assignment and Assumption or pursuant to an Incremental Assumption Agreement. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the term “Lenders” does not include the Administrative Agent or any L/C Issuer in their respective capacities as the Administrative Agent or as an L/C Issuer.

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“Letter of Credit” means any standby letter of credit issued hereunder providing for the payment of cash upon the honoring of a presentation thereunder.

“Letter of Credit Application” means an application and agreement for the issuance or amendment of a Letter of Credit in the form from time to time in use by the L/C Issuer.

“Letter of Credit Documents” means, with respect to each Letter of Credit, such Letter of Credit, any amendments thereto, any documents delivered in connection therewith, any Letter of Credit Application and any agreements, instruments, guarantees or other documents (whether general in application or applicable only to such Letter of Credit) governing or providing for (a) the rights and obligations of the parties concerned or (b) any collateral for such obligations.

“Letter of Credit Expiration Date” means the day that is five Business Days prior to the Maturity Date of the Revolving Facility (or, if such day is not a Business Day, the next preceding Business Day).

“Lien” means, with respect to any asset, (a) any mortgage, deed of trust, lien, pledge, hypothecation, encumbrance, charge or security interest in, on or of such asset, (b) the interest of a vendor or a lessor under any conditional sale agreement, Capitalized Lease or title retention agreement relating to such asset, and (c) in the case of securities, any purchase option, call or similar right of a third party with respect to such securities.

“Liquidity” means the sum of (a) the total Revolving Commitments minus the Total Revolving Outstandings, plus (b) without duplication, all unencumbered (other than a Lien of the Administrative Agent) and unrestricted (i) cash and Cash Equivalents of the Loan Parties, in each case held at financial institutions located in Canada (in an aggregate amount not to exceed the Dollar equivalent of Three Million Dollars ($3,000,000)) or the United States.

“Loan” means an extension of credit by a Lender to the Borrower under Article 2 in the form of a Revolving Loan or an Incremental Term Loan.

“Loan Document Obligations” means the due and punctual payment and performance of all advances to, and debts, liabilities, obligations, covenants and duties of, any Loan Party under or pursuant to each of the Loan Documents or otherwise with respect to any Loan or Letter of Credit and all costs and expenses incurred in connection with enforcement and collection of the foregoing, including Attorney Costs, in each case whether direct or indirect (including those acquired by assumption), absolute or contingent, due or to become due, now existing or hereafter arising and including interest, expenses and fees that accrue after the commencement by or against any Loan Party or any Affiliate thereof of any proceeding under any Debtor Relief Laws naming such Person as the debtor in such proceeding, regardless of whether such interest, expenses and fees are allowed claims in such proceeding.

“Loan Documents” means, collectively, this Credit Agreement, the Notes, the Guarantee Agreement, each Incremental Assumption Agreement, each Letter of Credit Application, any agreement creating or perfecting rights in Cash Collateral pursuant to the provisions of Section 2.10, the Engagement Letter, the Collateral Documents and each other document entered into in connection herewith.

“Loan Parties” means, collectively, the Borrower and the Subsidiary Guarantors. For the purposes of the representations and warranties made in the Loan Documents as of the Closing Date, the Closing Date Acquisition Target shall be deemed to be a Loan Party.

“Margin Stock” has the meaning assigned to such term in Regulation U.

“Master Agreement” has the meaning assigned to such term in the definition of “Swap Agreement.”

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“Master Intercompany Note” means a promissory note substantially in the form of Exhibit H.

“Material Adverse Effect” means a material adverse effect on (a) the business, assets, operations or financial condition, of the Loan Parties and their respective Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, (b) the legality, validity or enforceability of any Loan Document, (c) the ability of any Loan Party to perform any of its obligations under any Loan Document, or (d) the rights of or benefits available to the Credit Parties under any Loan Document. In determining whether any individual event would result in a Material Adverse Effect, notwithstanding that such event in and of itself does not have such effect, a Material Adverse Effect shall be deemed to have occurred if the cumulative effect of such event and all other then existing events would result in a Material Adverse Effect.

“Material Assets” means any assets or property the loss of which, or the loss of the use of which, would be material and adverse to the Loan Parties, taken as a whole.

“Material Indebtedness” means, as of any date, Indebtedness (other than Indebtedness under the Loan Documents) or obligations in respect of one or more Swap Agreements, of any one or more of the Loan Parties or any of their Subsidiaries in an aggregate principal amount exceeding the Threshold Amount. For purposes of determining Material Indebtedness, the “principal amount” of the obligations in respect of any Swap Agreement at any time shall be its Swap Termination Value.

“Material Owned Real Property” means, collectively, (a) the Real Property listed on Schedule 5.19 and (b) each other parcel of Real Property located in the United States which is owned by a Loan Party with a fair market value in excess of $5,000,000.

“Maturity Date” means (a) with respect to the Revolving Facility, the Revolving Maturity Date, and (b) with respect to any Incremental Term Loan, the applicable Incremental Term Loan Maturity Date.

“Minimum Collateral Amount” means, with respect to any L/C Obligations at any time, an amount equal to 103% of such L/C Obligations at such time.

“MIRE Event” means if there are any Mortgaged Properties at any time, any increase, extension of the maturity or renewal of any of the Commitments or Loans (including any incremental credit facility hereunder, but excluding (i) any continuation or conversion of Borrowings, (ii) the making of any Revolving Loans or (iii) the issuance, renewal or extension of Letters of Credit).

“Moody’s” means Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and any successor to its rating agency business.

“Mortgage Requirement” has the meaning assigned to such term on Schedule 1.1.

“Mortgaged Property” means each parcel of Material Owned Real Property, if any, which shall be subject to a Mortgage delivered pursuant to Section 4.1(f), Section 6.12 or Section 6.15, as applicable.

“Mortgages” means mortgages, deeds of trust, assignments of leases and rents, modifications and other collateral documents delivered pursuant to Section 4.1(f), Section 6.12 or Section 6.15, each in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent.

“Multiemployer Plan” means a multiemployer plan as defined in Section 4001(a)(3) of ERISA.

“Non-Consenting Lender” means any Lender that does not approve any consent, waiver or amendment that (a) requires the approval of all or all affected Lenders in accordance with the terms of Section 10.2 and (b) has been approved by the Required Lenders and, in the case of amendments that require the approval of all or all affected Lenders of a particular Class, Required Class Lenders of such Class.

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“Non-Defaulting Lender” means, at any time, each Lender that is not a Defaulting Lender at such time.

“Non-Loan Party Subsidiary” means any Subsidiary of the Borrower that is not a Loan Party.

“Nonrenewal Notice Date” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.4(b)(iii).

“Notes” means, collectively, the Revolving Loan Notes and any term loan notes executed to evidence Incremental Term Loans.

“OFAC” means the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, and any successor thereto.

“Organizational Documents” means, (a) with respect to any corporation, the certificate or articles of incorporation and the bylaws (or equivalent or comparable constitutive documents with respect to any non-United States jurisdiction), (b) with respect to any limited liability company, the certificate or articles of formation or organization and operating or limited liability company agreement and (c) with respect to any partnership, joint venture, trust or other form of business entity, the partnership, joint venture or other applicable agreement of formation or organization and any agreement, instrument, filing or notice with respect thereto filed in connection with its formation or organization with the applicable Governmental Authority in the jurisdiction of its formation or organization and, if applicable, any certificate or articles of formation or organization of such entity.

“Other Connection Taxes” means, with respect to any Recipient, Taxes imposed as a result of a present or former connection between such Recipient and the jurisdiction imposing such Tax (other than connections arising from such Recipient having executed, delivered, become a party to, performed its obligations under, received payments under, received or perfected a security interest under, engaged in any other transaction pursuant to or enforced any Loan Document, or sold or assigned an interest in any Loan or Loan Document).

“Other Taxes” means all present or future stamp, court or documentary, intangible, recording, filing or similar Taxes that arise from any payment made under, from the execution, delivery, performance, enforcement or registration of, from the receipt or perfection of a security interest under, or otherwise with respect to, any Loan Document, except any such Taxes that are Other Connection Taxes imposed with respect to an assignment (other than an assignment made pursuant to Section 3.7(b)).

“Outstanding Amount” means (a) with respect to any Loan on any date, the outstanding principal amount thereof after giving effect to any borrowings and prepayments or repayments thereof (including any refinancing of outstanding Unreimbursed Amounts under Letters of Credit or L/C Borrowings as a Revolving Borrowing) occurring on such date, and (b) with respect to any Letter of Credit, Unreimbursed Amount, L/C Borrowing or L/C Obligations on any date, the outstanding amount thereof on such date after giving effect to any related L/C Credit Extension occurring on such date and any other changes thereto as of such date, including as a result of any reimbursements of outstanding Unreimbursed Amounts under related Letters of Credit (including any refinancing of outstanding Unreimbursed Amounts under related Letters of Credit or related L/C Credit Extensions as a Revolving Borrowing) or any reductions in the maximum amount available for drawing under related Letters of Credit taking effect on such date.

“Participant” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.4(d).

“Participant Register” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.4(d).

“Patent Security Agreement” has the meaning assigned to such term in the Security Agreement.

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“Payment Recipient” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.13(a).

“PBGC” means the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation referred to and defined in ERISA.

“Pension Plan” means any employee pension benefit plan (other than a Multiemployer Plan) subject to the provisions of Title IV of ERISA or Section 412 or Section 430 of the Code or Section 302 or Section 303 of ERISA, and in respect of which any Loan Party or any ERISA Affiliate is (or, if such plan were terminated, would under Section 4069 of ERISA be deemed to be) an “employer” as defined in Section 3(5) of ERISA.

“Perfection Certificate” means a perfection certificate in a form acceptable to the Administrative Agent.

“Permitted Acquisitions” means, collectively, each Acquisition which satisfies each of the following conditions:

(a) at the time of and immediately before and after giving Pro Forma Effect thereto, no Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing;

(b) such Acquisition shall be consensual and, if applicable, shall have been approved by the Acquisition target’s board of directors (or comparable governing body);

(c) the Person, assets or business unit acquired in the Acquisition shall be engaged in an Approved Line of Business;

(d) such Acquisition and all transactions related thereto shall be consummated in accordance with material laws, ordinances, rules, regulations and requirements of all Governmental Authorities;

(e) all actions, if any, required to be taken with respect to such newly created or acquired Subsidiary (including each Subsidiary thereof) or assets in order to satisfy the requirements set forth in the definition of the term “Collateral and Guarantee Requirement” to the extent applicable shall be taken (or arrangements for the taking of such actions reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent shall have been made) within the time frames set forth in Section 6.12;

(f) to the extent required by the Collateral and Guarantee Requirement, (i) the property, assets, businesses and Equity Interests acquired in such Acquisition shall become Collateral and (ii) any newly created or acquired Subsidiary (other than an Excluded Subsidiary) shall become a Subsidiary Guarantor, in each case in accordance with Section 6.12;

(g) the aggregate consideration paid by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries in connection with all such Acquisitions (including the amount of seller Indebtedness payable in connection therewith and the amount of any Earn-Out Obligation incurred in connection therewith (the amount of which shall be that reasonably expected to be payable in connection therewith, as reasonably estimated by the Borrower or, upon the amount of any such Earn-Out Obligation becoming fixed and determined, in the amount so determined) shall not exceed $15,000,000 in the aggregate during the term of the Credit Facility, provided that the aggregate consideration of Acquisitions of (i) Persons that do not become Subsidiary Guarantors as required pursuant to the “Collateral and Guarantee Requirement” or (ii) assets that are not made part of the Collateral as required pursuant to the “Collateral and Guarantee Requirement” that are acquired by the Borrower or a Subsidiary Guarantor, in each case, will be limited in an aggregate amount, together with the aggregate outstanding amount of Investments in Subsidiaries other than Loan Parties made in reliance on Section 7.4(c), shall not at any time exceed $5,000,000;

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(h) after giving Pro Forma Effect to such Acquisition, (i) the Borrower shall be in compliance with the Financial Covenant set forth in Section 7.12(a) and (ii) Liquidity shall not be less than $15,000,000;

(i) not later than 10 Business Days (or such shorter period as may be reasonably practicable, if approved by the Administrative Agent) prior to the consummation of any such Acquisition, (i) the Borrower shall have delivered to the Administrative Agent, to the extent obtained and available, a quality of earnings report and environmental assessments and (ii) except with respect to an Acquisition in which the aggregate acquisition consideration is less than $10,000,000, the Borrower shall have delivered to the Administrative Agent a description of the proposed Acquisition and financial statements for the Borrower including the Acquisition target on a Pro Forma Basis; and

(j) the Borrower shall have delivered to the Administrative Agent within ten Business Days after the Acquisition, fully executed copies of the acquisition agreements for such Acquisition together with all schedules thereto, and, to the extent required to be obtained under the terms of the acquisition agreements for such Acquisition, the applicable party under such acquisition agreements shall have received all required regulatory and third party approvals.

“Permitted Encumbrances” means:

(a) Liens imposed by law for taxes, assessments or other governmental charges that are not yet due or are being Contested in Good Faith;

(b) landlords’, vendors’, carriers’, warehousemen’s, utilities, mechanics’, materialmen’s, repairmen’s and other like Liens imposed by law, arising in the ordinary course of business and securing obligations that (i) were not incurred in connection with the incurring of Indebtedness or the obtaining of advances or credit, and (ii) do not in the aggregate materially detract from the value of its property or assets or materially impair the use thereof in the operation of its business;

(c) pledges and deposits made in the ordinary course of business in compliance with workers’ compensation, unemployment insurance and other social security laws or regulations;

(d) deposits to secure the performance of bids, trade contracts, leases (other than Capitalized Lease Obligations), statutory obligations, surety and appeal bonds, performance bonds and other obligations of a like nature, in each case incurred in the ordinary course of business;

(e) judgment liens in respect of judgments that do not constitute an Event of Default under Section 8.1(k);

(f) easements, zoning restrictions, rights of way and similar encumbrances on real property imposed by law or arising in the ordinary course of business that do not secure any monetary obligation and do not materially detract from the value of the affected property or interfere with the ordinary conduct of business of the Loan Parties and their respective Subsidiaries;

(g) any interest or title of a licensor, sublicensor, lessor or sublessor with respect to any assets under any license or lease agreement entered into in the ordinary course of business, provided that the same do not in any material respect interfere with the business of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or materially detract from the value of the relevant assets of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries, taken as a whole;

(h) licenses, sublicenses, leases or subleases with respect to any assets granted to third Persons in the ordinary course of business, provided that the same do not in any material respect interfere

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with the business of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or materially detract from the value of the relevant assets of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries, taken as a whole;

(i) customary rights of set off, bankers’ liens, refunds or charge backs, under deposit agreements, the Uniform Commercial Code or common law, of banks or other financial institutions where any Loan Party or any of such Loan Party’s Subsidiaries maintains deposits (other than deposits intended as cash collateral) in the ordinary course of business;

(j) Liens on Margin Stock to the extent that a prohibition on such Liens would violate Regulation U;

(k) Liens (i) on earnest money deposits made in cash by the Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries in connection with any letter of intent or purchase agreement in connection with a Permitted Acquisition or other Investment permitted under this Credit Agreement or (ii) on amounts deposited as “security deposits” (or their equivalent) in the ordinary course of business in connection with actions or transactions not prohibited by this Credit Agreement;

(l) Liens in favor of customs and revenue authorities arising in the ordinary course of business as a matter of law to secure payment of customs duties in connection with the importation of goods;

(m) Liens resulting from the filing of precautionary UCC-1 financing statements (or equivalent) with respect to operating leases;

(n) Liens arising out of conditional sale, title retention, consignment or similar arrangements for the sale of goods entered into by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business;

(o) Liens incurred in the ordinary course of business imposed by law in connection with the purchase or shipping of goods or assets (or the related assets and proceeds thereof), which Liens are in favor of the seller or shipper of such goods or assets and only attach to such goods or assets;

(p) Liens on insurance policies and the proceeds thereof securing the financing of the premiums with respect thereto;

(q) an agreement to transfer any property in a Disposition permitted under Section 7.5 hereof, to the extent that such an agreement may constitute a Lien, and Liens on earnest money deposits of cash or Cash Equivalents made by the Loan Parties or their Subsidiaries in connection with any Disposition permitted under Section 7.5 hereof;

(r) with respect to the Equity Interests of any joint venture or similar arrangement owned by the Borrower or any Subsidiary thereof and created after the Closing Date, any encumbrance or restriction under the provisions of the related joint venture or similar agreements (so long as such provisions were not entered into in contemplation hereof);

(s) non-exclusive licenses of patents, trademarks, copyrights, and other intellectual property rights in the ordinary course of business;

(t) pledges, deposits and other Liens securing liability for reimbursement or indemnification obligations of insurance carriers providing property, casualty, workmen’s compensation or liability insurance in the ordinary course of business;

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(u) Liens in the nature of: (i) customary setoff rights in favor of any counterparty to any Swap Agreements expressly permitted under this Credit Agreement and (ii) setoff rights granted to third parties pursuant to trade and other similar contracts with the Borrower or any Subsidiary and limited to payments owed to the Borrower or any Subsidiary under such contracts that do not constitute Indebtedness, so long as such contracts are not secured by any property of the Borrower or any Subsidiary; and

(v) Reasonable and customary initial deposits and margin deposits which secure Indebtedness under Swap Agreements permitted under this Credit Agreement, but only to the extent such deposits are mandated by applicable Law and are not specific to the Borrower or Subsidiary entering into such Swap Agreements;

provided that the term “Permitted Encumbrance” shall not include any Lien securing Indebtedness for borrowed money.

“Person” means any natural person, corporation, limited liability company, trust, joint venture, association, company, partnership, Governmental Authority or other entity.

“Platform” means DebtX, Debt Domain, Intralinks, Syndtrak or a substantially similar electronic transmission system.

“Prime Rate” means a rate per annum equal to the prime rate of interest announced from time to time by Citizens Bank or its parent company (which is not necessarily the lowest rate charged to any customer), changing when and as said prime rate changes.

“Pro Forma Balance Sheet” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.5(b).

“Pro Forma Basis” means, with respect to any transaction, that (a) such transaction shall be deemed to have occurred as of the first day of the four-quarter period (or twelve month period, as applicable) ending as of the most recent quarter end (or month end, as applicable) preceding the date of such transaction for which financial statement information is available and (b) that any cash and Cash Equivalents to be applied in connection with such transaction shall be deemed not to be held by the Borrower or any Subsidiary. Each of the terms “Pro Forma Compliance” and “Pro Forma Effect” shall have an analogous meaning.

“Pro Forma Financial Statements” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.5(b).

“Protected Person” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.3(d).

“PTE” means a prohibited transaction class exemption issued by the U.S. Department of Labor, as any such exemption may be amended from time to time.

“Public Lender” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.1(d)(i).

“Qualified Equity Interests” means, with respect to the Equity Interests of any Person, any Equity Interests other than Disqualified Equity Interests of such Person.

“Real Property” means, collectively, all right, title and interest in and to any and all parcels of or interests in real property owned or leased by any Person, together with, in each case, all easements, hereditaments and appurtenances relating thereto, all improvements and appurtenant fixtures and equipment, all general intangibles and contract rights and other property and rights incidental to the ownership thereof.

“Recipient” means the Administrative Agent, any Lender or the L/C Issuer, as applicable.

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“Recurring Revenue” means, for any period, the sum, without duplication, of all recurring revenues of Borrower and its subsidiaries for such period, calculated on a basis consistent with the calculation of the “subscriptions and services” revenue line item on Borrower’s financial statements in its most recent annual report on form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission prior to the Closing Date. “Recurring Revenue” shall be calculated for any period to give effect on a Pro Forma Basis to any acquisition of any Acquired Entity or Business and any Disposition of any Sold Entity or Business during the relevant period.

 

“Refinancing Indebtedness” means Indebtedness of any Loan Party or its Subsidiaries arising after the Closing Date issued in exchange for, or the proceeds of which are used to extend, refinance, refund, replace, renew, continue or substitute for other Indebtedness (such extended, refinanced, refunded, replaced, renewed, continued or substituted Indebtedness, the “Refinanced Obligations”); provided that (a) the principal amount of such Refinancing Indebtedness shall not exceed the principal amount of the Refinanced Obligations (plus any interest capitalized in connection with such Refinanced Obligations, the amount of prepayment premium, if any, original issue discount, if any, and reasonable fees, costs, and expenses incurred in connection therewith), (b) such Refinancing Indebtedness shall have a final maturity that is no earlier than the final maturity date of such Refinanced Obligations, (c) such Refinancing Indebtedness shall have a Weighted Average Life to Maturity not less than the weighted average life to maturity of the Refinanced Obligations, (d) such Refinancing Indebtedness shall rank in right of payment no more senior than, and be subordinated (if subordinated) to the Secured Obligations on terms, taken as a whole, not materially less favorable to the Secured Parties than the Refinanced Obligations, (e) as of the date of incurring such Refinancing Indebtedness and after giving effect thereto, no Default shall exist or have occurred and be continuing, (f) if the Refinanced Obligations or any Guarantees thereof are unsecured, such Refinancing Indebtedness and any Guarantees thereof shall be unsecured, (g) if the Refinanced Obligations or any Guarantees thereof are secured, (1) such Refinancing Indebtedness and any Guarantees thereof shall be secured by substantially the same or less collateral, taken as a whole, as secured such Refinanced Obligations or any Guarantees thereof, on terms, taken as a whole, not materially less favorable to the Secured Parties and (2) the Liens to secure such Refinancing Indebtedness shall not have a priority, taken as a whole, more senior than the Liens securing the Refinanced Obligations and if subordinated to any other Liens on such property, shall be subordinated, taken as a whole, to the Administrative Agent’s Liens on terms and conditions, taken as a whole, not materially less favorable to the Secured Parties, (h) the obligors in respect of the Refinanced Obligations immediately prior to such refinancing, refunding, extending, renewing, continuing, substituting or replacing thereof shall be the only obligors on such Refinancing Indebtedness, and (i) the terms and conditions (excluding as to pricing, premiums and optional prepayment or redemption provisions) of any such Refinancing Indebtedness, taken as a whole, are not materially less favorable to the Loan Parties than the terms and conditions of the Refinanced Obligations.

“Register” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.4(c).

“Regulation T, U or X” means Regulation T, U or X, respectively, of the Federal Reserve Board.

“Related Parties” means, with respect to any Person, such Person’s Affiliates and the partners, members, directors, officers, employees, agents, brokers, trustees, administrators, managers, advisors, attorneys-in-fact and representatives, including accountants, auditors and legal counsel, of such Person and of such Person’s Affiliates.

“Release” means any actual or threatened releasing, spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, leaching, seeping, emitting, migration, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, depositing, disposing, or dumping of Hazardous Materials into the indoor or outdoor environment, including the movement of any Hazardous Material through the air, soil, surface water, groundwater or property and any other conditions resulting in potential or actual human exposure to Hazardous Materials within a structure.

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“Relevant Governmental Body” means the Federal Reserve Board or the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, or a committee officially endorsed or convened by the Federal Reserve Board and/or the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

“Removal Effective Date” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.6(b).

“Request for Credit Extension” means (a) with respect to a Borrowing, conversion or continuation of Loans, a Committed Loan Notice and (b) with respect to a L/C Credit Extension, a Letter of Credit Application.

“Required Class Lenders” means, at any time with respect to any Class of Loans or Commitments, Lenders having Total Credit Exposures with respect to such Class representing more than 50% of the Total Credit Exposures of all Lenders of such Class. The Total Credit Exposure of any Defaulting Lender with respect to such Class shall be disregarded in determining Required Class Lenders at any time. If there are two or three unaffiliated Lenders with respect to the applicable Class at the time of determination, "Required Class Lenders" must include at least two unaffiliated Lenders.

“Required Lenders” means, at any time, Lenders having Total Credit Exposures representing more than 50% of the Total Credit Exposures of all Lenders. The Total Credit Exposure of any Defaulting Lender shall be disregarded in determining Required Lenders at any time. If there are two or three unaffiliated Lenders at the time of determination, "Required Lenders" must include at least two unaffiliated Lenders.

“Resignation Effective Date” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.6(a).

“Resolution Authority” means an EEA Resolution Authority or, with respect to any UK Financial Institution, a UK Resolution Authority.

“Responsible Officer” means the chief executive officer, president, vice president, chief financial officer, treasurer, assistant treasurer, or other similar officer of a Loan Party. Any document delivered hereunder that is signed by a Responsible Officer of a Loan Party shall be conclusively presumed to have been authorized by all necessary corporate, partnership and/or other action on the part of such Loan Party and such Responsible Officer shall be conclusively presumed to have acted on behalf of such Loan Party.

“Restricted Payment” means, as to any Person, (a) any dividend or other distribution by such Person (whether in cash, securities or other property) with respect to any Equity Interests of such Person, (b) any payment (whether in cash, securities or other property), including any sinking fund or similar deposit, on account of the purchase, redemption, retirement, defeasance, acquisition, cancellation or termination of any such Equity Interest, or on account of any return of capital to the holders of Equity Interests of such Person, (c) the acquisition for value by such Person of any Equity Interests issued by such Person or any other Person that Controls such Person, (d) any payment with respect to any Earn-out Obligation, and (e) with respect to clauses (a) through (d) any transaction that has a substantially similar effect.

“Revolving Borrowing” means a Borrowing consisting of Revolving Loans of the same Type made, converted or continued on the same date and, in the case of SOFR Loans, having the same Interest Period.

“Revolving Commitment” means, with respect to each Revolving Lender, the commitment hereunder of such Revolving Lender to make Revolving Loans and to acquire participations in Letters of Credit in an aggregate outstanding amount not exceeding the amount of such Revolving Lender’s Revolving Commitment as set forth on Schedule 2.1 or in the Assignment and Assumption pursuant to which such Revolving Lender shall have assumed its Revolving Commitment in accordance with Section 10.4(b), as applicable, as such Revolving Commitment may be adjusted from time to time pursuant to Section 2.5 or

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Section 2.11 or pursuant to assignments by or to such Revolving Lender pursuant to Section 10.4. The initial aggregate amount of the Revolving Commitments on the Agreement Date is $30,000,000.

“Revolving Exposure” means, as to any Lender at any time, the sum of (a) the Outstanding Amount of its Revolving Loans, plus (b) its L/C Exposure.

“Revolving Facility” means the credit facility established hereunder and evidenced by the Revolving Commitments.

“Revolving Lender” means a Lender having a Revolving Commitment or, if the Revolving Commitments have expired or terminated, having Revolving Exposure.

“Revolving Loan” means a loan referred to in Section 2.1(a) and made pursuant to Section 2.2.

“Revolving Loan Note” means with respect to a Revolving Lender, a promissory note evidencing the Revolving Loans of such Lender payable to such Lender and its registered assigns substantially in the form of Exhibit C-1.

“Revolving Maturity Date” means the third anniversary of the Closing Date, provided that if such day is not a Business Day, the Revolving Maturity Date shall be the Business Day immediately preceding such day.

“S&P” means Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC, a subsidiary of S&P Global Inc.

“Sale and Leaseback” means any transaction or series of related transactions pursuant to which any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries (a) sells, transfers or otherwise disposes of any property, real or personal, whether now owned or hereafter acquired, and (b) as part of such transaction, thereafter rents or leases such property or other property that it intends to use for substantially the same purpose or purposes as the property being sold, transferred or disposed.

“Sanctioned Country” means any country, territory or region which is itself the subject or target of any comprehensive Sanctions (i.e., as of the date of this Credit Agreement, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria, and the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic, so-called Luhansk People’s Republic, and Crimea regions of Ukraine).

“Sanctioned Person” means (a) any Person or group listed in any Sanctions related list of designated Persons maintained by OFAC, including the List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons, or the U.S. Department of State, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, any EU member state or His Majesty’s Treasury of the United Kingdom, (b) any Person subject to any law that would prohibit all or substantially all financial or other transactions with that Person or would require that assets of that Person that come into the possession of a third-party be blocked (c) any legal entity organized or domiciled in a Sanctioned Country, (d) any agency, political subdivision or instrumentality of the government of a Sanctioned Country, (e) any natural person ordinarily resident in a Sanctioned Country, or (f) any Person 50% or more owned, directly or indirectly, individually or in the aggregate by any of the above.

“Sanctions” means economic or financial sanctions or trade embargoes imposed, administered or enforced from time to time by (a) the U.S. government, including those administered by OFAC or the U.S. Department of State or (b) the United Nations Security Council, the European Union or any European Union member state, His Majesty’s Treasury of the United Kingdom or other relevant sanctions authority.

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“Secured Obligation Designation Notice” means a notice substantially in the form of Exhibit J executed and delivered to the Administrative Agent by a counterparty (other than the Administrative Agent and its Affiliates) to a Swap Agreement or an agreement to provide Cash Management Services in order that the obligations in respect thereof constitute Swap Agreement Obligations or Cash Management Obligations.

“Secured Obligations” means, collectively, (a) the Loan Document Obligations, (b) the Cash Management Obligations, (c) the Swap Agreement Obligations and (d) the Erroneous Payment Subrogation Rights.

“Secured Parties” means, collectively, (a) the Administrative Agent, (b) each Lender, (c) each L/C Issuer, (d) each Person to whom any Cash Management Obligations are owed, (e) each counterparty to any Swap Agreement the obligations under which constitute Swap Agreement Obligations, (f) the beneficiaries of each indemnification obligation undertaken by any Loan Party under any Loan Document and (g) the permitted successors and assigns of each of the foregoing.

“Security Agreement” means the Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of the Closing Date, among the Loan Parties and the Administrative Agent.

“SOFR” means a rate equal to the secured overnight financing rate as published by the SOFR Administrator on the website of the SOFR Administrator, currently at http//www.newyorkfed.org (or any successor source for the secured overnight financing rate identified as such by the SOFR Administrator from time to time).

“SOFR Administrator” means the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (or a successor administrator of the secured overnight financing rate).

“SOFR Borrowing” means, as to any Borrowing, the SOFR Loans comprising such Borrowing.

“SOFR Loan” means a Loan that bears interest at a rate based on Term SOFR, other than pursuant to clause (c) of the definition of “Alternate Base Rate”.

“Sold Entity or Business” means any Person or any property or assets constituting a line of business or a division of a Person Disposed of in a transaction permitted hereunder by the Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries.

“Solvency Certificate” means a certificate, substantially in the form of Exhibit I.

“Solvent” and “Solvency” mean, with respect to any Person on any date of determination, that on such date (a) the fair value of the present assets of such Person and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, is not less than the sum of the debt (including contingent liabilities) of such Person and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, (b) the present fair salable value of the assets of such Person and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, is not less than the amount that will be required to pay the probable liabilities (including contingent liabilities) of such Person and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, on their debts as they become absolute and matured, (c) the capital of such Person and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, is not unreasonably small in relation to the business of such Person or its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, contemplated as of such date and (d) such Person and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, do not intend to incur, or believe that they will incur, debts (including current obligations and contingent liabilities) beyond their ability to pay such debts as they mature in the ordinary course of business; provided that the amount of contingent liabilities at any time shall be computed as the amount that, in light of all the facts and circumstances existing at such time, represents the amount that can reasonably be expected to become an actual or matured liability.

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“Specified Event of Default” means an Event of Default under Section 8.1(a), (b), (h), (i) or (j).

“Subordinated Debt” means Indebtedness incurred by a Loan Party that is subordinated in right of payment to the prior payment of the Loan Document Obligations of such Loan Party and contains subordination and other terms acceptable to the Administrative Agent.

“Subordinated Debt Documents” means any agreement, indenture or instrument pursuant to which any Subordinated Debt is issued, in each case as amended to the extent permitted under the Loan Documents.

“subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person (“Topco”), as of any date, any corporation, limited liability company, partnership, association or other entity the accounts of which would be consolidated with those of Topco in Topco’s consolidated financial statements if such financial statements were prepared in accordance with GAAP as of such date, as well as any other corporation, limited liability company, partnership, association or other entity of which securities or other ownership interests representing more than 50% of the equity or more than 50% of the ordinary voting power is or, in the case of a partnership, more than 50% of the general partnership interests are, as of such date, owned, controlled or held by Topco or one or more subsidiaries of Topco.

“Subsidiary” means any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Borrower or a Loan Party, as the context may require. For the purposes of the representations and warranties made in the Loan Documents as of the Closing Date, each Closing Date Acquired Company shall be deemed to be a Subsidiary.

“Subsidiary Guarantors” means each Subsidiary (including, after giving effect to the Closing Date Acquisition, each Closing Date Acquired Company) that executes and delivers the Guarantee Agreement and each other Domestic Subsidiary of the Borrower that becomes party thereto by the execution and delivery of a Subsidiary Joinder Agreement, and the permitted successors and assigns of each such Person.

“Subsidiary Joinder Agreement” means a Subsidiary Joinder Agreement, substantially in the form of Exhibit F, pursuant to which a Subsidiary (other than an Excluded Subsidiary) becomes a party to the Guarantee Agreement, to the Security Agreement and to each other applicable Loan Document.

“Swap Agreement” means (a) any and all rate swap transactions, basis swaps, credit derivative transactions, forward rate transactions, commodity swaps, commodity options, forward commodity contracts, equity or equity index swaps or options, bond or bond price or bond index swaps or options or forward bond or forward bond price or forward bond index transactions, interest rate options, forward foreign exchange transactions, cap transactions, floor transactions, collar transactions, currency swap transactions, cross-currency rate swap transactions, currency options, spot contracts, or any other similar transactions or any combination of any of the foregoing (including any options to enter into any of the foregoing), whether or not any such transaction is governed by or subject to any master agreement, and (b) any and all transactions of any kind, and the related confirmations, which are subject to the terms and conditions of, or governed by, any form of master agreement published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc., any International Foreign Exchange Master Agreement or any other master agreement (any such master agreement, together with any related schedules, a “Master Agreement”), including any such obligations or liabilities under any Master Agreement.

“Swap Agreement Obligations” means all obligations of the Loan Parties under each Swap Agreement to which any Loan Party or its Subsidiary is a party and that that (a) is with a counterparty that is the Administrative Agent or any of its Affiliates, (b) is in effect on the Closing Date with a counterparty that is a Lender or an Affiliate of a Lender as of the Closing Date or (c) is entered into after the Closing Date with any counterparty that is a Lender or an Affiliate of a Lender at the time such Swap Agreement is entered into or becomes a Lender or an Affiliate of a Lender after it has entered into such agreement,

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provided that any such counterparty (other than the Administrative Agent or its Affiliates) executes and delivers a Secured Obligation Designation Notice to the Administrative Agent and, provided, further, that Swap Agreement Obligations shall not include, with respect to any Subsidiary Guarantor, Excluded CEA Swap Obligations of such Subsidiary Guarantor.

“Swap Termination Value” means, in respect of any one or more Swap Agreements, after taking into account the effect of any legally enforceable netting agreement relating to such Swap Agreements, (a) for any date on or after the date such Swap Agreements have been closed out and termination value(s) determined in accordance therewith, such termination value(s), and (b) for any date prior to the date referenced in clause (a), the amount(s) determined as the mark-to-market value(s) for such Swap Agreements, as determined based upon one or more mid-market or other readily available quotations provided by any recognized dealer in such Swap Agreements (which may include a Lender or any Affiliate of a Lender).

“Synthetic Debt” means, with respect to any Person as of any date of determination thereof, all obligations of such Person in respect of transactions entered into by such Person that are intended to function primarily as a borrowing of funds (including any minority interest transactions that function primarily as a borrowing) but are not otherwise included in the definition of “Indebtedness” or as a liability on the consolidated balance sheet of such Person and its Subsidiaries in accordance with GAAP).

“Synthetic Lease Obligation” means the monetary obligation of a Person at any time of determination under (i) a so called synthetic, off balance sheet or tax retention lease, or (ii) an agreement for the use or possession of property, in each case, creating obligations that do not appear on the balance sheet of such Person but which could be characterized as the indebtedness of such Person (without regard to accounting treatment) (other than operating leases arising as a result of Sale and Leaseback transactions).

“Taxes” means all present or future taxes, levies, imposts, duties, deductions, withholdings (including backup withholding), assessments, fees or other charges imposed by any Governmental Authority, including any interest, additions to tax or penalties applicable thereto.

“Term SOFR” means a rate per annum equal to the greater of (a) the sum of (i) Term SOFR Reference Rate for a tenor comparable to the applicable Interest Period on the day (such day, the “Term SOFR Determination Day”) that is two (2) Government Securities Business Days prior to the first day of such Interest Period; provided, however, that if as of 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on any Term SOFR Determination Day the Term SOFR Reference Rate for the applicable tenor has not been published by the Term SOFR Administrator and a Benchmark Replacement Date with respect to the Term SOFR Reference Rate has not occurred, then Term SOFR will be the Term SOFR Reference Rate for such tenor as published by the Term SOFR Administrator on the first preceding Government Securities Business Day for which such Term SOFR Reference Rate for such tenor was published by the Term SOFR Administrator so long as such first preceding Government Securities Business Day is not more than three (3) Government Securities Business Days prior to such Term SOFR Determination Day plus (ii) the Term SOFR Adjustment, and (b) the Floor.

“Term SOFR Adjustment” means 0.10000%.

“Term SOFR Administrator” means CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited (CBA) (or a successor administrator of the Term SOFR Reference Rate selected by the Administrative Agent in its reasonable discretion).

“Term SOFR Determination Day” has the meaning specified in the definition of “Term SOFR”.

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“Term SOFR Reference Rate” means the forward-looking term rate based on SOFR published by the Term SOFR Administrator and displayed on CME’s Market Data Platform (or other commercially available source providing such quotations as may be selected by the Administrative Agent from time to time).

“Termination Date” means the date upon which all Commitments have terminated, no Letters of Credit are outstanding (or if Letters of Credit remain outstanding, the same are Backstopped), and the Loans and L/C Obligations (other than with respect to the undrawn portion of outstanding Letters of Credit), together with all interest and fees related thereto and other Loan Document Obligations (other than unasserted contingent indemnification and unasserted expense reimbursement obligations in each case not yet due and payable), have been indefeasibly paid in full in cash.

“Threshold Amount” means $5,000,000.

“Total Credit Exposure” means, as to any Lender at any time, the unused Commitments, Revolving Exposure and outstanding Term Loans of such Lender at such time.

“Total Revolving Outstandings” means at any time, the aggregate Outstanding Amount of all Revolving Loans and L/C Obligations at such time.

“Trademark Security Agreement” has the meaning assigned to such term in the Security Agreement.

“Transaction Expenses” means any fees or expenses incurred or paid by the Borrower, or any Subsidiary in connection with the Transactions, this Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents and the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby in connection therewith.

“Transactions” means (a) the execution, delivery and performance by each Loan Party of each Loan Document to which it is a party, (b) the borrowing of the Loans and the issuance of the Letters of Credit, (c) the use of the proceeds of the Loans and the Letters of Credit, (d) the consummation of the Closing Date Acquisition, (e) the satisfaction of the Collateral and Guarantee Requirement and (f) the payment of Transaction Expenses.

“Type”, when used in reference to any Loan or Borrowing, refers to whether the rate of interest on such Loan, or on the Loans comprising such Borrowing, is determined by reference to (i) Term SOFR or (ii) the Alternate Base Rate.

“UK Financial Institution” means any BRRD Undertaking (as such term is defined under the PRA Rulebook (as amended from time to time) promulgated by the United Kingdom Prudential Regulation Authority) or any person falling within IFPRU 11.6 of the FCA Handbook (as amended from time to time) promulgated by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority, which includes certain credit institutions and investment firms, and certain affiliates of such credit institutions or investment firms.

“UK Resolution Authority” means the Bank of England or any other public administrative authority having responsibility for the resolution of any UK Financial Institution.

“Unadjusted Benchmark Replacement” means the applicable Benchmark Replacement excluding the related Benchmark Replacement Adjustment.

“Unaudited Financial Statements” means the Form 10-Q containing the unaudited consolidated balance sheets and related statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries, covering any of the first three fiscal quarters that have ended after the

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most recent Fiscal Year covered by the Audited Financial Statements and at least 45 days before the Closing Date.

“Uniform Commercial Code” or “UCC” means the Uniform Commercial Code as the same may from time to time be in effect in the State of New York; provided that, if perfection or the effect of perfection or non-perfection or the priority of any security interest in any Collateral is governed by the Uniform Commercial Code as in effect in a jurisdiction other than the State of New York, “Uniform Commercial Code” or “UCC” means the Uniform Commercial Code as in effect from time to time in such other jurisdiction for purposes of the provisions hereof relating to such perfection, effect of perfection or non-perfection or priority.

“United States” and “U.S.” mean the United States of America.

“Unreimbursed Amount” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.4(c)(i).

“USA PATRIOT Act” means The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (Title III of Pub. L. No. 107-56 (signed into law October 26, 2001)).

“U.S. Person” means any Person that is a “United States Person” as defined in Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code.

“U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate” has the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.6(g)(v).

“Voting Equity Interests” means, with respect to any Person, shares of such Person’s Equity Interests having the right to vote for the election of the members of the board of directors or other managing person of such Person under ordinary circumstances.

“Voxter” means Voxter Communications Inc., a British Columbia corporation.

“Weighted Average Life to Maturity” means, when applied to any Indebtedness at any date, the number of years obtained by dividing: (a) the sum of the products obtained by multiplying (i) the amount of each then remaining installment, sinking fund, serial maturity or other required payments of principal, including payment at final maturity, in respect thereof, by (ii) the number of years (calculated to the nearest one-twelfth) that will elapse between such date and the making of such payment; by (b) the then outstanding principal amount of such Indebtedness.

“Wholly-Owned” means, with respect to a Subsidiary of a Person, a Subsidiary of such Person all of the outstanding Equity Interests of which (other than (x) director’s qualifying shares and (y) shares issued to foreign nationals to the extent required by applicable law) are owned by such Person and/or by one or more wholly owned Subsidiaries of such Person.

“Withdrawal Liability” means a liability to a Multiemployer Plan as a result of a complete or partial withdrawal from such Multiemployer Plan, as such terms are defined in Part I of Subtitle E of Title IV of ERISA.

“Withholding Agent” means any Loan Party and the Administrative Agent.

“Write-Down and Conversion Powers” means, (a) with respect to any EEA Resolution Authority, the write-down and conversion powers of such EEA Resolution Authority from time to time under the Bail-In Legislation for the applicable EEA Member Country, which write-down and conversion powers are described in the EU Bail-In Legislation Schedule, and (b) with respect to the United Kingdom, any powers

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of the applicable Resolution Authority under the Bail-In Legislation to cancel, reduce, modify or change the form of a liability of any UK Financial Institution or any contract or instrument under which that liability arises, to convert all or part of that liability into shares, securities or obligations of that person or any other person, to provide that any such contract or instrument is to have effect as if a right had been exercised under it or to suspend any obligation in respect of that liability or any of the powers under that Bail-In Legislation that are related to or ancillary to any of those powers.

Section 1.2 Classification of Loans and Borrowings. For purposes of this Credit Agreement, Loans may be classified and referred to by Class (e.g., a “Revolving Loan”) or by Type (e.g., a “SOFR Loan”) or by Class and Type (e.g., a “SOFR Revolving Loan”). Borrowings may also be classified and referred to by Class (e.g., a “Revolving Borrowing”) or by Type (e.g., a “SOFR Borrowing”) or by Class and Type (e.g., a “SOFR Revolving Borrowing”).

Section 1.3 Terms Generally. The definitions of terms herein shall apply equally to the singular and plural forms of the terms defined. Whenever the context may require, any pronoun shall include the corresponding masculine, feminine and neuter forms. The words “include,” “includes” and “including” shall be deemed to be followed by the phrase “without limitation.” The word “will” shall be construed to have the same meaning and effect as the word “shall.” In the computation of periods of time from a specified date to a later specified date, the word “from” means “from and including”; the words “to” and “until” each mean “to but excluding”; and the word “through” means “to and including.” Unless the context requires otherwise (a) any definition of or reference to any agreement, instrument or other document herein shall be construed as referring to such agreement, instrument or other document as from time to time amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified (subject to any restrictions on such amendments, restatements, supplements or modifications set forth herein), (b) any reference herein to any Person shall be construed to include such Person’s successors and assigns, (c) the words “herein,” “hereof” and “hereunder,” and words of similar import, shall be construed to refer to this Credit Agreement in its entirety and not to any particular provision hereof, (d) all references herein to Articles, Sections, Exhibits and Schedules shall be construed to refer to Articles and Sections of, and Exhibits and Schedules to, this Credit Agreement, (e) any reference to any law or regulation herein shall, unless otherwise specified, refer to such law or regulation as amended, modified or supplemented from time to time, (f) the words “asset” and “property” shall be construed to have the same meaning and effect and to refer to any and all tangible and intangible assets and properties, including cash, securities, accounts and contract rights and (g) the words “renew”, “renewal” and variations thereof as used herein with respect to a Letter of Credit mean to extend the term of such Letter of Credit or to reinstate an amount drawn under such Letter of Credit or both. Any terms used in this Credit Agreement that are defined in the UCC shall be construed and defined as set forth in the UCC unless otherwise defined herein; provided, that to the extent that the UCC is used to define any term herein and such term is defined differently in different Articles of the UCC, the definition of such term contained in Article 9 of the UCC shall govern.

Section 1.4 Accounting Terms; GAAP.

(a) All accounting terms not specifically or completely defined herein shall be construed in conformity with, and all financial data (including financial ratios and other financial calculations) required to be submitted pursuant to this Credit Agreement shall be prepared in conformity with, GAAP, applied in a manner consistent with that used in preparing the Audited Financial Statements, except as otherwise specifically prescribed herein.

(b) [Reserved].

(c) If at any time any change in GAAP would affect the computation of any financial ratio or requirement set forth in any Loan Document, and either the Borrower or the Required Lenders shall so request, the Administrative Agent, the Lenders and the Borrower shall negotiate in good faith to amend

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such ratio or requirement to preserve the original intent thereof in light of such change in GAAP (subject to the approval of the Required Lenders); provided that, until so amended, (i) such ratio or requirement shall continue to be computed in accordance with GAAP prior to such change therein and (ii) the Borrower shall provide to the Administrative Agent and the Lenders financial statements and other documents required under this Credit Agreement or as reasonably requested hereunder setting forth a reconciliation between calculations of such ratio or requirement made before and after giving effect to such change in GAAP. Notwithstanding any other provision contained herein, all terms of an accounting or financial nature used herein shall be construed, and all computations of amounts and ratios referred to herein, and the determination of Indebtedness hereunder, shall be made without giving effect to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Standard ASC 842 (Leases) (or any other applicable financial accounting standard having a similar result or effect) and related interpretations, in each case, to the extent any lease (or similar arrangement conveying the right to use) would be required to be treated as a capital lease thereunder where such lease (or similar arrangement) would have been treated as an operating lease under GAAP as in effect immediately prior to the effectiveness of the ASC 842.

Section 1.5 Rounding. Any financial ratios required to be maintained by the Borrower pursuant to this Credit Agreement shall be calculated by dividing the appropriate component by the other component, carrying the result to one place more than the number of places by which such ratio is expressed herein and rounding the result up or down to the nearest number (with a rounding-up if there is no nearest number).

Section 1.6 References to Time. Unless the context otherwise requires, references to a time shall refer to Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Savings Time, as applicable.

Section 1.7 Resolution of Drafting Ambiguities. Each Loan Party acknowledges and agrees that it was represented by counsel in connection with the execution and delivery of the Loan Documents to which it is a party, that it and its counsel reviewed and participated in the preparation and negotiation hereof and thereof and that any rule of construction to the effect that ambiguities are to be resolved against the drafting party shall not be employed in the interpretation hereof or thereof.

Section 1.8 Status of Loan Document Obligations. In the event that any Loan Party shall at any time issue or have outstanding any Subordinated Debt, the Borrower shall take or cause each other Loan Party to take all such actions as shall be necessary to cause the Loan Document Obligations to constitute senior indebtedness (however denominated) in respect of such Subordinated Debt and to enable the Administrative Agent and the Lenders to have and exercise any payment blockage or other remedies available or potentially available to holders of senior indebtedness under the terms of such Subordinated Debt. Without limiting the foregoing, the Loan Document Obligations are hereby designated as “senior indebtedness” and as “designated senior indebtedness” and words of similar import under and in respect of the Subordinated Debt Documents under which such Subordinated Debt is issued and are further given all such other designations as shall be required under the terms of any such Subordinated Debt in order that the Administrative Agent and the Lenders may have and exercise any payment blockage or other remedies available or potentially available to holders of senior indebtedness under the terms of such Subordinated Debt.

Section 1.9 Rates Generally. The Administrative Agent does not warrant or accept responsibility for, and shall not have any liability with respect to (a) administration, construction, calculation, publication, continuation, discontinuation, movement, or regulation of, or any other matter related to, the Alternate Base Rate, the Benchmark, or any alternative, successor or replacement rate thereto (including any Benchmark Replacement), any component definition thereof or rates referred to in the definition thereof, including whether any Benchmark is similar to, or will produce the same value or economic equivalence of, any other rate or whether financial instruments referencing or underlying the Benchmark will have the same volume or liquidity as those referencing or underlying any other rate, (b) the impact of any regulatory statements about, or actions taken with respect to any Benchmark (or component thereof), (c) changes made by any

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administrator to the methodology used to calculate any Benchmark (or component thereof) or (d) the effect, implementation or composition of any Conforming Changes. The Administrative Agent and its affiliates or other related entities may engage in transactions that affect the calculation of the Alternate Base Rate, the Benchmark, any alternative, successor or replacement rate (including any Benchmark Replacement) or any relevant adjustments thereto, in each case, in a manner adverse to the Borrower. The Administrative Agent does not warrant or accept responsibility for, and shall not have any liability with respect to, such transactions. The Administrative Agent may select information sources or services in its reasonable discretion to ascertain the Alternate Base Rate, the Benchmark, or any alternative, successor or replacement rate (including any Benchmark Replacement), in each case pursuant to the terms of this Credit Agreement, and shall have no liability to the Borrower, any Lender or any other person or entity for damages of any kind, including direct or indirect, special, punitive, incidental or consequential damages, costs, losses or expenses (whether in tort, contract or otherwise and whether at law or in equity), for any error or calculation of any such rate (or component thereof) provided by any such information source or service.

Section 1.10 Divisions. For all purposes under the Loan Documents, in connection with Division: (a) if any asset, right, obligation or liability of any Person becomes the asset, right, obligation or liability of a different Person, then it shall be deemed to have been transferred from the original Person to the subsequent Person, and (b) if any new Person comes into existence, such new Person shall be deemed to have been organized on the first date of its existence by the holders of its Equity Interests at such time.

Section 1.11 Letter of Credit Amounts. Unless otherwise specified herein, the amount of a Letter of Credit at any time shall be deemed to be the amount of such Letter of Credit available to be drawn at such time; provided that with respect to any Letter of Credit that, by its terms, provides for one or more automatic increases in the available amount thereof, the amount of such Letter of Credit shall be deemed to be the maximum amount of such Letter of Credit after giving effect to all such increases, whether or not such maximum amount is available to be drawn at such time.

Article 2

The Credits

Section 2.1 Commitments.

(a) Revolving Commitments. Subject to the terms and conditions hereof and relying upon the representations and warranties herein set forth, each Revolving Lender agrees, severally and not jointly, to make Revolving Loans to the Borrower in Dollars from time to time during the Availability Period in an aggregate principal amount that will not result in (i) such Revolving Lender’s Revolving Exposure exceeding such Revolving Lender’s Revolving Commitment or (ii) the Total Revolving Outstandings exceeding the aggregate Revolving Commitments. Within the foregoing limits and subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, the Borrower may borrow, prepay and reborrow Revolving Loans. Revolving Loans may be ABR Loans or SOFR Loans, as further provided herein.

(b) [Reserved].

(c) Incremental Term Loan Commitments. Subject to the terms and conditions hereof and relying upon the representations and warranties herein set forth, each Incremental Term Lender agrees, severally and not jointly, if such Incremental Term Lender has so committed pursuant to Section 2.11, to make Incremental Term Loans in Dollars to the Borrower in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed its Incremental Term Loan Commitment and otherwise on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Incremental Assumption Agreement to which such Lender is a party. Incremental Term Loans which are prepaid or repaid, in whole or in part, may not be reborrowed. Incremental Term Loans may be ABR Loans or SOFR Loans, as further provided herein.

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Section 2.2 Borrowings, Conversions and Continuations of Loans.

(a) Each Borrowing, each conversion of Loans from one Type to the other, and each continuation of SOFR Loans shall be made upon the Borrower’s irrevocable notice, to the Administrative Agent, which may be given by telephone. Each such notice must be made in writing (or in the case of telephonic notice, promptly confirmed in writing) substantially in the form of a Committed Loan Notice appropriately completed and signed by a Responsible Officer of the Borrower and received by the Administrative Agent (i) in the case of an ABR Borrowing, not later than 12:00 p.m. on the date of the proposed Borrowing, or (ii) in the case of any other Borrowing, not later than 12:00 p.m. three (3) Government Securities Business Days before the date of the proposed Borrowing.

(b) Except as provided in Section 2.3(c) and Section 2.4(c), each Borrowing or conversion of Loans shall be in a principal amount of the Borrowing Minimum or a whole multiple of the Borrowing Multiple in excess thereof. Each Committed Loan Notice (whether telephonic or written) shall specify (A) whether the Borrower is requesting a Borrowing, a conversion of Loans from one Type to the other, or a continuation of SOFR Loans, (B) the requested date of the Borrowing, continuation or conversion, as the case may be (which shall be a Business Day), (C) the Class and principal amount of Loans to be borrowed, continued or converted, (D) the Type of Loans to be borrowed or to which existing Loans are to be converted, (E) if applicable, the duration of the Interest Period with respect thereto which shall be a period contemplated by the definition of the term “Interest Period” and (F) the location and number of the Borrower’s account to which funds are to be disbursed, which shall comply with the requirements of Section 2.2. Notwithstanding anything in this Credit Agreement to the contrary, if the Borrower:

(i) requests a Borrowing of, conversion to, or continuation of SOFR Loans in any such Committed Loan Notice, but fails to specify an Interest Period, it will be deemed to have specified an Interest Period of one month; or

(ii) fails to specify a Type of Loan in a Committed Loan Notice or fails to give a timely notice requesting a conversion or continuation, then the applicable Loans shall be made as, continued as, or converted to, ABR Loans.

For avoidance of doubt, the Borrower and Lenders acknowledge and agree that any conversion or continuation of an existing Loan shall be deemed to be a continuation of that Loan with a converted interest rate methodology and not a new Loan. Any automatic conversion or continuation as provided above shall be effective as of the last day of the Interest Period then in effect with respect to the applicable SOFR Loans.

(c) Following receipt of a Committed Loan Notice, the Administrative Agent shall promptly notify each Appropriate Lender of the amount of its Applicable Percentage of the applicable Class of Loans, and if no timely notice of a conversion or continuation is provided by the Borrower, the Administrative Agent shall notify each Appropriate Lender of the details of any automatic conversion or continuation described in Section 2.2(b). In the case of each Borrowing, each Appropriate Lender shall make (or cause its Applicable Lending Office to make) the amount of its Loan available to the Administrative Agent, by transfer in immediately available funds to the account of the Administrative Agent most recently designated by it for such purpose by notice to the Lenders, not later than 1:00 p.m. on the Business Day specified in the applicable Committed Loan Notice. Upon satisfaction or waiver of the applicable conditions set forth in Section 4.2 (and, if such Borrowing is the initial Credit Extension, Section 4.1), the Administrative Agent shall make all funds so received available to the Borrower in like funds as received by transfer to the account of the Borrower designated in the Commitment Loan Notice the amount of such funds; provided that if, on the date the Committed Loan Notice with respect to such Borrowing is given by the Borrower, there are L/C Borrowings outstanding, then the proceeds of such Borrowing shall

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be applied first, to the payment in full of any such L/C Borrowings, and second to the Borrower as provided above.

(d) Except as otherwise provided herein, a SOFR Loan may be continued or converted only on the last day of the Interest Period for such Loan unless the Borrower pays the amount due, if any, under Section 3.5 in connection therewith. During the existence of an Event of Default, the Administrative Agent or the Required Lenders may require that (i) no Loans may be requested as, converted to or continued as SOFR Loans and (ii) unless repaid, each SOFR Loan be converted to an ABR Loan at the end of the Interest Period applicable thereto.

(e) The Administrative Agent shall promptly notify the Borrower and the Appropriate Lenders of the interest rate applicable to any Interest Period for SOFR Loans upon determination of such interest rate.

(f) The failure of any Appropriate Lender to make any Loan required to be made by it shall not relieve any other Appropriate Lender of its obligations hereunder, provided that the Commitments of the Lenders are several, and no Lender shall be responsible for any other Lender’s failure to make Loans as required. All Borrowings made on the Closing Date must be made as ABR Borrowings unless the Borrower shall have given a Committed Loan Notice requesting a SOFR Borrowing and provided an indemnity letter in form and substance satisfactory to the Administrative Agent extending the benefits of Section 3.5 to the Appropriate Lenders in respect of such Borrowings.

(g) Anything in clauses (a) through (d) above to the contrary notwithstanding, after giving effect to all Borrowings, all conversions of Loans from one Type to the other, and all continuations of Loans of the same Type, there shall not be more than six Interest Periods in effect at any time for all Borrowings of SOFR Loans.

Section 2.3 [Reserved].

Section 2.4 Letters of Credit.

(a) The Letter of Credit Commitment. (i) Subject to the terms and conditions hereof and of any additional Letter of Credit Documents required by the L/C Issuer and relying upon the representations and warranties herein set forth (A) based upon the agreements of the Revolving Lenders set forth in this Section 2.4, the L/C Issuer agrees (1) from time to time on any Business Day during the Availability Period to issue Letters of Credit denominated in Dollars for the account of the Borrower (provided that any Letter of Credit may be for the joint account of the Borrower and any Subsidiary of the Borrower) and to amend or renew Letters of Credit previously issued by it, in accordance with Section 2.4(b), and (2) to honor conforming drafts under the Letters of Credit and (B) the Revolving Lenders severally agree to participate in Letters of Credit issued pursuant to this Section 2.4; provided that the L/C Issuer shall not be obligated to make any L/C Credit Extension with respect to any Letter of Credit, and no Revolving Lender shall be obligated to participate in any such Letter of Credit if immediately after giving effect to such L/C Credit Extension, (w) the aggregate L/C Obligations would exceed the L/C Sublimit, (x) the Revolving Exposure of any Revolving Lender would exceed such Revolving Lender’s Revolving Commitment, or (y) the Total Revolving Outstandings would exceed the aggregate Revolving Commitments.

(ii) The L/C Issuer shall be under no obligation to issue any Letter of Credit (and, in the case of clauses (B), (C) or (D) below, shall not issue any Letter of Credit) if:

(A) any order, judgment or decree of any Governmental Authority or arbitrator shall by its terms purport to enjoin or restrain the L/C Issuer from issuing such

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Letter of Credit, or any law applicable to the L/C Issuer or any directive (whether or not having the force of law) from any Governmental Authority with jurisdiction over the L/C Issuer shall prohibit, or direct that the L/C Issuer refrain from, the issuance of letters of credit generally or such Letter of Credit in particular or shall impose upon the L/C Issuer with respect to such Letter of Credit any restriction, reserve or capital requirement (for which the L/C Issuer is not otherwise compensated hereunder) not in effect on the Agreement Date, or shall impose upon the L/C Issuer any unreimbursed loss, cost or expense which was not applicable on the Agreement Date (for which the L/C Issuer is not otherwise compensated hereunder);

(B) subject to Section 2.4(b)(iii), the expiry date of such requested Letter of Credit would occur more than twelve months after the date of issuance or last renewal;

(C) the expiry date of such requested Letter of Credit would occur after the Letter of Credit Expiration Date;

(D) the proceeds of such Letter of Credit would be made available to any Person (i) to fund any activity or business of or with any Sanctioned Person, or in any Sanctioned Country or (ii) in any manner that would result in a violation of any Sanctions by any party to this Credit Agreement;

(E) the issuance of such Letter of Credit would violate one or more policies of the L/C Issuer applicable to letters of credit or any laws binding upon the L/C Issuer;

(F) the Letter of Credit is to be denominated in a currency other than Dollars;

(G) any Revolving Lender is at that time a Defaulting Lender, unless the L/C Issuer has entered into arrangements, including the delivery of Cash Collateral, satisfactory to the L/C Issuer (in its sole discretion) with the Borrower or such Defaulting Lender to eliminate the L/C Issuer’s actual or potential Fronting Exposure (after giving effect to Section 2.10(a)(iv)) with respect to such Defaulting Lender arising from either the Letter of Credit then proposed to be issued or such Letter of Credit and all other L/C Obligations as to which the L/C Issuer has actual or potential Fronting Exposure, as it may elect in its sole discretion; or

(H) the Letter of Credit is in an initial amount less than $50,000 (or such lesser amount as agreed to by the L/C Issuer and the Administrative Agent).

(iii) The L/C Issuer shall be under no obligation to amend any Letter of Credit if (A) the L/C Issuer would have no obligation at such time to issue such Letter of Credit in its amended form under the terms hereof, or (B) the beneficiary of such Letter of Credit does not accept the proposed amendment to such Letter of Credit.

(b) Procedures for Issuance and Amendment of Letters of Credit; Auto-Renewal Letters of Credit. (i) Each Letter of Credit shall be issued or amended, as the case may be, upon the request of the Borrower hand delivered or sent by facsimile (or transmitted by electronic communication, if arrangements for doing so have been approved by the L/C Issuer) to the L/C Issuer (with a copy to the Administrative Agent) in the form of a Letter of Credit Application, appropriately completed and signed by a Responsible Officer of the Borrower. Such Letter of Credit Application must be received by the L/C Issuer and the

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Administrative Agent not later than 1:00 p.m. at least three Business Days prior to the proposed issuance date or date of amendment, as the case may be; or, in each case, such later date and time as the L/C Issuer may agree in a particular instance in its sole discretion. In the case of a request for an initial issuance of a Letter of Credit, such Letter of Credit Application shall specify in form and detail reasonably satisfactory to the L/C Issuer: (A) the proposed issuance date of the requested Letter of Credit (which shall be a Business Day), (B) the amount thereof, (C) the expiry date thereof, (D) the name and address of the beneficiary thereof, (E) the documents to be presented by such beneficiary in case of any drawing thereunder, (F) the full text of any certificate to be presented by such beneficiary in case of any drawing thereunder, and (G) such other matters as the L/C Issuer may reasonably request. In the case of a request for an amendment of any outstanding Letter of Credit, such Letter of Credit Application shall specify in form and detail reasonably satisfactory to the L/C Issuer (1) the Letter of Credit to be amended, (2) the proposed date of amendment thereof (which shall be a Business Day), (3) the nature of the proposed amendment, and (4) such other matters as the L/C Issuer may reasonably request.

(ii) Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, the L/C Issuer shall, on the requested date, issue a Letter of Credit for the account of the Borrower or enter into the applicable amendment, as the case may be. Immediately upon the issuance of each Letter of Credit, each Revolving Lender shall be deemed to have, and hereby irrevocably and unconditionally agrees to, acquire from the L/C Issuer a risk participation in such Letter of Credit in an amount equal to such Revolving Lender’s Applicable Percentage of the aggregate amount available to be drawn under such Letter of Credit. Each Lender acknowledges and agrees that its obligation to acquire risk participations pursuant to this paragraph in respect of Letters of Credit is absolute and unconditional and shall not be affected by any circumstance whatsoever, including any amendment, renewal or extension of any Letter of Credit or the occurrence and continuance of a Default or reduction or termination of the Commitments.

(iii) If the Borrower so requests in any applicable Letter of Credit Application, the L/C Issuer shall agree to issue a Letter of Credit that has automatic renewal provisions (each, an “Auto-Renewal Letter of Credit”); provided that any such Auto-Renewal Letter of Credit must permit the L/C Issuer to prevent any such renewal at least once in each twelve-month period (commencing with the date of issuance of such Auto-Renewal Letter of Credit) by giving prior notice to the beneficiary thereof not later than a day (the “Nonrenewal Notice Date”) in each such twelve-month period to be agreed upon at the time such Letter of Credit is issued. Unless otherwise directed by the L/C Issuer, the Borrower shall not be required to make a specific request to the L/C Issuer for any such renewal. Once an Auto-Renewal Letter of Credit has been issued, the Revolving Lenders shall be deemed to have authorized (but may not require) the L/C Issuer to permit the renewal of such Auto-Renewal Letter of Credit from time to time to an expiry date not later than the Letter of Credit Expiration Date; provided that the L/C Issuer shall not permit any such renewal if (A) the L/C Issuer has determined that it would have no obligation at such time to issue such Letter of Credit in its renewed form under the terms hereof (by reason of the provisions of Section 2.4(a)(ii) or otherwise), or (B) it has received notice (which may be by telephone, followed promptly in writing, or in writing) on or before the day that is five Business Days before the applicable Nonrenewal Notice Date from the Administrative Agent or any Revolving Lender, as applicable, or the Borrower that one or more of the applicable conditions specified in Section 4.2 is not then satisfied.

(iv) Promptly after its delivery of any Letter of Credit or any amendment to a Letter of Credit to an advising bank with respect thereto or to the beneficiary thereof, the L/C Issuer will also deliver to the Borrower and the Administrative Agent a true and complete copy of such Letter of Credit or amendment.

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(c) Drawings and Reimbursements; Funding of Participations. (i) Upon receipt from the beneficiary of any Letter of Credit of any notice of a drawing under such Letter of Credit, the L/C Issuer shall notify promptly the Borrower and the Administrative Agent thereof. On the Business Day on which the Borrower shall have received notice of any payment by the L/C Issuer under a Letter of Credit or, if the Borrower shall have received such notice later than 12:00 p.m. on any Business Day, on the succeeding Business Day (such applicable Business Day, the “L/C Honor Date”), the Borrower shall (regardless of whether or not such Letter of Credit shall be for the sole account of the Borrower or for the joint account of the Borrower and any Subsidiary) reimburse the L/C Issuer through the Administrative Agent in an amount equal to such drawing in Dollars. If the Borrower fails to so reimburse the L/C Issuer on the L/C Honor Date (or if any such reimbursement payment is required to be refunded to the Borrower for any reason), then (x) the Borrower shall be deemed to have requested a Borrowing of ABR Revolving Loans in the amount of such drawing, and (y) the Administrative Agent shall promptly notify each Revolving Lender of the L/C Honor Date, the amount of the unreimbursed drawing (the “Unreimbursed Amount”), and the amount of such Revolving Lender’s Applicable Percentage thereof. Such Revolving Loans shall be made by the Revolving Lenders without regard to the Borrowing Minimums and Borrowing Multiples. Any notice given by the L/C Issuer or the Administrative Agent pursuant to this Section 2.4(c)(i) may be given by telephone if immediately confirmed in writing; provided that the lack of such an immediate confirmation shall not affect the conclusiveness or binding effect of such notice. For the avoidance of doubt, if any drawing occurs under a Letter of Credit and such drawing is not reimbursed on the same day, the Unreimbursed Amount of such drawing shall, without duplication, accrue interest for each day until the date of reimbursement at (x) prior to the third Business Day following the L/C Honor Date, the rate per annum applicable to the outstanding principal balance of ABR Revolving Loans pursuant to Section 3.1(a), and (y) thereafter, a rate per annum equal to the Default Rate applicable to the outstanding principal balance of ABR Revolving Loans.

(ii) Each Revolving Lender (including the Revolving Lender acting as the L/C Issuer) shall upon any notice pursuant to Section 2.4(c)(i) make funds available to the Administrative Agent for the account of the L/C Issuer at the Administrative Agent’s Payment Office in an amount equal to its Applicable Percentage of any Unreimbursed Amount in respect of a Letter of Credit in Dollars not later than 1:00 p.m. on the Business Day specified in such notice by the Administrative Agent. The Administrative Agent shall remit the funds so received to the L/C Issuer, and may apply Cash Collateral provided for this purpose to such Unreimbursed Amount.

(iii) Each Revolving Lender that makes funds available pursuant to Section 2.4(c)(ii) shall be deemed to have made an ABR Revolving Loan in Dollars to the Borrower in such amount, provided that in the event the conditions for Revolving Borrowings set forth in Section 4.2 cannot be satisfied (and have not been waived) or for any other reason, then (A) the Borrower shall be deemed to have incurred from the L/C Issuer a L/C Borrowing in Dollars in the amount of the Unreimbursed Amount, which L/C Borrowing shall be due and payable on demand (together with interest) and shall bear interest at the Default Rate, and (B) such Revolving Lender shall be deemed to have purchased a participation in such L/C Borrowing in an amount equal to its Applicable Percentage thereof (a “L/C Advance”).

(iv) Until each Revolving Lender funds its Revolving Loan or L/C Advance pursuant to this Section 2.4(c) to reimburse the L/C Issuer for any amount drawn under any Letter of Credit, interest in respect of such Revolving Lender’s Applicable Percentage of such amount shall be solely for the account of the L/C Issuer.

(v) Each Revolving Lender’s obligation to make Revolving Loans or L/C Advances to reimburse the L/C Issuer for amounts drawn under Letters of Credit, as contemplated by this Section 2.4(c), shall be absolute and unconditional and shall not be affected by any

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circumstance; provided that each Revolving Lender’s obligation to make Revolving Loans (but not L/C Advances) pursuant to this Section 2.4(c) is subject to the conditions set forth in Section 4.2 (other than delivery by the Borrower of a Committed Loan Notice). No such making of a L/C Advance shall relieve or otherwise impair the obligation of the Borrower to reimburse the L/C Issuer for the amount of any payment made by the L/C Issuer under any Letter of Credit, together with interest as provided herein.

(vi) If any Revolving Lender fails to make available to the Administrative Agent for the account of the L/C Issuer any amount required to be paid by such Revolving Lender pursuant to the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.4(c) by the time specified in Section 2.4(c)(ii), the L/C Issuer shall be entitled to recover from such Revolving Lender (acting through the Administrative Agent), on demand, such amount with interest thereon for the period from the date such payment is required to the date on which such payment is immediately available to the L/C Issuer at the greater of the Federal Funds Rate and a rate determined by the L/C Issuer in accordance with banking industry rules on interbank compensation. A certificate of the L/C Issuer submitted to any Revolving Lender (through the Administrative Agent) with respect to any amounts owing under this Section 2.4(c)(vi) shall be conclusive absent manifest error.

(vii) If, at any time after the L/C Issuer has made a payment under any Letter of Credit and has received from any Revolving Lender such Revolving Lender’s L/C Advance in respect of such payment in accordance with this Section 2.4(c), the Administrative Agent receives for the account of such Revolving Lender any payment in respect of the related Unreimbursed Amount or interest thereon (whether directly from the Borrower or otherwise, including proceeds of Cash Collateral applied thereto by the Administrative Agent), the Administrative Agent will distribute to such Revolving Lender its Applicable Percentage thereof (appropriately adjusted, in the case of interest payments, to reflect the period of time during which such Revolving Lender’s L/C Advance was outstanding) in the same funds as those received by the Administrative Agent.

(viii) If any payment received by the Administrative Agent for the account of the L/C Issuer pursuant to Section 2.4(c) is required to be returned under any of the circumstances described in Section 10.11, each Revolving Lender shall pay to the Administrative Agent its Applicable Percentage thereof on demand of the Administrative Agent, plus interest thereon from the date of such demand to the date such amount is returned by such Revolving Lender, at a rate per annum equal to the Federal Funds Rate.

(d) Obligations Absolute. The obligation of the Borrower to reimburse the L/C Issuer for each drawing under each Letter of Credit issued by it and to repay each L/C Borrowing shall be absolute, unconditional and irrevocable, and shall be paid strictly in accordance with the terms of this Credit Agreement under all circumstances, including the following:

(i) any lack of validity or enforceability of such Letter of Credit, this Credit Agreement, or any other agreement or instrument relating thereto;

(ii) the existence of any claim, counterclaim, setoff, defense or other right that any Loan Party may have at any time against any beneficiary or any transferee of such Letter of Credit (or any Person for whom any such beneficiary or any such transferee may be acting), the L/C Issuer or any other Person, whether in connection with this Credit Agreement, the transactions contemplated hereby or by such Letter of Credit or any agreement or instrument relating thereto, or any unrelated transaction;

(iii) any draft, demand, certificate or other document presented under such Letter of Credit proving to be forged, fraudulent, invalid or insufficient in any respect or any

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statement therein being untrue or inaccurate in any respect; or any loss or delay in the transmission or otherwise of any document required in order to make a drawing under such Letter of Credit;

(iv) any payment by the L/C Issuer under such Letter of Credit against presentation of a draft or certificate that does not strictly comply with the terms of such Letter of Credit, or any payment made by the L/C Issuer under such Letter of Credit to any Person purporting to be a trustee in bankruptcy, debtor-in-possession, assignee for the benefit of creditors, liquidator, receiver or other representative of or successor to any beneficiary or any transferee of such Letter of Credit, including any arising in connection with (x) any proceeding under any Debtor Relief Law or (y) any Bail-In Action;

(v) any exchange, release or non-perfection of any Collateral, or any release or amendment or waiver of or consent to departure from the Guarantee Agreement or any other guarantee, for all or any of the Loan Document Obligations of any Loan Party in respect of such Letter of Credit; or

(vi) any other circumstance or happening whatsoever, whether or not similar to any of the foregoing, including any other circumstance that might otherwise constitute a defense available to, or a discharge of, any Loan Party;

provided that the foregoing shall not excuse the L/C Issuer from liability to the Borrower to the extent of any direct damages (as opposed to special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages, claims in respect of which are waived by the Borrower to the extent permitted by applicable law) suffered by the Borrower that are caused by the L/C Issuer’s gross negligence or willful misconduct when determining whether drafts and other documents presented under a Letter of Credit comply with the terms thereof.

(e) Role of L/C Issuer. Each Lender and the Borrower agree that, in paying any drawing under a Letter of Credit, the L/C Issuer shall not have any responsibility to obtain any document (other than any sight draft, certificates and documents expressly required by the Letter of Credit) or to ascertain or inquire as to the validity or accuracy of any such document or the authority of the Person executing or delivering any such document. None of the L/C Issuer, any of its Related Parties nor any of the correspondents, participants or assignees of the L/C Issuer shall be liable to any Lender for (i) any action taken or omitted in connection herewith at the request or with the approval of the Required Lenders or the Required Class Lenders in respect of the Revolving Facility, as applicable, (ii) any action taken or omitted in the absence of gross negligence or willful misconduct; or (iii) the due execution, effectiveness, validity or enforceability of any document or instrument related to any Letter of Credit or Letter of Credit Application. The Borrower hereby assumes all risks of the acts or omissions of any beneficiary or transferee with respect to its use of any Letter of Credit; provided that this assumption is not intended to, and shall not, preclude the Borrower from pursuing such rights and remedies as it may have against the beneficiary or transferee at law or under any other agreement. None of the L/C Issuer, any of its Related Parties nor any of the correspondents, participants or assignees of the L/C Issuer shall be liable or responsible for any of the matters described in clauses (i) through (iii) of this Section 2.4(e); provided that anything in such clauses to the contrary notwithstanding, the Borrower may have a claim against the L/C Issuer, and the L/C Issuer may be liable to the Borrower, to the extent, but only to the extent, of any direct, as opposed to consequential or exemplary, damages suffered by the Borrower caused by the L/C Issuer’s willful misconduct or gross negligence or the L/C Issuer’s willful or grossly negligent failure to pay under any Letter of Credit after the presentation to it by the beneficiary of a sight draft and certificate(s) strictly complying with the terms and conditions of such Letter of Credit. In furtherance and not in limitation of the foregoing, the L/C Issuer may accept documents that appear on their face to be in order, without responsibility for further investigation, regardless of any notice or information to the contrary, and the L/C Issuer shall not be responsible for the validity or sufficiency of any instrument transferring or assigning or

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purporting to transfer or assign a Letter of Credit or the rights or benefits thereunder or proceeds thereof, in whole or in part, which may prove to be invalid or ineffective for any reason.

(f) Conflict with Letter of Credit Application. Notwithstanding anything else to the contrary in any Letter of Credit Document (including any Letter of Credit Application), in the event of any conflict between the terms hereof and the terms of any such Letter of Credit Document, the terms hereof shall control, provided that all non-conflicting terms of any such Letter of Credit Document shall remain in full force and effect.

(g) Applicability of ISP; Limitation of Liability. Unless otherwise expressly agreed by the L/C Issuer and the Borrower when a Letter of Credit is issued the rules of the ISP shall apply to each Letter of Credit. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the L/C Issuer shall not be responsible to any Loan Party for, and the L/C Issuer’s rights and remedies against any such Loan Party shall not be impaired by, any action or inaction of the L/C Issuer required or permitted under any law, order, or practice that is required or permitted to be applied to any Letter of Credit or this Credit Agreement, including the law or any order of a jurisdiction where the L/C Issuer or the beneficiary is located, the practice stated in the ISP or in the decisions, opinions, practice statements, or official commentary of the ICC Banking Commission, the Bankers Association for Finance and Trade - International Financial Services Association (BAFT-IFSA), or the Institute of International Banking Law & Practice, whether or not any Letter of Credit chooses such law or practice.

Section 2.5 Termination and Reduction of Commitments.

(a) Unless previously terminated the Revolving Commitments shall terminate on the last day of the Availability Period. Any Incremental Term Loan Commitment shall terminate as provided in the applicable Incremental Assumption Agreement.

(b) The Borrower may at any time terminate, or from time to time reduce, the Revolving Commitments, provided that (i) the Borrower shall not terminate or reduce the Revolving Commitments if, after giving effect to any concurrent prepayment or repayment of the Revolving Loans in accordance with Section 2.7, the sum of the Revolving Exposures of all Revolving Lenders would exceed the aggregate Revolving Commitments, (ii) each such reduction of the Revolving Commitments shall be in an amount that is an integral multiple of $500,000 and not less than $1,000,000, and (iii) any reduction of the Revolving Commitments to an amount below the L/C Sublimit shall automatically reduce the L/C Sublimit on a Dollar for Dollar basis. If at any time, as a result of such a partial reduction or termination as provided in Section 2.5(a), the Revolving Exposure of all Lenders would exceed the aggregate Revolving Commitments, then the Borrower shall on the date of such reduction or termination of Revolving Commitments, repay or prepay Revolving Borrowings and/or Cash Collateralize Letters of Credit in an aggregate amount equal to such excess.

(c) In addition to any termination or reduction of the Revolving Commitments under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Section, the Revolving Commitments shall be reduced as required under Section 2.7(b).

(d) The Borrower shall notify the Administrative Agent of any election to terminate or reduce the Revolving Commitments under paragraph (b) of this Section at least three Business Days prior to the effective date of such termination or reduction, specifying such election and the effective date thereof. Promptly following receipt of any such notice, the Administrative Agent shall advise the Revolving Lenders of the contents thereof. Each notice delivered by the Borrower pursuant to this Section shall be irrevocable, provided that a notice of termination of the Revolving Commitments may state that such notice is conditioned upon the effectiveness of other credit facilities, in which case such notice may be revoked by the Borrower (by written notice to the Administrative Agent on or prior to the specified effective date) if

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such condition is not satisfied subject to the Borrower’s obligation to indemnify the Lenders pursuant to Section 3.5. Each reduction, and any termination, of the Revolving Commitments shall be permanent and each reduction of the Revolving Commitments shall be made ratably among the Revolving Lenders in accordance with their respective Revolving Commitments.

Section 2.6 Repayment of Loans; Evidence of Debt.

(a) Payment at Maturity. The Borrower hereby unconditionally promises to pay to the Administrative Agent for the account of (A) each Revolving Lender the then unpaid principal amount of each Revolving Loan together with all accrued interest thereon on the earlier of the Revolving Maturity Date and, if different, the date of the termination of the Revolving Commitments in accordance with the provisions of this Credit Agreement and (B) each Incremental Term Lender, the then unpaid principal amount of each Incremental Term Loan together with all accrued interest thereon on the earlier of the applicable Incremental Term Loan Maturity Date and, if different, the date of the acceleration of the Loans in accordance with Section 8.2.

(b) [Reserved].

(c) Amortization Payments for Incremental Term Loans. The Borrower shall pay to the Administrative Agent, for the account of the applicable Incremental Term Lenders with respect to Incremental Term Loans, on each Incremental Term Loan Repayment Date, a principal amount of the Incremental Term Loans (as adjusted from time to time pursuant to Section 2.7(a) and Section 2.11(f)) equal to the amount set forth in the applicable Incremental Assumption Agreement, together in each case with accrued and unpaid interest on the principal amount to be paid to, but excluding, the date of such payment.

(d) Notes. Any Lender may request through the Administrative Agent that Loans made by it be evidenced by a promissory note. In such event, the Borrower shall execute and deliver to (i) in the case of a Revolving Lender, a Revolving Loan Note and (ii) in the case of a Term Lender, a term loan note in the form specified in the applicable Incremental Assumption Agreement. In addition, if requested by a Lender, its Note may be made payable to such Lender and its registered assigns in which case all Loans evidenced by such Note and interest thereon shall at all times (including after assignment pursuant to Section 10.4) be represented by one or more Notes in like form payable to such Lender and its registered assigns.

(e) [Reserved]

(f) Register. Entries made in good faith by the Administrative Agent in the Register pursuant to Section 10.4(c) shall be prima facie evidence of the amount of principal and interest due and payable or to become due and payable from the Borrower to each Lender and under this Credit Agreement, absent manifest error; provided, however, that the failure of the Administrative Agent to make an entry, or any finding that an entry is incorrect, in the Register or such account or accounts shall not limit or otherwise affect the obligations of the Borrower under this Credit Agreement.

Section 2.7 Prepayments.

(a) Optional Prepayments. (i) The Borrower may, upon written notice to the Administrative Agent, at any time and from time to time, voluntarily prepay any Borrowing of any Class in whole or in part without premium or penalty (except as set forth in Section 3.5), provided that (A) such notice must be received by the Administrative Agent not later than 1:00 p.m. (1) three (3) Government Securities Business Days prior to any date of prepayment of a SOFR Borrowing and (2) one (1) Business Day prior to the date of prepayment of an ABR Borrowing and (B) each prepayment shall be in a principal

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amount of the Borrowing Minimum or a whole multiple of the Borrowing Multiple in excess thereof or, in each case, the entire principal amount thereof then outstanding. Each such notice shall specify the date and amount of such prepayment and the Class(es) and Type(s) of Loans to be prepaid. The Administrative Agent will promptly notify each Appropriate Lender of its receipt of each such notice, and of the amount of such Lender’s Applicable Percentage of such prepayment. If such notice is given by the Borrower, the Borrower shall make such prepayment and the payment amount specified in such notice shall be due and payable on the date specified therein, provided that a notice of prepayment may state that such notice is conditioned upon the effectiveness of other credit facilities, in which case such notice may be revoked by the Borrower (by written notice to the Administrative Agent on or prior to the specified effective date) if such condition is not satisfied subject to the Borrower’s obligation to indemnify the Lenders pursuant to Section 3.5. Each prepayment of Incremental Term Loans pursuant to this Section 2.7(a) shall be applied to the installments thereof as specified in the applicable Incremental Assumption Agreement and shall be paid to the Administrative Agent for the account of the Appropriate Lenders in accordance with their respective Applicable Percentages.

(b) [Reserved].

(c) Mandatory Prepayments of Revolving Loans. If for any reason the Total Revolving Outstandings at any time exceed the aggregate Revolving Commitments then in effect, the Borrower shall immediately prepay, without premium or penalty, Revolving Loans and/or Cash Collateralize the L/C Obligations in an aggregate amount equal to such excess.

(d) General Rules. All prepayments shall be subject to Section 3.5, but shall otherwise be without premium or penalty. Each prepayment of a Borrowing shall be applied ratably to the Loans included in the prepaid Borrowing. All prepayments shall be accompanied by accrued interest thereon and any additional amounts required pursuant to Section 3.5.

Section 2.8 Payments Generally; Administrative Agent’s Clawback.

(a) General. Each Loan Party shall make each payment required to be made by it hereunder or under any other Loan Document (whether of principal of Loans, L/C Borrowings, interest or fees, or of amounts payable under Sections 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 or 10.3, or otherwise) prior to 12:00 noon on the date when due, in immediately available funds. In furtherance of the foregoing, the Borrower hereby irrevocably authorizes the Administrative Agent, in the Administrative Agent’s sole discretion, to request on behalf of the Borrower, Revolving Loans (which shall be ABR Loans) in an amount sufficient to pay all principal, L/C Borrowings, interest, fees, or other amounts from time to time due and payable by any Loan Party to any Credit Party hereunder or under any other Loan Document. All payments to be made by a Loan Party hereunder shall be made free and clear of and without condition or deduction for any counterclaim, defense, recoupment or setoff, without setoff or counterclaim. Any amounts received after such time on any date may, in the discretion of the Administrative Agent, be deemed to have been received on the next succeeding Business Day for purposes of calculating interest thereon. All such payments shall be made to the Administrative Agent’s Payment Office, except payments to be made to the L/C Issuer as expressly provided herein and except that payments pursuant to Sections 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 or 10.3, shall be made directly to the Persons entitled thereto. The Administrative Agent shall distribute any such payments received by it for the account of any other Person to the appropriate recipient promptly following receipt thereof. If any payment hereunder shall be due on a day that is not a Business Day, the date for payment shall be extended to the next succeeding Business Day, and, in the case of any payment accruing interest, interest thereon shall be payable for the period of such extension. All payments hereunder shall be made in Dollars.

(b) Pro Rata Treatment. Except as otherwise provided in this Section 2.8 and as otherwise required under Section 3.4(e), each Borrowing, each payment or prepayment of principal of any

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Borrowing, each payment of interest on the Loans, each payment of fees, each reduction of the Revolving Commitments and each conversion of any Borrowing to or continuation of any Borrowing as a Borrowing of any Type shall be allocated pro rata among the Appropriate Lenders in accordance with their respective applicable Commitments (or, if such Commitments shall have expired or been terminated, in accordance with the respective principal amounts of their outstanding Loans of the applicable Class). Each Lender agrees that in computing such Lender’s portion of any Borrowing to be made hereunder, the Administrative Agent may, in its discretion, round each Lender’s percentage of such Borrowing to the next higher or lower whole Dollar amount.

(c) Administrative Agent’s Clawback. (i) Funding by Lenders; Presumption by Administrative Agent. Unless the Administrative Agent shall have received notice from a Lender, prior to the proposed date of any Borrowing that such Lender will not make available to the Administrative Agent such Lender’s share of such Borrowing, the Administrative Agent may assume that such Lender has made such share available on such date in accordance with Section 2.2 and may, in reliance upon such assumption, make available to the Borrower a corresponding amount. In such event, if a Lender has not in fact made its share of the applicable Borrowing available to the Administrative Agent, then the Appropriate Lender and the Borrower severally agree to pay to the Administrative Agent forthwith on demand such corresponding amount with interest thereon for each day from and including the date such amount is made available to the Borrower to but excluding the date of payment to the Administrative Agent, at (A) in the case of a payment to be made by such Lender, the greater of the Federal Funds Rate and a rate determined by the Administrative Agent in accordance with banking industry rules on interbank compensation, and (B) in the case of a payment to be made by the Borrower, the interest rate applicable to ABR Loans. If the Borrower and such Lender shall pay such interest to the Administrative Agent for the same or an overlapping period, the Administrative Agent shall promptly remit to the Borrower the amount of such interest paid by the Borrower for such period. If such Lender pays its share of the applicable Borrowing to the Administrative Agent, then the amount so paid shall constitute such Lender’s Loan included in such Borrowing. Any payment by the Borrower shall be without prejudice to any claim the Borrower may have against a Lender that shall have failed to make such payment to the Administrative Agent.

(ii) Payments by Borrower; Presumptions by Administrative Agent. Unless the Administrative Agent shall have received notice from the Borrower prior to the date on which any payment is due to the Administrative Agent for the account of the Lenders or the L/C Issuer hereunder that the Borrower will not make such payment, the Administrative Agent may assume that the Borrower has made such payment on such date in accordance herewith and may, in reliance upon such assumption, distribute to the Lenders or the L/C Issuer, as the case may be, the amount due. In such event, if the Borrower has not in fact made such payment, then each of the Lenders or the L/C Issuer, as the case may be, severally agrees to repay to the Administrative Agent forthwith on demand the amount so distributed to such Lender or the L/C Issuer, with interest thereon, for each day from and including the date such amount is distributed to it to but excluding the date of payment to the Administrative Agent, at the greater of the Federal Funds Rate and a rate determined by the Administrative Agent in accordance with banking industry rules on interbank compensation.

(iii) Notice by Administrative Agent. A notice from the Administrative Agent to any Lender or the Borrower with respect to any amount owing under this paragraph (c) shall be conclusive, absent manifest error.

(d) Obligations of Lenders Several. The obligations of the Lenders hereunder to make Loans and purchase participations in Letters of Credit and to make payments pursuant to Section 10.3(c) are several and not joint. The failure of any Lender to make any Loan or purchase participations in Letters of Credit or make any payment under Section 10.3(c) on any date required hereunder shall not relieve any other Lender of its corresponding obligation to do so on such date, and no Lender shall be responsible for

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the failure of any other Lender to so make its Loan, purchase its participation in Letters of Credit or to make its payment under Section 10.3(c).

(e) Failure to Satisfy Conditions Precedent. If any Lender makes available to the Administrative Agent funds for any Loan to be made by such Lender as provided in the foregoing provisions of this Article 2, and such funds are not made available to the Borrower by the Administrative Agent because the conditions to the borrowing of Loans set forth in Article 5 are not satisfied or waived in accordance with the terms hereof, the Administrative Agent shall return such funds (in like funds as received from such Lender) to such Lender, without interest.

(f) Funding Source. Nothing herein shall be deemed to obligate any Lender to obtain the funds for any Loan in any particular place or manner or to constitute a representation by any Lender that it has obtained or will obtain the funds for any Loan in any particular place or manner.

(g) Insufficient Payment. Subject to the provisions of Article 8, whenever any payment received by the Administrative Agent under this Credit Agreement or any of the other Loan Documents is insufficient to pay in full all amounts due and payable to the Credit Parties under or in respect of this Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents on any date, such payment shall be distributed by the Administrative Agent and applied by the Administrative Agent (i) first, towards payment of all fees and expenses due to the Administrative Agent under the Loan Documents, (ii) second, towards payment of all expenses then due hereunder, ratably among the parties entitled thereto in accordance herewith, (iii) third, towards payment of interest, fees and commissions then due hereunder, ratably among the parties entitled thereto in accordance with the amounts of interest, fees and commissions then due to such parties, and (iv) fourth, towards payment of principal of Loans and unreimbursed L/C Borrowings then due hereunder, ratably among the parties entitled thereto in accordance with the amounts of principal of Loans and unreimbursed L/C Borrowings then due to such parties.

(h) Sharing of Payments by Lenders. If any Lender shall, by exercising any right of setoff or counterclaim or otherwise, obtain payment in respect of any principal of or interest on any of its Loans or other obligations hereunder resulting in such Lender receiving payment of a proportion of the aggregate amount of its Loans and accrued interest thereon or other such obligations greater than its pro rata share thereof as provided herein, then such Lender shall (x) notify the Administrative Agent of such fact, and (y) purchase (for cash at face value) participations in the Loans and such other obligations of the other Lenders, or make such other adjustments as shall be equitable, so that the benefit of all such payments shall be shared by the Lenders ratably in accordance with the aggregate amount of principal of and accrued interest on their respective Loans and other amounts owing them; provided that:

(i) if any such participations are purchased and all or any portion of the payment giving rise thereto is recovered, such participations shall be rescinded and the purchase price restored to the extent of such recovery, without interest; and

(ii) the provisions of this paragraph shall not be construed to apply to (x) any payment made by the Borrower pursuant to and in accordance with the express terms of this Credit Agreement (including the application of funds arising from the existence of a Defaulting Lender), or (y) any payment obtained by a Lender as consideration for the assignment of or sale of a participation in any of its Loans or participations in L/C Disbursements to any assignee or participant.

The Borrower consents to the foregoing and agrees, to the extent it may effectively do so under applicable law, that any Lender acquiring a participation pursuant to the foregoing arrangements may exercise against each Loan Party rights of setoff and counterclaim with respect to such participation as fully as if such Lender were a direct creditor of each Loan Party in the amount of such participation.

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Section 2.9 Defaulting Lenders.

(a) Defaulting Lender Adjustments. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Credit Agreement, if any Lender becomes a Defaulting Lender, then, until such time as such Lender is no longer a Defaulting Lender, to the extent permitted by applicable law:

(i) Waivers and Amendments. Such Defaulting Lender’s right to approve or disapprove any amendment, waiver or consent with respect to this Credit Agreement shall be restricted as set forth in the definition of Required Lenders.

(ii) Defaulting Lender Waterfall. Any payment of principal, interest, fees or other amounts received by the Administrative Agent for the account of such Defaulting Lender (whether voluntary or mandatory, at maturity, pursuant to Article 8 or otherwise) or received by the Administrative Agent from a Defaulting Lender pursuant to Section 10.8 shall be applied at such time or times as may be determined by the Administrative Agent as follows: first, to the payment of any amounts owing by such Defaulting Lender to the Administrative Agent hereunder; second, to the payment on a pro rata basis of any amounts owing by such Defaulting Lender to the L/C Issuer; third, to Cash Collateralize the L/C Issuer’s Fronting Exposure with respect to such Defaulting Lender in accordance with Section 2.10; fourth, as the Borrower may request (so long as no Default exists), to the funding of any Loan in respect of which such Defaulting Lender has failed to fund its portion thereof as required by this Credit Agreement, as determined by the Administrative Agent; fifth, if so determined by the Administrative Agent and the Borrower, to be held in a deposit account and released pro rata in order to (x) satisfy such Defaulting Lender’s potential future funding obligations with respect to Loans under this Credit Agreement and (y) Cash Collateralize the L/C Issuer’s future Fronting Exposure with respect to such Defaulting Lender with respect to future Letters of Credit issued under this Credit Agreement, in accordance with Section 2.10; sixth, to the payment of any amounts owing to the Lenders, the L/C Issuer as a result of any judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction obtained by any Lender, the L/C Issuer against such Defaulting Lender as a result of such Defaulting Lender’s breach of its obligations under this Credit Agreement; seventh, so long as no Default exists, to the payment of any amounts owing to the Borrower as a result of any judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction obtained by the Borrower against such Defaulting Lender as a result of such Defaulting Lender’s breach of its obligations under this Credit Agreement; and eighth, to such Defaulting Lender or as otherwise directed by a court of competent jurisdiction; provided that if (x) such payment is a payment of the principal amount of any Loans or L/C Borrowings in respect of which such Defaulting Lender has not fully funded its appropriate share, and (y) such Loans were made or the related Letters of Credit were issued at a time when the conditions set forth in Section 4.2 were satisfied or waived, such payment shall be applied solely to pay the Loans of, and L/C Borrowings owed to, all Non-Defaulting Lenders on a pro rata basis prior to being applied to the payment of any Loans of, or L/C Borrowings owed to, such Defaulting Lender until such time as all Loans and funded and unfunded participations in L/C Obligations are held by the Lenders pro rata in accordance with the Commitments under the applicable Facility without giving effect to Section 2.9(a)(iv). Any payments, prepayments or other amounts paid or payable to a Defaulting Lender that are applied (or held) to pay amounts owed by a Defaulting Lender or to post Cash Collateral pursuant to this Section 2.9(a)(ii) shall be deemed paid to and redirected by such Defaulting Lender, and each Lender irrevocably consents hereto.

(iii) Certain Fees.

(A) No Defaulting Lender shall be entitled to receive any Commitment Fee for any period during which that Lender is a Defaulting Lender (and the Borrower shall

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not be required to pay any such fee that otherwise would have been required to have been paid to that Defaulting Lender).

(B) Each Defaulting Lender shall be entitled to receive L/C Participation Fees for any period during which that Lender is a Defaulting Lender only to the extent allocable to its Applicable Percentage of the stated amount of Letters of Credit for which it has provided Cash Collateral pursuant to Section 2.10.

(C) With respect to any L/C Participation Fees not required to be paid to any Defaulting Lender pursuant to clause (A) or (B) above, the Borrower shall (x) pay to each Non-Defaulting Lender that portion of any such fee otherwise payable to such Defaulting Lender with respect to such Defaulting Lender’s participation in L/C Obligations that has been reallocated to such Non-Defaulting Lender pursuant to clause (iv) below, (y) pay to the L/C Issuer the amount of any such fee otherwise payable to such Defaulting Lender to the extent allocable to the L/C Issuer’s Fronting Exposure to such Defaulting Lender, and (z) not be required to pay the remaining amount of any such fee.

(iv) Reallocation of Participations to Reduce Fronting Exposure. If any L/C Obligations are outstanding at the time such Lender becomes a Defaulting Lender, then all or any part of the L/C Exposure of such Defaulting Lender shall be reallocated among the non-Defaulting Lenders in accordance with their respective Applicable Percentages (calculated without regard to such Defaulting Lender’s Revolving Commitment) but only to the extent that such reallocation does not cause the aggregate Revolving Exposure of any Non-Defaulting Lender to exceed such Non-Defaulting Lender’s Revolving Commitment. Subject to Section 10.17, no reallocation hereunder shall constitute a waiver or release of any claim of any party hereunder against a Defaulting Lender arising from that Lender having become a Defaulting Lender, including any claim of a Non-Defaulting Lender as a result of such Non-Defaulting Lender’s increased exposure following such reallocation.

(v) Cash Collateral. If the reallocation described in clause (iv) above cannot, or can only partially, be effected, the Borrower shall, without prejudice to any right or remedy available to it hereunder or under law, Cash Collateralize the L/C Issuer’s Fronting Exposure in accordance with the procedures set forth in Section 2.10.

(b) Defaulting Lender Cure. If the Borrower, the Administrative Agent and each L/C Issuer agree in writing that a Lender is no longer a Defaulting Lender, the Administrative Agent will so notify the parties hereto, whereupon as of the effective date specified in such notice and subject to any conditions set forth therein (which may include arrangements with respect to any Cash Collateral), that Lender will, to the extent applicable, purchase at par that portion of outstanding Loans of the other Lenders or take such other actions as the Administrative Agent may determine to be necessary to cause the Loans and funded and unfunded participations in Letters of Credit to be held pro rata by the Lenders in accordance with the Commitments under the applicable Facility (without giving effect to Section 2.9(a)(iv)), whereupon such Lender will cease to be a Defaulting Lender; provided that no adjustments will be made retroactively with respect to fees accrued or payments made by or on behalf of the Borrower while that Lender was a Defaulting Lender; and provided, further, that except to the extent otherwise expressly agreed by the affected parties, no change hereunder from Defaulting Lender to Lender will constitute a waiver or release of any claim of any party hereunder arising from that Lender’s having been a Defaulting Lender.

(c) New Letters of Credit. So long as any Lender is a Defaulting Lender, the L/C Issuer shall not be required to issue, extend, increase, reinstate or renew any Letter of Credit unless it is satisfied that it will have no Fronting Exposure after giving effect thereto.

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Section 2.10 Cash Collateral.

(a) Certain Credit Support Events. The Borrower shall provide Cash Collateral to the L/C Issuer:

(i) if the L/C Issuer has honored any full or partial drawing request under any Letter of Credit and such drawing has resulted in a L/C Borrowing, within two Business Days following any request by the Administrative Agent or the L/C Issuer, in an amount not less than the Minimum Collateral Amount of such L/C Borrowing,

(ii) if, as of the Letter of Credit Expiration Date, any L/C Obligation for any reason remains outstanding, immediately (without the necessity of any request), in an amount not less than the Minimum Collateral Amount of such L/C Obligation,

(iii) if the Borrower shall be required to provide Cash Collateral pursuant to Section 8.2, immediately upon any request by the Administrative Agent or the L/C Issuer, in an amount not less than the Minimum Collateral Amount of all L/C Obligations,

(iv) if there shall exist a Defaulting Lender, within two Business Days following any request by the Administrative Agent or the L/C Issuer, in an amount not less than the Minimum Collateral Amount of the Fronting Exposure of the L/C Issuer with respect to such Defaulting Lender, and

(v) if the L/C Obligations exceed the L/C Sublimit, within two Business Days following any request by the Administrative Agent or the L/C Issuer, in an amount not less than the Minimum Collateral Amount of such excess.

(b) Grant of Security Interest. As security for the obligations to which such Cash Collateral may be applied pursuant to Section 2.10(c), (i) the Borrower (and to the extent provided by any Defaulting Lender, such Defaulting Lender) hereby grants to (and subjects to the control of) the Administrative Agent, for the benefit of the Administrative Agent, the L/C Issuer and the Lenders, and agrees to maintain, a first priority security interest in all such cash, deposit accounts and all balances therein, and all other property so provided as collateral pursuant hereto, and in all proceeds of the foregoing, and (ii) to the extent provided by any Defaulting Lender, such Defaulting Lender hereby grants to (and subjects to the control of) the Administrative Agent, for the benefit of the Administrative Agent, the L/C Issuer and the Lenders, and agrees to maintain, a first priority security interest in all such cash, deposit accounts and all balances therein, and all other property so provided as collateral pursuant hereto, and in all proceeds of the foregoing. Borrower shall enter into documentation reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent as may be requested in connection with the above described grant of security. If at any time the Administrative Agent determines that Cash Collateral is subject to any right or claim of any Person other than the Administrative Agent or the L/C Issuer as herein provided, or that the total amount of such Cash Collateral is less than the Minimum Collateral Amount, the Borrower will, promptly upon demand by the Administrative Agent, pay or provide to the Administrative Agent additional Cash Collateral in an amount sufficient to eliminate such deficiency. All Cash Collateral (other than credit support not constituting funds subject to deposit) shall be maintained in blocked, non-interest bearing deposit accounts at Citizens Bank. The Borrower shall pay on demand therefor from time to time all customary account opening, activity and other administrative fees and charges in connection with the maintenance and disbursement of Cash Collateral.

(c) Application. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Credit Agreement, Cash Collateral provided under any of this Section 2.10 or Sections 2.4, 2.7, 2.10 or 8.2 in respect of Letters of Credit shall be held and applied to the satisfaction of the specific L/C Obligations,

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obligations to fund participations therein (including, as to Cash Collateral provided by a Lender that is a Defaulting Lender, any interest accrued on such obligation) and other obligations for which the Cash Collateral was so provided, prior to any other application of such property as may otherwise be provided for herein.

(d) Termination of Requirement. Cash Collateral (or the appropriate portion thereof) provided to reduce Fronting Exposure or to secure other obligations shall be released promptly following (i) the elimination of the applicable Fronting Exposure or other obligations giving rise thereto (including by the termination of Defaulting Lender status of the applicable Lender (or, as appropriate, its assignee following compliance with Section 10.4(b)(vii))) or (ii) the determination by the Administrative Agent and the L/C Issuer that there exists excess Cash Collateral; provided that, subject to this Section 2.10, the Person providing Cash Collateral and the L/C Issuer may agree that Cash Collateral shall be held to support future anticipated Fronting Exposure or other obligations and provided further that to the extent that such Cash Collateral was provided by the Borrower, such Cash Collateral shall remain subject to the security interest granted pursuant to the Loan Documents.

Section 2.11 Incremental Commitments.

(a) The Borrower may, from time to time, by written notice to the Administrative Agent, request Incremental Term Loan Commitments and/or additional Revolving Commitments, as applicable (collectively, “Incremental Commitments”), from one or more Lenders (in the sole discretion of such Lenders) or Eligible Assignees who will become Lenders, in an aggregate principal amount of up to $20,000,000; provided that (i) Incremental Commitments will first be offered to the then-existing Lenders on a pro rata basis in accordance with each such Lender's holdings of the then existing Term Loans and Revolving Commitments (but no existing Lender will have any obligation to establish any Incremental Commitment) and, to the extent such existing Lenders have not agreed or have declined to provide such Incremental Loans within five (5) Business Days following such offer on the terms specified by the Borrower or arranger of such Incremental Loans, after being provided a bona fide opportunity to do so, the Borrower may then offer such opportunity (on the same terms) to other Persons; (ii) at the time of the incurrence of such Incremental Commitments and immediately after giving effect thereto and to the use of the proceeds thereof (assuming the full utilization thereof), no Default shall have occurred and be continuing or would result therefrom; and (iii) each such Person, if not already a Lender hereunder, shall be subject to the approval of the Administrative Agent and, in connection with any additional Revolving Commitment, the L/C Issuer (which approvals shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed). Such notice shall set forth (i) the amount of the Incremental Term Loan Commitments or additional Revolving Commitments being requested (which shall be in minimum increments of $1,000,000 and a minimum amount of $1,000,000) and (ii) the date on which such Incremental Term Loan Commitments and/or additional Revolving Commitments are requested to become effective (which shall not be less than 10 Business Days nor more than 60 calendar days after the date of such notice, unless otherwise agreed to by the Administrative Agent). All Incremental Term Loans shall be made in Dollars.

(b) The Borrower and each Incremental Term Lender and/or additional Revolving Lender shall execute and deliver to the Administrative Agent an Incremental Assumption Agreement and such other documentation as the Administrative Agent shall reasonably specify to evidence the Incremental Commitment of such Lender. Subject to clause (c) below, each Incremental Assumption Agreement in respect of Incremental Term Loan Commitments shall specify the terms of the Incremental Term Loans to be made thereunder. The Administrative Agent shall promptly notify each Lender as to the effectiveness of each Incremental Assumption Agreement. Each of the parties hereto hereby agrees that, upon the effectiveness of any Incremental Assumption Agreement, this Credit Agreement shall be deemed amended to the extent (but only to the extent) necessary to reflect the existence and terms of the Incremental Commitments evidenced thereby and any increase to the Applicable Margins required by the foregoing provisions of this paragraph. Any such deemed amendment may be memorialized in writing by the

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Administrative Agent with the Borrower’s consent (not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed) and furnished to the other parties hereto.

(c) The terms of each Incremental Term Loan and, as applicable, each additional Revolving Commitment shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent and in any event:

(i) shall rank pari passu in right of payment and of security with the Revolving Loans and any other Class of Incremental Term Loans;

(ii) in the case of Incremental Term Loans, shall not mature earlier than the later of the Revolving Maturity Date, and, if applicable, the Latest Maturity Date of any Incremental Term Loans outstanding at the time of incurrence of such Incremental Term Loans;

(iii) in the case of Incremental Term Loans, except to the extent resulting from customary (as determined by the Administrative Agent and the Borrower, each acting reasonably) amortization for a "term loan A" of the kind generally held by commercial banks, shall have a Weighted Average Life to Maturity not shorter than the later of (a) the remaining time until the Revolving Maturity Date and (b), if applicable, the remaining Weighted Average Life to Maturity of any Class of then existing Incremental Term Loans;

(iv) in the case of Incremental Term Loans, subject to clauses (ii) and (iii) above, shall have amortization determined by the Borrower and the applicable Incremental Term Lenders;

(v) in the case of Incremental Term Loans, shall have an Applicable Margin determined by the Borrower and the applicable Incremental Term Lenders;

(vi) in the case of Incremental Term Loans, may have customary mandatory prepayments in respect of excess cash flow and the net proceeds of issuances of Indebtedness, Dispositions and casualty and condemnation events, as specified in the applicable Incremental Assumption Agreement; and

(vii) all material terms of any additional Revolving Commitments and Revolving Loans under such additional Revolving Commitments shall be identical to the existing Revolving Commitments and Revolving Loans.

(d) No Incremental Term Loan Commitments or additional Revolving Commitments shall become effective under this Section 2.11 unless, on the date of such effectiveness, (i) the conditions set forth in paragraphs (a) and (b) of Section 4.2 shall be satisfied as if it was a borrowing date and the Administrative Agent shall have received a certificate to that effect dated such date and executed by a Financial Officer of the Borrower; and (ii) the Administrative Agent shall have received (with sufficient copies for each of the Incremental Term Lenders and/or additional Revolving Lenders) closing certificates, opinions of counsel and other customary documentation requested by the Administrative Agent.

(e) In connection with any such additional Revolving Commitments, each existing Revolving Lender (other than a Defaulting Lender) that shall have agreed to provide an Incremental Commitment in connection therewith shall have the right, subject to the other terms and conditions of this Section 2.11, to provide a portion of such Incremental Commitment in an amount equal to (i) its Applicable Percentage of the existing Revolving Commitments, multiplied by (ii) the amount of such Incremental Commitment. In connection with any such Incremental Term Loan Commitments, each existing Term Lender (other than a Defaulting Lender) that shall have agreed to provide an Incremental Commitment in connection therewith shall have the right, subject to the other terms and conditions of this Section 2.11, to

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provide a portion of such Incremental Term Loan Commitments in an amount equal to (i) a fraction, the numerator of which is the Outstanding Amount of such Term Lender’s Term Loans, and the denominator of which it the Outstanding Amount of all Term Loans of all Term Lenders, multiplied by (ii) the amount of such Incremental Commitment.

(f) Each of the parties hereto hereby agrees that the Administrative Agent may take any and all action as may be reasonably necessary to ensure that, following the establishment of any additional Revolving Commitments, the outstanding Revolving Loans are held by the Revolving Lenders in accordance with their new Applicable Percentages. This may be accomplished at the discretion of the Administrative Agent by requiring each outstanding SOFR Borrowing of the relevant Class to be converted into an ABR Borrowing of such Class on the date of each additional Revolving Commitment, or by allocating a portion of each Incremental Term Loan to each outstanding SOFR Term Borrowing of the same Class on a pro rata basis, even though as a result thereof such Incremental Term Loan may effectively have a shorter Interest Period than the Term Loans included in the Borrowing of which they are a part (and notwithstanding any other provision of this Credit Agreement that would prohibit such an initial Interest Period), or requiring a prepayment and reborrowing of Revolving Loans. Any conversion or prepayment made pursuant to the preceding sentence shall be subject to Section 3.5 (it being understood that, the Administrative Agent shall consult with the Borrower regarding the foregoing and, to the extent practicable, will attempt to pursue options that minimize breakage costs).

Article 3

Interest, Fees, Yield Protection, etc.

Section 3.1 Interest.

(a) Interest Rate Generally. All ABR Loans shall bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the Alternate Base Rate as in effect from time to time plus the Applicable Margin. All SOFR Loans shall bear interest at a rate per annum equal to Term SOFR for the Interest Period in effect for such Loans plus the Applicable Margin.

(b) Default Rate.

(i) Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any principal of or interest on any Loan, any reimbursement obligation in respect of any L/C Disbursement or any fee or other amount payable by the Borrower hereunder is not paid when due, whether at stated maturity, upon acceleration or otherwise, such overdue amount shall bear interest, after as well as before judgment, at a rate per annum equal to the Default Rate to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.

(ii) Notwithstanding the foregoing, if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and the Administrative Agent, at the request of the Required Lenders, so notifies the Borrower (provided that no such notification shall be required, and the following interest shall automatically be payable, in the case of an Event of Default under Sections 8.1(a), (b), (h) or (i)), then, so long as such Event of Default is continuing, all outstanding principal of each Loan and all Unreimbursed Amounts in respect of L/C Disbursements (including L/C Borrowings) shall, without duplication of amounts payable under the preceding sentence, bear interest, after as well as before judgment, at a rate per annum equal to the Default Rate to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.

(iii) Accrued and unpaid interest on past due amounts (including interest on past due interest) shall be due and payable upon demand.

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(c) Interest Payment Dates. Accrued interest on each Loan shall be payable in arrears on each Interest Payment Date for such Loan and at such other times as may be specified herein, provided that (i) interest accrued pursuant to paragraph (b) of this Section shall be payable on demand, (ii) in the event of any repayment or prepayment of any Loan, accrued interest on the principal amount repaid or prepaid shall be payable on the date of such repayment or prepayment and (iii) in the event of any conversion of any SOFR Loan prior to the end of the current Interest Period therefor, accrued interest on such Loan shall be payable on the effective date of such conversion.

(d) Computation of Interest. All interest hereunder shall be computed on the basis of a year of 360 days (or in the case of interest computed by reference to the Alternate Base Rate at times when the Alternate Base Rate is based on the Prime Rate, such interest shall be computed on the basis of a year of 365 days (or 366 days in a leap year)), and in each case shall be payable for the actual number of days elapsed (including the first day but excluding the last day). All interest hereunder on any Loan shall be computed on a daily basis based upon the outstanding principal amount of such Loan as of the applicable date of determination. The applicable Alternate Base Rate, Daily SOFR Rate or Term SOFR shall be determined by the Administrative Agent, and such determination shall be conclusive absent clearly manifest error.

(e) Term SOFR Conforming Changes. In connection with the use or administration of Term SOFR, the Administrative Agent will have the right to make Conforming Changes from time to time and, notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein or in any other Loan Document, any amendments implementing such Conforming Changes will become effective without any further action or consent of any other party to this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document. The Administrative Agent will promptly notify the Borrower and the Lenders of the effectiveness of any Conforming Changes in connection with the use or administration of Term SOFR.

Section 3.2 Fees.

(a) Commitment Fee. The Borrower agrees to pay to the Administrative Agent for the account of each Revolving Lender, a commitment fee (the “Commitment Fee”), which shall accrue at a rate per annum equal to the Applicable Margin on the average daily unused amount of the Revolving Commitment of such Revolving Lender during the period from and including the date on which this Credit Agreement becomes effective pursuant to Section 10.6(a) to but excluding the date on which such Revolving Commitment terminates; provided that, if such Revolving Lender continues to have any Revolving Exposure after its Revolving Commitment terminates, the Commitment Fee shall continue to accrue on the daily amount of such Revolving Lender’s Revolving Exposure from and including the date on which such Revolving Lender’s Revolving Commitment terminates to but excluding the date on which such Revolving Lender ceases to have any Revolving Exposure. For purposes of computing Commitment Fees, the Revolving Commitment of any Revolving Lender shall be deemed to be used to the extent of the aggregate principal amount at such time of its outstanding Revolving Loans and such Lender’s L/C Exposure. Accrued Commitment Fees shall be payable in arrears on the last day of March, June, September and December of each year, each date on which the Revolving Commitments are permanently reduced and on the date on which the Revolving Commitments terminate, commencing on the first such date to occur after the Agreement Date. All Commitment Fees shall be computed on the basis of a year of 360 days and shall be payable for the actual number of days elapsed (including the first day but excluding the last day).

(b) L/C Fees. The Borrower agrees to pay (i) to the Administrative Agent for the account of the Revolving Lenders a fee (the “L/C Participation Fee”) in Dollars for each Letter of Credit, at a rate per annum equal to the Applicable Margin multiplied by the average daily amount available to be drawn under such Letter of Credit and (ii) to the L/C Issuer for its own account a fee (the “L/C Fronting Fee”), which shall accrue at the rate or rates per annum separately agreed upon between the Borrower and the L/C Issuer on the average daily amount of the L/C Obligations (excluding any portion thereof attributable to

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unreimbursed L/C Disbursements) during the period from and including the Closing Date to but excluding the later of the date of termination of the Revolving Commitments and the date on which there ceases to be any L/C Obligations, as well as the L/C Issuer’s standard fees with respect to the issuance, amendment, renewal or extension of any Letter of Credit or processing of drawings thereunder. Accrued L/C Participation Fees and L/C Fronting Fees shall be payable in arrears on the last day of March, June, September and December of each year, commencing on the first such date to occur after the Agreement Date; provided that all such fees shall be payable on the date on which the Revolving Commitments terminate and any such fees accruing after the date on which the Revolving Commitments terminate shall be payable on demand. Any other fees payable to the L/C Issuer pursuant to this paragraph shall be payable within 10 days after demand. All L/C Participation Fees and L/C Fronting Fees shall be computed on the basis of a year of 360 days and shall be payable for the actual number of days elapsed (including the first day but excluding the last day). Notwithstanding the foregoing, if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and the Administrative Agent, at the request of the Required Lenders (in the case of L/C Participation Fees) or the L/C Issuer (in the case of L/C Fronting Fees), so notifies the Borrower (provided that no such notification shall be required, and the following interest shall automatically be payable, in the case of an Event of Default under Sections 8.1(a), (b), (h) or (i)), then, so long as such Event of Default is continuing, L/C Participation Fees and L/C Fronting Fees, as applicable, shall be calculated at a rate per annum equal to the Default Rate.

(c) Other Fees. The Borrower agrees to pay to each Credit Party, for its own account, fees and other amounts payable in the amounts and at the times separately agreed upon between the Borrower and such Credit Party.

(d) Payment of Fees Generally. All fees and other amounts payable hereunder shall be paid on the dates due, in immediately available funds. Fees and other amounts paid shall not be refundable under any circumstances.

Section 3.3 Inability to Determine Rates. Subject to Section 3.8, if, on or prior to the first day of any Interest Period for any SOFR Loan:

(a) the Administrative Agent determines (which determination shall be conclusive and binding absent manifest error) that “Term SOFR” cannot be determined pursuant to the definition thereof, or

(b) the Required Lenders determine that for any reason in connection with any request for a SOFR Loan or a conversion thereto or a continuation thereof that Term SOFR for any requested Interest Period with respect to a proposed SOFR Loan does not adequately and fairly reflect the cost to such Lenders of funding such Loan, and the Required Lenders have provided notice of such determination to the Administrative Agent,

the Administrative Agent will promptly so notify the Borrower and each Lender.

Upon notice thereof by the Administrative Agent to the Borrower, any obligation of the Lenders to make or maintain SOFR Loans, and any right of the Borrower to continue SOFR Loans or to convert ABR Loans to SOFR Loans shall be suspended (to the extent of the affected Interest Periods) until the Administrative Agent (with respect to clause (b) above, at the instruction of the Required Lenders) revokes such notice. Upon the Borrower’s receipt of such notice, (i) the Borrower may revoke any pending request for a borrowing of, conversion to or continuation of SOFR Loans (to the extent of the affected Interest Periods) or, failing that, the Borrower will be deemed to have converted any such request into a request for a Borrowing of or conversion to ABR Loans in the amount specified therein and (ii) any outstanding affected SOFR Loans will be deemed to have been converted into ABR Loans at the end of the applicable Interest Period. Upon any such conversion, the Borrower shall also pay accrued interest on the amount so converted,

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together with any additional amounts required pursuant to Section 3.5. Subject to Section 3.8, if the Administrative Agent determines (which determination shall be conclusive and binding absent manifest error) that “Term SOFR” cannot be determined pursuant to the definition thereof on any given day, the interest rate on ABR Loans shall be determined by the Administrative Agent without reference to clause (c) of the definition of “Alternate Base Rate” until the Administrative Agent revokes such determination.

Section 3.4 Increased Costs; Illegality.

(a) Increased Costs Generally. If any Change in Law shall:

(i) impose, modify or deem applicable any reserve (including pursuant to regulations issued from time to time by the Federal Reserve Board for determining any maximum reserve requirement (including any emergency, special, supplemental or other marginal reserve requirement)), special deposit, liquidity, compulsory loan, insurance charge or similar requirement against assets of, deposits with or for the account of, or credit extended or participated in by, any Lender or any L/C Issuer;

(ii) subject any Recipient to any Taxes (other than (A) Indemnified Taxes, (B) Taxes described in clauses (b) through (d) of the definition of Excluded Taxes and (C) Connection Income Taxes) on its loans, loan principal, letters of credit, commitments, or other obligations, or its deposits, reserves, other liabilities or capital attributable thereto; or

(iii) impose on any Lender or any L/C Issuer any other condition, cost or expense (other than Taxes) affecting this Credit Agreement or Loans made by such Lender or any Letter of Credit or participation in any such Loan or Letter of Credit;

and the result of any of the foregoing shall be to increase the cost to such Lender, such L/C Issuer or such other Recipient of making, converting to, continuing or maintaining any Loan or of maintaining its obligation to make any such Loan, or to increase the cost to such Lender, any L/C Issuer or such other Recipient of participating in, issuing or maintaining any Letter of Credit (or of maintaining its obligation to participate in or to issue any Letter of Credit), or to reduce the amount of any sum received or receivable by such Lender, L/C Issuer or other Recipient hereunder (whether of principal, interest or any other amount) then, upon request of such Lender, L/C Issuer or other Recipient, the Borrower will pay to such Lender, L/C Issuer or other Recipient, as the case may be, such additional amount or amounts as will compensate such Lender, L/C Issuer or other Recipient, as the case may be, for such additional costs incurred or reduction suffered.

(b) Capital Requirements. If any Lender or the L/C Issuer determines that any Change in Law affecting such Lender or the L/C Issuer or any Applicable Lending Office of such Lender or such Lender’s or the L/C Issuer’s holding company, if any, regarding capital or liquidity requirements, has or would have the effect of reducing the rate of return on such Lender’s or the L/C Issuer’s capital or on the capital of such Lender’s or the L/C Issuer’s holding company, if any, as a consequence of this Credit Agreement, the Commitments of such Lender or the Loans made by, or participations in Letters of Credit held by, such Lender, or the Letters of Credit issued by the L/C Issuer, to a level below that which such Lender or the L/C Issuer or such Lender’s or the L/C Issuer’s holding company could have achieved but for such Change in Law (taking into consideration such Lender’s or the L/C Issuer’s policies and the policies of such Lender’s or the L/C Issuer’s holding company with respect to capital adequacy and liquidity), then from time to time the Borrower will pay to such Lender or the L/C Issuer, as the case may be, such additional amount or amounts as will compensate such Lender or the L/C Issuer or such Lender’s or the L/C Issuer’s holding company for any such reduction suffered.

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(c) Certificates for Reimbursement. A certificate of a Lender or the L/C Issuer setting forth the amount or amounts necessary to compensate such Lender or the L/C Issuer or its holding company, as the case may be, as specified in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section and delivered to the Borrower, shall be conclusive absent manifest error. The Borrower shall pay such Lender or the L/C Issuer, as the case may be, the amount shown as due on any such certificate within 10 days after receipt thereof.

(d) Delay in Requests. Failure or delay on the part of any Lender or the L/C Issuer to demand compensation pursuant to this Section shall not constitute a waiver of such Lender’s or the L/C Issuer’s right to demand such compensation; provided that the Borrower shall not be required to compensate a Lender or the L/C Issuer pursuant to this Section for any increased costs incurred or reductions suffered more than nine months prior to the date that such Lender or the L/C Issuer, as the case may be, notifies the Borrower of the Change in Law giving rise to such increased costs or reductions, and of such Lender’s or the L/C Issuer’s intention to claim compensation therefor (except that, if the Change in Law giving rise to such increased costs or reductions is retroactive, then the nine-month period referred to above shall be extended to include the period of retroactive effect thereof).

(e) Illegality. If any Lender determines that any Law has made it unlawful, or that any Governmental Authority has asserted that it is unlawful, for any Lender or its Applicable Lending Office to make, maintain or fund Loans whose interest is determined by reference to SOFR or Term SOFR, or to determine or charge interest rates based upon SOFR or Term SOFR, then, upon notice thereof by such Lender to the Borrower (through the Administrative Agent), (a) any obligation of the Lenders to make or maintain SOFR Loans, and any right of the Borrower to continue SOFR Loans or to convert ABR Loans to SOFR Loans, shall be suspended, and (b) the interest rate on which ABR Loans shall, if necessary to avoid such illegality, be determined by the Administrative Agent without reference to clause (c) of the definition of “Alternate Base Rate”, in each case until such Lender notifies the Administrative Agent and the Borrower that the circumstances giving rise to such determination no longer exist. Upon receipt of such notice, (i) the Borrower shall, if necessary to avoid such illegality, upon demand from any Lender (with a copy to the Administrative Agent), prepay or, if applicable, convert all SOFR Loans to ABR Loans (the interest rate on which ABR Loans of such Lender shall, if necessary to avoid such illegality, be determined by the Administrative Agent without reference to clause (c) of the definition of “Alternate Base Rate”), on the last day of the Interest Period therefor, if all affected Lenders may lawfully continue to maintain such Loans to such day, or immediately, if any Lender may not lawfully continue to maintain such Loans to such day, and (ii) if necessary to avoid such illegality, the Administrative Agent shall during the period of such suspension compute the Alternate Base Rate without reference to clause (c) of the definition of “Alternate Base Rate” in each case until the Administrative Agent is advised in writing by each affected Lender that it is no longer illegal for such Lender to determine or charge interest rates based upon SOFR or Term SOFR. Upon any such prepayment or conversion, the Borrower shall also pay accrued interest on the amount so prepaid or converted, together with any additional amounts required pursuant to Section 3.5.

Section 3.5 Compensation for Losses. In the event of (a) the payment or prepayment of any principal of any SOFR Loan other than on the last day of the Interest Period applicable thereto whether voluntary, mandatory, automatic, by reason of acceleration (including as a result of an Event of Default), (b) the conversion of any SOFR Loan other than on the last day of the Interest Period applicable thereto (including as a result of an Event of Default), (c) the failure to borrow, convert, continue or prepay any SOFR Loan on the date specified in any notice delivered pursuant hereto (regardless of whether such notice may be revoked under Section 2.7(a) and is revoked in accordance therewith), or (d) the assignment of any SOFR Loan other than on the last day of the Interest Period applicable thereto or maturity date applicable thereto as a result of a request by the Borrower pursuant to Section 3.7(b), then, in any such event, the Borrower shall compensate each Lender for any loss, cost and expense attributable to such event, including any loss, cost or expense arising from the liquidation or redeployment of funds. A certificate of any Lender setting forth any amount or amounts that such Lender is entitled to receive pursuant to this Section shall be

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delivered to the Borrower and shall be conclusive absent manifest error. The Borrower shall pay such Lender the amount shown as due on any such certificate within 10 days after receipt thereof.

Section 3.6 Taxes.

(a) Defined Terms. For purposes of this Section 3.6, the term “Lender” includes the L/C Issuer and the term “Applicable Law” includes FATCA.

(b) Payments Free of Taxes. Any and all payments by or on account of any obligation of any Loan Party under any Loan Document shall be made without deduction or withholding for any Taxes, except as required by Applicable Law. If any Applicable Law (as determined in the good faith discretion of an applicable Withholding Agent) requires the deduction or withholding of any Tax from any such payment by a Withholding Agent, then the applicable Withholding Agent shall be entitled to make such deduction or withholding and shall timely pay the full amount deducted or withheld to the relevant Governmental Authority in accordance with Applicable Law and, if such Tax is an Indemnified Tax, then the sum payable by the applicable Loan Party shall be increased as necessary so that after such deduction or withholding has been made (including such deductions and withholdings applicable to additional sums payable under this Section) the applicable Recipient receives an amount equal to the sum it would have received had no such deduction or withholding been made.

(c) Payment of Other Taxes by the Loan Parties. Each of the Loan Parties shall timely pay to the relevant Governmental Authority in accordance with Applicable Law, or at the option of the Administrative Agent timely reimburse it for the payment of, any Other Taxes.

(d) Indemnification by the Loan Parties. The Borrower shall indemnify each Recipient, within 10 days after demand therefor, for the full amount of any Indemnified Taxes (including Indemnified Taxes imposed or asserted on or attributable to amounts payable under this Section) payable or paid by such Recipient or required to be withheld or deducted from a payment to such Recipient and any reasonable expenses arising therefrom or with respect thereto, whether or not such Indemnified Taxes were correctly or legally imposed or asserted by the relevant Governmental Authority. A certificate as to the amount of such payment or liability delivered to the Borrower by a Lender (with a copy to the Administrative Agent), or by the Administrative Agent on its own behalf or on behalf of a Lender, shall be conclusive absent manifest error.

(e) Indemnification by the Lenders. Each Lender shall severally indemnify the Administrative Agent, within 10 days after demand therefor, for (i) any Indemnified Taxes attributable to such Lender (but only to the extent that any Loan Party has not already indemnified the Administrative Agent for such Indemnified Taxes and without limiting the obligation of the Loan Parties to do so), (ii) any Taxes attributable to such Lender’s failure to comply with the provisions of Section 10.4(d) relating to the maintenance of a Participant Register and (iii) any Excluded Taxes attributable to such Lender, in each case, that are payable or paid by the Administrative Agent in connection with any Loan Document, and any reasonable expenses arising therefrom or with respect thereto, whether or not such Taxes were correctly or legally imposed or asserted by the relevant Governmental Authority. A certificate as to the amount of such payment or liability delivered to any Lender by the Administrative Agent shall be conclusive absent manifest error. Each Lender hereby authorizes the Administrative Agent to set off and apply any and all amounts at any time owing to such Lender under any Loan Document or otherwise payable by the Administrative Agent to the Lender from any other source against any amount due to the Administrative Agent under this paragraph (e).

(f) Evidence of Payments. As soon as practicable after any payment of Taxes by any Loan Party to a Governmental Authority pursuant to this Section 3.6, such Loan Party shall deliver to the Administrative Agent the original or a certified copy of a receipt issued by such Governmental Authority

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evidencing such payment, a copy of the return reporting such payment or other evidence of such payment reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent.

(g) Status of Lenders. (i) Any Lender that is entitled to an exemption from or reduction of withholding Tax with respect to payments made under any Loan Document shall deliver to the Borrower and the Administrative Agent, at the time or times reasonably requested by the Borrower or the Administrative Agent, such properly completed and executed documentation reasonably requested by the Borrower or the Administrative Agent as will permit such payments to be made without withholding or at a reduced rate of withholding. In addition, any Lender, if reasonably requested by the Borrower or the Administrative Agent, shall deliver such other documentation prescribed by Applicable Law or reasonably requested by the Borrower or the Administrative Agent as will enable the Borrower or the Administrative Agent to determine whether or not such Lender is subject to backup withholding or information reporting requirements. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the preceding two sentences, the completion, execution and submission of such documentation (other than such documentation set forth in Section 3.6(g)(ii)(A), (ii)(B) and (ii)(D) below) shall not be required if in the Lender’s reasonable judgment such completion, execution or submission would subject such Lender to any material unreimbursed cost or expense or would materially prejudice the legal or commercial position of such Lender.

(ii) Without limiting the generality of the foregoing,

(A) any Lender that is a U.S. Person shall deliver to the Borrower and the Administrative Agent on or about the date on which such Lender becomes a Lender under this Credit Agreement (and from time to time thereafter upon the reasonable request of the Borrower or the Administrative Agent), executed copies of IRS Form W-9 certifying that such Lender is exempt from U.S. federal backup withholding tax;

(B) any Foreign Lender shall, to the extent it is legally entitled to do so, deliver to the Borrower and the Administrative Agent (in such number of copies as shall be requested by the recipient) on or about the date on which such Foreign Lender becomes a Lender under this Credit Agreement (and from time to time thereafter upon the reasonable request of the Borrower or the Administrative Agent), whichever of the following is applicable:

(1) in the case of a Foreign Lender claiming the benefits of an income tax treaty to which the United States is a party (A) with respect to payments of interest under any Loan Document, executed copies of IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E, as applicable, establishing an exemption from, or reduction of, U.S. federal withholding Tax pursuant to the “interest” article of such tax treaty and (B) with respect to any other applicable payments under any Loan Document, IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E, as applicable, establishing an exemption from, or reduction of, U.S. federal withholding Tax pursuant to the “business profits” or “other income” article of such tax treaty;

(2) executed copies of IRS Form W-8ECI;

(3) in the case of a Foreign Lender claiming the benefits of the exemption for portfolio interest under Section 881(c) of the Code, (A) a certificate substantially in the form of Exhibit G-1 to the effect that such Foreign Lender is not a “bank” within the meaning of Section 881(c)(3)(A) of the Code, a “10 percent shareholder” of the Borrower within the meaning of Section 881(c)(3)(B) of the Code, or a “controlled foreign corporation” related to any Loan Party described in

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Section 881(c)(3)(C) of the Code (a “U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate”) and (B) executed copies of IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E, as applicable; or

(4) to the extent a Foreign Lender is not the beneficial owner, executed copies of IRS Form W-8IMY, accompanied by IRS Form W-8ECI, IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E, as applicable, a U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate substantially in the form of Exhibit G-2 or Exhibit G-3, IRS Form W-9, and/or other certification documents from each beneficial owner, as applicable; provided that if the Foreign Lender is a partnership and one or more direct or indirect partners of such Foreign Lender are claiming the portfolio interest exemption, such Foreign Lender may provide a U.S. Tax Compliance Certificate substantially in the form of Exhibit G-4 on behalf of each such direct and indirect partner;

(C) any Foreign Lender shall, to the extent it is legally entitled to do so, deliver to the Borrower and the Administrative Agent (in such number of copies as shall be requested by the recipient) on or prior to the date on which such Foreign Lender becomes a Lender under this Credit Agreement (and from time to time thereafter upon the reasonable request of the Borrower or the Administrative Agent), executed copies of any other form prescribed by Applicable Law as a basis for claiming exemption from or a reduction in U.S. federal withholding Tax, duly completed, together with such supplementary documentation as may be prescribed by Applicable Law to permit the Borrower or the Administrative Agent to determine the withholding or deduction required to be made; and

(D) if a payment made to a Lender under any Loan Document would be subject to U.S. federal withholding Tax imposed by FATCA if such Lender were to fail to comply with the applicable reporting requirements of FATCA (including those contained in Section 1471(b) or 1472(b) of the Code, as applicable), such Lender shall deliver to the Borrower and the Administrative Agent at the time or times prescribed by law and at such time or times reasonably requested by the Borrower or the Administrative Agent such documentation prescribed by Applicable Law (including as prescribed by Section 1471(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Code) and such additional documentation reasonably requested by the Borrower or the Administrative Agent as may be necessary for the Borrower and the Administrative Agent to comply with their obligations under FATCA and to determine that such Lender has complied with such Lender’s obligations under FATCA or to determine the amount, if any, to deduct and withhold from such payment. Solely for purposes of this clause (D), “FATCA” shall include any amendments made to FATCA after the date of this Credit Agreement.

Each Lender agrees that if any form or certification it previously delivered expires or becomes obsolete or inaccurate in any respect, it shall update such form or certification or promptly notify the Borrower and the Administrative Agent in writing of its legal inability to do so.

(h) Treatment of Certain Refunds. If any party determines, in its sole discretion exercised in good faith, that it has received a refund of any Taxes as to which it has been indemnified pursuant to this Section 3.6 (including by the payment of additional amounts pursuant to this Section 3.6), it shall pay to the indemnifying party an amount equal to such refund (but only to the extent of indemnity payments made under this Section with respect to the Taxes giving rise to such refund), net of all out-of-pocket expenses (including Taxes) of such indemnified party and without interest (other than any interest paid by the relevant Governmental Authority with respect to such refund). Such indemnifying party, upon the request of such indemnified party, shall repay to such indemnified party the amount paid over pursuant to this paragraph (h) (plus any penalties, interest or other charges imposed by the relevant Governmental

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Authority) in the event that such indemnified party is required to repay such refund to such Governmental Authority. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this paragraph (h), in no event will the indemnified party be required to pay any amount to an indemnifying party pursuant to this paragraph (h) the payment of which would place the indemnified party in a less favorable net after-Tax position than the indemnified party would have been in if the Tax subject to indemnification and giving rise to such refund had not been deducted, withheld or otherwise imposed and the indemnification payments or additional amounts with respect to such Tax had never been paid.

(i) Survival. Each party’s obligations under this Section 3.6 shall survive the resignation or replacement of the Administrative Agent or any assignment of rights by, or the replacement of, a Lender, the expiration or cancellation of all Letters of Credit and the Termination Date.

(j) Confidentiality. Nothing contained in this Section shall require any Credit Party or any other indemnified party to make available any of its Tax returns (or any other information that it deems to be confidential or proprietary) to the indemnifying party or any other Person.

Section 3.7 Mitigation Obligations; Replacement of Lenders.

(a) Designation of a Different Lending Office. If any Lender requests compensation under Section 3.4, or requires the Borrower to pay any Indemnified Taxes or additional amounts to any Lender or any Governmental Authority for the account of any Lender pursuant to Section 3.6, then such Lender shall (at the request of the Borrower) use reasonable efforts to designate a different Applicable Lending Office for funding or booking its Loans hereunder or to assign its rights and obligations hereunder to another of its offices, branches or affiliates, if, in the judgment of such Lender, such designation or assignment (i) would eliminate or reduce amounts payable pursuant to Section 3.4 or Section 3.6, as the case may be, in the future, and (ii) would not subject such Lender to any unreimbursed cost or expense and would not otherwise be disadvantageous to such Lender. The Borrower hereby agrees to pay all reasonable costs and expenses incurred by any Lender in connection with any such designation or assignment.

(b) Replacement of Lenders. If any Lender requests compensation under Section 3.4 or if the Borrower is required to pay any Indemnified Taxes or additional amounts to any Lender or any Governmental Authority for the account of any Lender pursuant to Section 3.6 and, in each case, such Lender has declined or is unable to designate a different Applicable Lending Office in accordance with Section 3.7(a), or if any Lender is a Defaulting Lender or a Non-Consenting Lender, then the Borrower may, at its sole expense and effort, upon notice to such Lender and the Administrative Agent, require such Lender to assign and delegate, without recourse (in accordance with and subject to the restrictions contained in, and consents required by, Section 10.4), all of its interests, rights (other than its existing rights to payments pursuant to Section 3.4 or Section 3.6) and obligations under this Credit Agreement and the related Loan Documents to an Eligible Assignee that shall assume such obligations (which assignee may be another Lender, if a Lender accepts such assignment); provided that:

(i) unless waived by the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion, the Borrower shall have paid to the Administrative Agent the assignment fee (if any) specified in Section 10.4;

(ii) such Lender shall have received payment of an amount equal to the outstanding principal of its Loans and participations in L/C Obligations, accrued interest thereon, accrued fees and all other amounts payable to it hereunder and under the other Loan Documents (including any amounts under Section 3.5) from the assignee (to the extent of such outstanding principal and accrued interest and fees) or the Borrower (in the case of all other amounts);

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(iii) in the case of any such assignment resulting from a claim for compensation under Section 3.4 or payments required to be made pursuant to Section 3.6, such assignment will result in a reduction in such compensation or payments thereafter;

(iv) such assignment does not conflict with Applicable Law; and

(v) in the case of any assignment resulting from a Lender becoming a Non-Consenting Lender, the applicable assignee shall have consented (or is willing to consent upon becoming a Lender) to the applicable amendment, waiver or consent.

A Lender shall not be required to make any such assignment or delegation if, prior thereto, as a result of a waiver by such Lender or otherwise, the circumstances entitling the Borrower to require such assignment and delegation cease to apply.

Section 3.8 Benchmark Replacement Setting.

(a) Benchmark Replacement. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein or in any other Loan Document, if a Benchmark Transition Event and its related Benchmark Replacement Date have occurred prior to any setting of the then-current Benchmark, then (x) if a Benchmark Replacement is determined in accordance with clause (a) of the definition of “Benchmark Replacement” for such Benchmark Replacement Date, such Benchmark Replacement will replace such Benchmark for all purposes hereunder and under any Loan Document in respect of such Benchmark setting and subsequent Benchmark settings without any amendment to, or further action or consent (subject to clause (y) below) of any other party to, this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document and (y) if a Benchmark Replacement is determined in accordance with clause (b) of the definition of “Benchmark Replacement” for such Benchmark Replacement Date, such Benchmark Replacement will replace such Benchmark for all purposes hereunder and under any Loan Document in respect of any Benchmark setting at or after 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the fifth (5th) Business Day after the date notice of such Benchmark Replacement is provided to the Lenders without any amendment to, or further action or consent of any other party to, this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document so long as the Administrative Agent has not received, by such time, written notice of objection to such Benchmark Replacement from Lenders comprising the Required Lenders. If the Benchmark Replacement is Daily Simple SOFR, all interest payments will be payable on a monthly basis.

(b) Benchmark Replacement Conforming Changes. In connection with the use, administration, adoption or implementation of a Benchmark Replacement, the Administrative Agent will have the right to make Conforming Changes from time to time and, notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein or in any other Loan Document, any amendments implementing such Conforming Changes will become effective without any further action or consent of any other party to this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document.

(c) Notices; Standards for Decisions and Determinations. The Administrative Agent will promptly notify the Borrower and the Lenders of (i) the implementation of any Benchmark Replacement and (ii) the effectiveness of any Conforming Changes in connection with the use, administration, adoption or implementation of a Benchmark Replacement. The Administrative Agent will notify the Borrower of (x) the removal or reinstatement of any tenor of a Benchmark pursuant to Section 3.8(d) and (y) the commencement of any Benchmark Unavailability Period. Any determination, decision or election that may be made by the Administrative Agent or, if applicable, any Lender (or group of Lenders) pursuant to this Section 3.8, including any determination with respect to a tenor, rate or adjustment or of the occurrence or non-occurrence of an event, circumstance or date and any decision to take or refrain from taking any action or selection, will be conclusive and binding absent manifest error and may be made

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in its or their sole discretion and without consent from any other party to this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document, except, in each case, as expressly required pursuant to this Section 3.8.

(d) Unavailability of Tenor of Benchmark. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein or in any other Loan Document, at any time (including in connection with the implementation of a Benchmark Replacement), (i) if the then-current Benchmark is a term rate (including the Term SOFR Reference Rate) and either (A) any tenor for such Benchmark is not displayed on a screen or other information service that publishes such rate from time to time as selected by the Administrative Agent in its reasonable discretion or (B) the administrator of such Benchmark or the regulatory supervisor for the administrator of such Benchmark has provided a public statement or publication of information announcing that any tenor for such Benchmark is not or will not be representative, then the Administrative Agent may modify the definition of “Interest Period” (or any similar or analogous definition) for any Benchmark settings at or after such time to remove such unavailable or non-representative tenor and (ii) if a tenor that was removed pursuant to clause (i) above either (A) is subsequently displayed on a screen or information service for a Benchmark (including a Benchmark Replacement) or (B) is not, or is no longer, subject to an announcement that it is not or will not be representative for a Benchmark (including a Benchmark Replacement), then the Administrative Agent may modify the definition of “Interest Period” (or any similar or analogous definition) for all Benchmark settings at or after such time to reinstate such previously removed tenor.

(e) Benchmark Unavailability Period. Upon the Borrower’s receipt of notice of the commencement of a Benchmark Unavailability Period, the Borrower may revoke any pending request for a Borrowing of, conversion to or continuation of SOFR Loans to be made, converted or continued during any Benchmark Unavailability Period and, failing that, (i) the Borrower will be deemed to have converted any such request into a request for a Borrowing of or conversion to ABR Loans and (ii) any outstanding affected SOFR Loans will be deemed to have been converted into ABR Loans immediately. During a Benchmark Unavailability Period or at any time that a tenor for the then-current Benchmark is not an Available Tenor, the component of the Alternate Base Rate based upon the then-current Benchmark or such tenor for such Benchmark, as applicable, will not be used in any determination of the Alternate Base Rate.

Article 4

Conditions Precedent to Credit Extensions

Section 4.1 Conditions to Initial Credit Extensions. The effectiveness of this Credit Agreement and the obligation of each Lender and the L/C Issuer to make its initial Credit Extension hereunder on the Closing Date is subject to satisfaction or waiver of the following conditions precedent (except to the extent that any such condition precedent would be satisfied by the satisfaction on the Closing Date of any requirement of Section 6.15 hereof):

(a) Credit Agreement. The Administrative Agent (or its counsel) shall have received a counterpart of this Credit Agreement (which may include facsimile transmission or electronic mail transmission of a signed signature page of this Credit Agreement) that, when taken together, bear the signatures of the Borrower and each Lender.

(b) Notes. The Administrative Agent shall have received a Note for each Lender that shall have requested one, signed on behalf of the Borrower.

(c) Legal Opinion. The Administrative Agent shall have received a favorable written opinion (addressed to the Credit Parties and dated the Closing Date) from Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP, special counsel to the Loan Parties, in form, scope and substance satisfactory to the Administrative Agent. The Borrower hereby requests such counsel to deliver such opinions.

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(d) Officers’ Closing Certificate. The Administrative Agent shall have received a certificate of the President or a Vice President and the Secretary or Assistant Secretary of each Loan Party, dated the Closing Date, substantially in the form of Exhibit E (which, in the case of each certificate executed on behalf of a Closing Date Acquired Company, shall be effective immediately after the consummation of the Closing Date Acquisition).

(e) Fees and Expenses. Substantially contemporaneously with the making of the Loans to be made on the Closing Date, the Borrower shall have paid all fees and expenses that under the terms hereof or of the Engagement Letter are due and payable on or prior to the Closing Date, as well as the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel to the Administrative Agent and the Lead Arranger in connection with the Transactions to the extent invoiced on or prior to the Closing Date.

(f) Collateral and Guarantee Requirement.

(i) The Collateral Documents set forth in Schedule 4.1(f) shall have been duly executed and/or delivered by each Loan Party that is to be a party thereto and shall be in full force and effect. The Administrative Agent on behalf of the Secured Parties shall have a security interest in the Collateral of the type and the priority described in each such Collateral Document; and

(ii) The Administrative Agent shall have received a Perfection Certificate with respect to each Loan Party dated the Closing Date and duly executed by a Responsible Officer of the Borrower and shall have received the results of a search of the Uniform Commercial Code filings (or equivalent filings) made with respect to the Loan Parties in the states (or other jurisdictions) of formation of such persons, in each case as indicated on such Perfection Certificate, together with copies of the financing statements (or similar documents) disclosed by such search, and accompanied by evidence satisfactory to the Administrative Agent that the Liens indicated in any such financing statement (or similar document) would be permitted under Section 7.2 or have been or will be contemporaneously released or terminated.

(g) Guarantee Agreement. The Guarantee Agreement shall have been duly executed and delivered by each Loan Party that is to be a party thereto and shall be in full force and effect.

(h) Closing Date Acquisition. The Closing Date Acquisition shall have been (or substantially simultaneously with the effectiveness of this Credit Agreement shall be) consummated in accordance with the Closing Date Acquisition Agreement, without any waiver of any condition precedent to the obligations of the Borrower or its Affiliates set forth therein (including the truth and accuracy of each representation and warranty set forth therein that is material to the interests of the Lenders to the extent that the failure of such representation or warranty to be true and correct would permit the Borrower or its Affiliate to terminate its obligations under the Closing Date Acquisition Agreement or to decline to consummate the Closing Date Acquisition) that is material and adverse to the interest of the Lenders and has not been approved by the Administrative Agent.

(i) Solvency Certificate. The Administrative Agent shall have received a Solvency Certificate attesting to the Solvency of each Loan Party and its Subsidiaries (taken as a whole) on the Closing Date immediately before and after giving effect to the Transactions, from the chief financial officer or an authorized person performing similar function of the Borrower.

(j) Committed Loan Notice; Letter of Credit Application. The Administrative Agent shall have received a completed Committed Loan Notice and/or Letter of Credit Application, duly executed by a Responsible Officer of the Borrower with respect to any Credit Extensions to be made on the Closing Date.

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(k) Insurance. The Administrative Agent shall have received evidence that all insurance required to be maintained pursuant to the Loan Documents has been obtained and is in effect and that the Administrative Agent has been named as lender’s loss payee and/or additional insured, as applicable, under each insurance policy with respect thereto and all endorsements thereto have been delivered, in each case, in accordance with the terms of the Loan Documents, and the Administrative Agent is otherwise satisfied with all of the insurance arrangements of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries.

(l) Pro Forma Compliance Certificate. The Administrative Agent shall have received a certificate, dated the Closing Date and signed by a Financial Officer of the Borrower, setting forth reasonably detailed calculations demonstrating compliance with the Financial Covenants on a Pro Forma Basis immediately after giving effect to the Transactions occurring on the Closing Date.

(m) USA PATRIOT Act; KYC. At least five days prior to the Closing Date, each Lender shall have received:

(i) any and all documentation and other information requested by such Lender in connection with applicable “know your customer” and anti-money-laundering rules and regulations, including the USA PATRIOT Act; and

(ii) to the extent the Borrower constitutes a “legal entity customer” under the Beneficial Ownership Regulation, a completed Beneficial Ownership Certification in relation to the Borrower.

(n) Financial Statements. The Administrative Agent shall have received (i) the Audited Financial Statements, (ii) the Unaudited Financial Statements and (iii) the Pro Forma Financial Statements.

(o) Legal Impediments. No law or regulation shall be applicable that restrains, prevents or imposes materially adverse conditions upon the Transactions.

(p) No Material Adverse Effect. There shall not have occurred a Material Adverse Effect or any event or circumstance that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect and the Administrative Agent shall have received a certificate of a Financial Officer of the Borrower to the foregoing effect.

(q) Financial Officer Certificate. The Administrative Agent shall have received a certificate, dated the Closing Date and signed by a Financial Officer of the Borrower confirming that the conditions set forth in paragraphs (h) and (p) of this Section 4.1 and clauses (a) and (b) of Section 4.2 shall be satisfied.

For purposes of determining whether the Closing Date has occurred, each Lender that has executed this Credit Agreement shall be deemed to have consented to, approved or accepted, or to be satisfied with, each document or other matter required hereunder to be consented to or approved by or acceptable or satisfactory to the Lead Arranger, Administrative Agent or such Lender, as the case may be, unless such Lender has notified the Administrative Agent of any disagreement prior to the initial Credit Extensions hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the obligations of the Lenders to make Credit Extension and of the L/C Issuer to issue Letters of Credit hereunder shall not become effective unless each of the foregoing conditions shall have been satisfied (or waived pursuant to Section 10.2) at or prior to 5:00 p.m. on Agreement Date (and, in the event such conditions are not so satisfied or waived, the Commitments shall terminate at such time).

Section 4.2 Conditions to All Credit Extensions. The obligation of each Lender or the L/C Issuer, as the case may be, to honor any Request for Credit Extension (other than a Committed Loan Notice

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requesting only a conversion of Loans to the other Type, or a continuation of SOFR Loans) is subject to the satisfaction of the conditions in Section 4.1 and the following additional conditions precedent:

(a) Each of the representations and warranties of the Loan Parties set forth in the Loan Documents shall be true and correct in all material respects, in each case on and as of such date as if made on and as of such date, provided that to the extent that such representations and warranties specifically refer to an earlier date, they shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date; provided further that any representation and warranty that is qualified as to “materiality”, “Material Adverse Effect” or similar language shall be true and correct (after giving effect to any qualification therein) in all respects on such respective dates.

(b) No Default shall exist or would result from such proposed Credit Extension or from the application of the proceeds therefrom.

(c) The Administrative Agent and, if applicable, the L/C Issuer, shall have received a Request for Credit Extension in accordance with the requirements hereof.

(d) In the case of a Borrowing under an Incremental Facility, each of the applicable requirements set forth in Section 2.11 shall have been satisfied.

Each Request for Credit Extension (other than a Committed Loan Notice requesting only a conversion of Loans to the other Type or a continuation of SOFR Loans) submitted by the Borrower shall be deemed to be a representation and warranty that the applicable conditions specified in Sections 4.2(a) and, if applicable, (b) have been satisfied on and as of the date of the applicable Credit Extension.

Article 5

Representations and Warranties

The Borrower represents and warrants to the Administrative Agent and the Lenders that:

Section 5.1 Existence, Qualification and Power; Compliance with Laws. Each Loan Party and each of its Subsidiaries (a) is duly incorporated, organized or formed, and validly existing and, where applicable, in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, (b) has all requisite power and authority to (i) own or lease its assets and carry on its business as now conducted and (ii) execute, deliver and perform its obligations under the Loan Documents to which it is a party, (c) is duly qualified and, where applicable, in good standing under the laws of each jurisdiction where its ownership, lease or operation of properties or the conduct of its business requires such qualification, and (d) has all requisite governmental licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals to operate its business as currently conducted; except in each case referred to in clause (b), (c) or (d), to the extent that failure to do so could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Borrower and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with all laws, rules, regulations and orders of any Governmental Authority applicable to it or its property and maintains all permits and licenses necessary to conduct its business, except where the failure to do so, individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.2 Authorization; No Contravention. The execution, delivery and performance by each Loan Party of each Loan Document to which such Loan Party is a party, and the consummation of the Transactions, are within such Loan Party’s corporate, limited liability company or other analogous powers, have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate, limited liability company or other analogous action, and do not and will not (a) contravene the terms of any of such Person’s Organizational Documents, (b) conflict with or result in any breach or contravention of, or the creation of any Lien under (other than under

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the Loan Documents), or require any payment to be made under (i) any Contractual Obligation to which such Person is a party or affecting such Person or the properties of such Person or any of its Subsidiaries or (ii) any order, injunction, writ or decree of any Governmental Authority or any arbitral award to which such Person or its property is subject; or (c) violate any law; except with respect to any conflict, breach or contravention or payment (but not creation of Liens) referred to in clause (b)(i), to the extent that such conflict, breach, contravention or payment could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.3 Governmental Authorization; Other Consents. No approval, consent, exemption, authorization, or other action by, or notice to, or filing with, any Governmental Authority or any other Person is necessary or required in connection with (a) the execution, delivery or performance by, or enforcement against, any Loan Party of any Loan Document to which it is (or, in the case of the Closing Date Acquisition Target, is to be) a party, or for the consummation of the Transactions, (b) the grant by any Loan Party of the Liens granted by it pursuant to the Collateral Documents, (c) the perfection or maintenance of the Liens created under the Collateral Documents (including the priority thereof) or (d) the exercise by the Administrative Agent or any Lender of its rights under the Loan Documents or the remedies in respect of the Collateral pursuant to the Loan Documents, except for (i) filings and recordings necessary to satisfy the Collateral and Guarantee Requirement, and (ii) the approvals, consents, exemptions, authorizations, actions, notices and filings which have been duly obtained, taken, given or made and are in full force and effect.

Section 5.4 Binding Effect. Each Loan Document has been (or, in the case of the Closing Date Acquisition Target, upon the closing of the Closing Date Acquisition will be) duly executed and delivered by each Loan Party that is party thereto and constitutes (or, in the case of the Closing Date Acquisition Target, upon its execution and delivery thereof will be) a legal, valid and binding obligation of each such Loan Party, enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and subject to general principles of equity, regardless of whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law.

Section 5.5 Financial Statements; No Material Adverse Effect.

(a) The Audited Financial Statements and Unaudited Financial Statements:

(i) fairly present the financial condition of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries, as applicable, as of the dates thereof and its results of operations for the period covered thereby in accordance with GAAP consistently applied throughout the periods covered thereby, subject, in the case of the Unaudited Financial Statements, to normal year-end audit adjustments and the absence of footnotes; and

(ii) show all material Indebtedness and other liabilities, direct or contingent, of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries, as applicable, as of the date thereof, including liabilities for Taxes, material commitments and contingent obligations.

(b) The unaudited pro forma consolidated balance sheet of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries as at July 31, 2023 (the “Pro Forma Balance Sheet”) and the unaudited pro forma consolidated statement of income of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries for the six-month period ending on July 31, 2023 (together with the Pro Forma Balance Sheet, the “Pro Forma Financial Statements”), copies of which have heretofore been furnished to the Administrative Agent, have been prepared giving effect (as if such events had occurred on such date or at the beginning of such periods, as the case may be) to the Transactions. The Pro Forma Financial Statements have been prepared in good faith, based on assumptions believed by the Borrower to be reasonable as of the date of delivery thereof, and present fairly in all material respects on a pro forma basis the estimated financial position of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries as at July 31, 2023 and

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their estimated results of operations for the periods covered thereby, assuming that the events specified in the preceding sentence had actually occurred at such date or at the beginning of the periods covered thereby.

(c) Since January 31, 2023, there has been no event or circumstance, either individually or in the aggregate, that has had or could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.6 Litigation. There are no actions, suits or proceedings by or before any arbitrator or Governmental Authority pending against the Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the Borrower, threatened against or affecting the Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries (a) as to which there is a reasonable possibility of an adverse determination and that, if adversely determined, could reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to result in a Material Adverse Effect or (b) that involve or affect, or that purport to or could reasonably be expected to involve or affect, any Loan Document or the Transactions.

Section 5.7 Environmental Matters.

(a) Except for Environmental Claims which have been fully resolved with no remaining obligations or conditions:

(i) each Loan Party and its Subsidiaries possess all Environmental Permits required under applicable Environmental Law to conduct their respective businesses and are, and within applicable statutes of limitation, have been, in material compliance with the terms of such Environmental Permits. No Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries has received written notice that any Environmental Permits possessed by any of them will be revoked, suspended or will not be renewed;

(ii) the execution and delivery of this Credit Agreement and the consummation by the Loan Parties of the Transactions does not require any notification, registration, reporting, filing, investigation, or environmental response action under any Environmental Law;

(iii) each of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries are currently, and within applicable statutes of limitation, have been, in material compliance with all applicable Environmental Law;

(iv) no Loan Party nor any of its Subsidiaries has received (A) notice of any pending or threatened civil, criminal or administrative action, suit, demand, claim, hearing, notice of violation, investigation, notice or demand letter or request for information under any Environmental Law, or (B) notice of actual or potential liability under any Environmental Law including any Environmental Liability that such Loan Party or Subsidiary may have retained or assumed either contractually or by operation of law or of any Environmental Claim, in either case with respect to clauses (A) or (B) that reasonably could be expected to result in material expenditure by such Loan Party or Subsidiary. No Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries has knowledge of any circumstances that reasonably could be expected to result in a material Environmental Liability;

(v) as of the Agreement Date (and after giving effect to the Transactions): (A) no property or facility currently, or to the knowledge of each Loan Party, formerly owned, operated or leased by any Loan Party or any of its current or former Subsidiaries or by any respective predecessor in interest, and (B) no property at which Hazardous Materials generated, owned or controlled by any Loan Party, any of its present or former Subsidiaries or any predecessor in interest have been stored, treated or disposed of, have been identified by a Governmental Authority as recommended for or requiring or potentially requiring environmental assessment and/or response actions under Environmental Law;

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(vi) (A) there has been no disposal, spill, discharge or Release of any Hazardous Material generated, used, owned, stored or controlled by any Loan Party, any of its Subsidiaries or any predecessor in interest, on, at or under any property currently or formerly owned, leased or operated by any Loan Party, any of its current or former Subsidiaries or any predecessor in interest, (B) there are no Hazardous Materials located in, at, on or under such facility or property, or at any other location, in either case (A) or (B), that reasonably could be expected to require investigation, removal, remedial or corrective measures by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries or that reasonably could result in material liabilities of, or material losses, damages or costs to any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries under any Environmental Law, and (C) neither the Loan Parties nor any of their Subsidiaries has retained or assumed any liability contractually or by operation of law with regard to the generation, treatment, storage or disposal of Hazardous Materials or compliance with Environmental Law that could reasonably be expected to result in material expenditures by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries;

(vii) (A) there has not been any underground or aboveground storage tank or other underground storage receptacle or related piping, or any impoundment or other disposal area in each case containing Hazardous Materials located on any facility or property currently or formerly owned, leased or operated by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries, and (B) no asbestos or polychlorinated biphenyls have been used or disposed of, or have been located at, on or under any facility or property currently or formerly owned, leased or operated by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries, in either case (A) or (B) except in material compliance with applicable Environmental Laws or as would not result in material Environmental Liability;

(viii) no Lien has been recorded against any properties, assets or facilities currently owned, leased or operated by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries under any Environmental Law.

(b) [reserved].

(c) The Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries have provided to the Administrative Agent and its authorized representatives all material records and files, including all material assessments, reports, studies, analyses, audits, tests and data in their possession or under their control concerning any Environmental Claim, the existence of Hazardous Materials or any other environmental concern at properties, assets or facilities currently or formerly owned, operated or leased by any Loan Party or any of their present or former Subsidiaries or predecessor in interest, or concerning compliance by any Loan Party or any such Subsidiary with, or liability under any Environmental Law.

Section 5.8 Ownership of Properties; Liens. Each Loan Party and its Subsidiaries (a) has good title to, or valid leasehold interests in, all its real and personal property material to its business, except for minor defects in title that do not interfere with its ability to conduct its business as currently conducted or to utilize such properties for their intended purposes, (b) owns, or is entitled to use, all trademarks, service marks, trade names, domain names, copyrights, patents, patent rights, technology, software, know-how database rights, design rights and other intellectual property rights material to the conduct of its business as currently conducted, and the use of intellectual property by the Loan Parties and their respective Subsidiaries in such conduct of business does not, to the knowledge of the Loan Parties, infringe upon the rights of any other Person, except for any such infringements that, individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, (c) has complied in all material respects with all obligations under all material leases to which it is a party and all such leases are in full force and effect and (d) enjoys peaceful and undisturbed possession under all such material leases.

Section 5.9 Casualty, Etc. Neither the businesses nor the properties of any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries are affected by any fire, explosion, accident, strike, lockout or other labor dispute, drought,

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storm, hail, earthquake, embargo, act of God or of the public enemy or other casualty (whether or not covered by insurance) that, either individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.10 Investment Company Status, Etc. No Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries is (a) an “investment company” as defined in, or subject to regulation under, the Investment Company Act of 1940 or (b) otherwise subject to any other regulatory scheme limiting its ability to incur debt.

Section 5.11 Taxes. Each Loan Party and its Subsidiaries has timely filed or caused to be filed all federal, provincial, state, municipal, foreign and other Tax returns and reports required to be filed, and have timely paid all federal, provincial, state, municipal, foreign and Taxes levied or imposed upon them or their properties, income or assets otherwise due and payable, except (a) those which are being Contested in Good Faith and (b) failures to file or pay as could not, either individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. There are no Tax audits, deficiencies, assessments or other claims with respect to any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries that could, either individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.12 ERISA.

(a) Each Loan Party and each of its ERISA Affiliates is in compliance in all material respects with the applicable provisions of ERISA and the Code and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder. No ERISA Event has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur that, when taken together with all other such ERISA Events for which liability is reasonably expected to occur, could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. The present value of all accumulated benefit obligations under each Pension Plan (based on the assumptions used for purposes of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87) did not, as of the date of the most recent financial statements reflecting such amounts, materially exceed the fair market value of the assets of such Pension Plan.

(b) Each Pension Plan that is intended to qualify under Section 401(a) of the Code has received (or is entitled to rely upon) a favorable determination letter from the IRS or an application for such a letter is currently being processed by the IRS with respect thereto and, to the knowledge of the Loan Parties, nothing has occurred which would prevent, or cause the loss of, such qualification. Each Loan Party and ERISA Affiliate has made all required contributions to each Pension Plan subject to Section 412 of the Code, and no application for a funding waiver pursuant to Section 412 of the Code has been made with respect to any Pension Plan.

(c) There are no pending or, to the knowledge of the Loan Parties, threatened claims, actions, or lawsuits, or action by any Governmental Authority, with respect to any Pension Plan that could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. There has been no violation of the fiduciary responsibility rules of ERISA with respect to any Pension Plan that has resulted in or could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(d) No Loan Party or ERISA Affiliate (i) has incurred, or reasonably expects to incur, any liability under Title IV of ERISA with respect to any Pension Plan (other than premiums due and not delinquent), (ii) has incurred, or reasonably expects to incur, any liability (and no event has occurred which, with the giving of notice under Section 4219 of ERISA, would result in such liability) under Section 4201 of ERISA with respect to a Multiemployer Plan, and (iii) has engaged in a transaction that could reasonably be expected to be subject to Section 4069 or Section 4212(c) of ERISA.

(e) No such Pension Plan or trust created thereunder, or party in interest (as defined in Section 3(14) of ERISA), or any fiduciary (as defined in Section 3(21) of ERISA), has engaged in a “prohibited transaction” (as such term is defined in Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code)

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which would subject such Pension Plan or any other plan of any Loan Party or any of its ERISA Affiliates, any trust created thereunder, or any such party in interest or fiduciary, or any party dealing with any such Pension Plan or any such trust, to any material penalty or tax on “prohibited transactions” imposed by Section 502 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code.

(f) With respect to any Foreign Plan, (i) all employer and employee contributions required by law or by the terms of the Foreign Plan have been made, or, if applicable, accrued, in accordance with normal accounting practices; (ii) the fair market value of the assets of each funded Foreign Plan, the liability of each insurer for any Foreign Plan funded through insurance, or the book reserve established for any Foreign Plan, together with any accrued contributions, is in all material respects sufficient to procure or provide for the accrued benefit obligations with respect to all current and former participants in such Foreign Plan according to the actuarial assumptions and valuations most recently used to account for such obligations in accordance with applicable generally accepted accounting principles; and (iii) it has been registered as required and has been maintained in good standing with applicable regulatory authorities.

Section 5.13 Subsidiaries; Equity Interests. As of the Agreement Date (and after giving effect to the Transactions), no Loan Party has any direct or indirect Subsidiaries or investments (other than Cash Equivalents) in, or joint ventures or partnerships with, any Person, except as disclosed in Schedule 5.13. Such Schedule sets forth (a) the name and jurisdiction of organization or incorporation of each Subsidiary and identifies each Subsidiary that is an Excluded Subsidiary or Subsidiary Guarantor on the Agreement Date, (b) the ownership interest of each Loan Party and tier respective Subsidiaries in each of their respective Subsidiaries, including the percentage of such ownership and (c) identifies each Person the Equity Interests of which are required to be pledged on the Closing Date pursuant to the Collateral and Guarantee Requirement. Neither any Loan Party nor any of its Subsidiaries has issued any Disqualified Equity Interests and there are no outstanding options or warrants to purchase Equity Interests of any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries of any class or kind, and there are no agreements, voting trusts or understandings with respect thereto or affecting in any manner the sale, pledge, assignment or other disposition thereof, including any right of first refusal, option, redemption, call or other rights with respect thereto, whether similar or dissimilar to any of the foregoing. All of the issued and outstanding Equity Interests owned by any Loan Party in its Subsidiaries have been duly authorized and issued and are fully paid and non-assessable and are free and clear of all Liens other than Liens in favor of the Administrative Agent under the Collateral Documents.

Section 5.14 Insurance. Schedule 5.14 sets forth a description of all insurance maintained by or on behalf of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries on the Agreement Date (including names of carriers, policy number, expiration dates, insurance types and coverage amounts). As of the Agreement Date, all premiums in respect of such insurance that are due and payable have been paid.

Section 5.15 Federal Reserve Regulations, Etc. Neither any Loan Party nor any of its Subsidiaries is engaged principally, or as one of their important activities, in the business of extending credit for the purpose of buying or carrying Margin Stock. Immediately before and after giving effect to the making of each Loan and the issuance of each Letter of Credit, Margin Stock will constitute less than 25% of each Loan Party’s assets as determined in accordance with Regulation U. No part of the proceeds of any Loan or any Letter of Credit will be used, whether directly or indirectly, and whether immediately, incidentally or ultimately, (a) to purchase, acquire or carry any Margin Stock or for any purpose that entails a violation of, or that is inconsistent with, the provisions of the regulations of the Federal Reserve Board, including Regulation T, U or X or (b) for any purpose that would violate any Anti-Corruption Laws or applicable Sanctions.

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Section 5.16 Collateral Documents.

(a) The Security Agreement, upon execution and delivery thereof by the parties thereto, will create in favor of the Administrative Agent, for the ratable benefit of the Secured Parties, a legal, valid and enforceable security interest in the Collateral (as defined in the Security Agreement) and the proceeds thereof and (i) when the Pledged Equity Interests (other than uncertificated Equity Interests) and the Pledged Debt Securities (as each such term is defined in the Security Agreement) are delivered to the Administrative Agent together with the proper endorsements, the Lien created under Security Agreement shall constitute a fully perfected first priority Lien on, and security interest in, all right, title and interest of the Loan Parties in such Pledged Equity Interests and Pledged Debt Securities to the extent that the laws of the United States or any state, commonwealth or other political subdivision thereof govern the creation and perfection of any such security interest, in each case prior and superior in right to any other Lien or right of any other person and (ii) when financing statements in appropriate form are filed in the offices specified on Schedule 5.16(a) and, with respect to Collateral consisting of Intellectual Property that is registered or the subject of the application for registration, when the Security Agreement (or Copyright Security Agreements, Patent Security Agreements and/or Trademark Security Agreements, as applicable) are filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office or the United States Copyright Office, as applicable, and in each case, all applicable filing fees have been paid, the Lien created under the Security Agreement will constitute a fully perfected Lien on, and security interest in, all right, title and interest of the Loan Parties in the Collateral to the extent such security interest may be perfected by the filing of a UCC financing statement and, with respect to Intellectual Property, the filing of such Copyright Security Agreements, Patent Security Agreements and/or Trademark Security Agreements with the United States Patent and Trademark Office or the United States Copyright Office, as applicable, in each case prior and superior in right to any other Lien or right of any other person, other than Liens expressly permitted by Section 7.2 which by operation of law or contract have priority over the Liens securing the Secured Obligations.

(b) The Mortgages, upon the execution and delivery thereof by the parties thereto, will create in favor of the Administrative Agent, subject to the exceptions listed in each insurance policy covering such Mortgage, for the ratable benefit of the Secured Parties, a legal, valid and enforceable Lien on all of the Loan Parties’ right, title and interest in and to the Mortgaged Property thereunder and the proceeds thereof, and when (i) the Mortgages to be delivered on the Closing Date or on a post-closing basis pursuant to Section 6.15 are recorded in the offices specified in Schedule 5.16(b) and (ii) other Mortgages to be delivered pursuant to Section 6.12 and Section 6.15, and, in each case, all applicable fees have been paid, the Mortgages will constitute a fully perfected Lien on, and security interest in, all right, title and interest of the Loan Parties in such Mortgaged Property and the proceeds thereof, in each case prior and superior in right to any other person, other than with respect to the rights of persons pursuant to Liens expressly permitted by Section 7.2 which by operation of law or contract would have priority over the Liens securing the Secured Obligations.

Section 5.17 Solvency. Immediately before and after the consummation of each Transaction, each of the Loan Parties and its Subsidiaries are Solvent.

Section 5.18 Anti-Corruption Laws; Sanctions; Anti-Terrorism Laws.

(a) Each Loan Party, its Subsidiaries and their respective officers and employees and their directors and agents, are in compliance with Anti-Corruption Laws and applicable Sanctions. Neither any Loan Party, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective directors, officers or employees is a Sanctioned Person.

(b) No Loan or Letter of Credit, use of the proceeds of any Loan or Letter of Credit or other transactions contemplated hereby will violate Anti-Corruption Laws or applicable Sanctions. No part of the proceeds of the Loans or the Letters or Credit will be used, directly or indirectly, for any payments

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to any governmental official or employee, political party, official of a political party, candidate for political office, or anyone else acting in an official capacity, in order to obtain, retain or direct business or obtain any improper advantage, in violation of the Anti-Corruption Laws.

(c) Neither the making of the Loans hereunder nor the use of the proceeds thereof will violate the any regulations passed under the USA PATRIOT Act or will violate the Trading with the Enemy Act, the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, or any regulations passed thereunder, including the foreign assets control regulations of the United States Treasury Department (31 C.F.R., Subtitle B, Chapter V) or any enabling legislation or executive order relating thereto or successor statute thereto (together with Sanctions, “Anti-Terrorism Laws”). Each Loan Party and each of its Subsidiaries are in compliance with applicable Anti-Terrorism Laws.

Section 5.19 Material Owned Real Property. Schedule 5.19 lists completely and correctly as of the Agreement Date (and after giving effect to the Transactions) all Material Owned Real Property and the addresses thereof. One or more of the Loan Parties own in fee all the real property set forth on Schedule 5.19.

Section 5.20 Accuracy of Information, Etc.

(a) Each Loan Party has disclosed to the Credit Parties all agreements, instruments and corporate or other restrictions to which it or any of its Subsidiaries is subject, and all other matters known to it, that, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Information Memorandum nor any of the other reports, financial statements, certificates or other information furnished (whether in writing or orally) by or on behalf of any Loan Party to any Credit Party in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby and the negotiation of this Credit Agreement or delivered hereunder or under any other Loan Document (in each case as modified or supplemented by other information so furnished) contains any material misstatement of fact or omits to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, provided that, with respect to projected financial information, the Loan Parties represent only that such information was prepared in good faith based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable at the time.

(b) As of the Closing Date, the information included in the Beneficial Ownership Certification is true and correct in all respects.

Section 5.21 Labor Matters. There are no strikes, lockouts or slowdowns against any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries pending or, to the knowledge of any Loan Party, threatened. The hours worked by and payments made to employees of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries have not been in violation in any material respect of the Fair Labor Standards Act or any other applicable Federal, state, local or foreign law dealing with such matters. All material payments due from the Loan Parties or any of their Subsidiaries, or for which any claim may be made against any of the Loan Parties or any of their Subsidiaries, on account of wages and employee health and welfare insurance and other benefits, have been paid or accrued as a liability on the books of such Loan Party or such Subsidiary. The consummation of the Transactions will not give rise to any right of termination or right of renegotiation on the part of any union under any collective bargaining agreement to which any of the Loan Parties or any of their Subsidiaries is bound.

Section 5.22 Absence of Certain Restrictions. No indenture, certificate of designation for preferred stock, agreement or instrument to which any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries is a party (other than this Credit Agreement), prohibits or limits in any way, directly or indirectly the ability of any Subsidiary to make Restricted Payments or loans to, to make any advance on behalf of, or to repay any Indebtedness to, any Loan Party or to another Subsidiary.

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Section 5.23 No Default. No Loan Party nor any of its Subsidiaries is in default in the performance, observance or fulfillment of any of the obligations, covenants or conditions contained in any agreement, instrument or other undertaking to which such Person is a party or by which it or any of its property is bound in any respect that could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. No Default has occurred and is continuing.

Section 5.24 Common Enterprise. The successful operation and condition of each of the Loan Parties is dependent on the continued successful performance of the functions of the group of the Loan Parties as a whole and the successful operation of each of the Loan Parties is dependent on the successful performance and operation of each other Loan Party. Each Loan Party expects to derive benefit (and its board of directors or other governing body has determined that it may reasonably be expected to derive benefit), directly and indirectly, from (a) successful operations of each of the other Loan Parties and (b) the credit extended by the Lenders to the Borrower hereunder, both in their separate capacities and as members of the group of companies. Each Loan Party has determined that execution, delivery, and performance of this Credit Agreement and any other Loan Documents to be executed by such Loan Party is within its purpose, will be of direct and indirect benefit to such Loan Party, and is in its best interest.

Section 5.25 Brokers’ Fees. None of the Loan Parties or their Subsidiaries has any obligation to any Person in respect of any finder’s, broker’s, investment banking or other similar fee in connection with any of the transactions contemplated under the Loan Documents other than the closing and other fees payable pursuant to this Credit Agreement and as set forth in the Engagement Letter.

Section 5.26 Affected Financial Institutions. No Loan Party is an Affected Financial Institution.

Article 6

Affirmative Covenants

Until the Termination Date, the Borrower covenants and agrees with the Credit Parties that:

Section 6.1 Financial Statements and Other Information. The Borrower will furnish or caused to be furnished to the Administrative Agent and each Lender either in hard copy or by electronic communication (including by email, internet and intranet websites) pursuant to procedures approved by the Administrative Agent:

(a) within 90 days after the end of each Fiscal Year, the Borrower’s Form 10-K containing the audited consolidated balance sheet of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries together with the related statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows as of the end of and for such year, setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the previous Fiscal Year, all reported on by KPMG LLP or another registered independent public accounting firm of recognized national standing reasonably acceptable to the Administrative Agent (without a “going concern” or like qualification or exception, except as may be required solely as a result of the impending maturity of any Indebtedness or any anticipated inability to satisfy any financial maintenance covenant (including the covenants set forth in Section 7.12) and without any qualification or exception as to the scope of such audit), to the effect that such consolidated financial statements present fairly in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP consistently applied;

(b) within 45 days after the end of each of the first three fiscal quarters of each Fiscal Year, the Borrower’s Form 10-Q containing the unaudited consolidated balance sheet of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries and the related unaudited statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows as of the end of and for such fiscal quarter and the then elapsed portion of the Fiscal

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Year, setting forth in each case in comparative form the figures for the corresponding period or periods of (or, in the case of the balance sheet, as of the end of) the previous Fiscal Year, all certified by one of its Financial Officers as presenting fairly in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP consistently applied, subject to normal year-end audit adjustments and the absence of footnotes;

(c) concurrently with any delivery of financial statements under clause (a) or (b) above, a Compliance Certificate signed by a Financial Officer of the Borrower (i) stating whether any change in GAAP or in the application thereof that, in each case, affects the calculation of any financial covenant set forth herein or any component thereof has occurred since the date of the Audited Financial Statements and, if any such change has occurred, specifying the effect of such change on the financial statements accompanying such Compliance Certificate, (ii) containing either a certification that no Default exists or, specifying the nature of each such Default, the nature and status thereof and any action taken or proposed to be taken with respect thereto, (iii) certifying that there have been no changes to the jurisdiction of organization or legal name of any Loan Party since the date of the last Compliance Certificate delivered pursuant to the Credit Agreement, (iv) attaching reasonably detailed calculations demonstrating compliance with Section 7.12, and (v) certifying that the Borrower has no Subsidiaries other than (A) those that existed on the Closing Date and were reflected in the Perfection Certificate on such date, (B) those formed or acquired after the Closing Date with respect to which the Administrative Agent was previously notified either pursuant to Section 6.12 of the Credit Agreement, in an additional Perfection Certificate or in a previous Compliance Certificate, and (C) those other Subsidiaries set forth on the relevant Schedule to such Compliance Certificate, which Schedule sets forth for each such Subsidiary whether such Subsidiary is (w) a Domestic Subsidiary, (x) a Subsidiary Guarantor (including the basis for it not being a Subsidiary Guarantor, if applicable), or (y) an Excluded Subsidiary (including the basis for its constituting an Excluded Subsidiary);

(d) [reserved];

(e) (i) within 60 days after the beginning of each Fiscal Year, an annual consolidated forecast for the Borrower and its Subsidiaries for such Fiscal Year, including projected consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries, all in reasonable detail acceptable to the Administrative Agent;

(f) concurrently with the delivery of any Compliance Certificate under clause (c) above, a discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries for the portion of the Fiscal Year then elapsed,;

(g) promptly following any request therefor, (i) such other information and documentation reasonably requested by the Administrative Agent or any Lender for purposes of compliance with applicable “know your customer” requirements under the USA Patriot Act, the Beneficial Ownership Regulation or other applicable Anti-Corruption and Anti-Terrorism Laws (including those passed pursuant to the USA PATRIOT Act), and (ii) such other information regarding the operations, business affairs and financial condition of the Borrower or any Subsidiary, or compliance with the terms of the Loan Documents, as any Credit Party may reasonably request.

Documents required to be delivered pursuant to Section 6.1(a) or (b) above or Section 6.2(e) below (to the extent any such documents are included in materials filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission) may be delivered electronically and shall be deemed to have been delivered on the date (i) on which the Borrower posts such documents or provides a link thereto on the Borrower’s principal website on the Internet (as such address is specified by the Borrower to the Administrative Agent from time to time); (ii) on which such documents are posted on the Borrower’s behalf on an Internet or intranet website, if any, to which each Lender, L/C Issuer and the Administrative Agent have access (whether a commercial,

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third-party website or whether sponsored by the Administrative Agent); or (iii) on which the Borrower files such documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission and such documents are publicly available on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s EDGAR filing system or any successor thereto; provided that, in the case of the foregoing clauses (i) and (ii), the Borrower shall promptly notify the Administrative Agent of the posting of any such documents and, upon request of the Administrative Agent, provide to the Administrative Agent by email electronic versions (i.e., soft copies) of such documents.

Section 6.2 Notices of Material Events. The Borrower will furnish or caused to be furnished to the Administrative Agent each Lender prompt written notice of the following:

(a) the occurrence of any Default, specifying the nature and extent thereof;

(b) the filing or commencement of, or any threat or notice of intention of any Person to file or commence, any action, suit or proceeding, whether at law or in equity or by or before any Governmental Authority, against, or affecting, any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries that would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect;

(c) if requested by Administrative Agent from time to time, copies of any annual report required to be filed in connection with each Pension Plan or Foreign Plan, and as soon as possible after, and in any event within 10 days after any Loan Party or any ERISA Affiliate knows or has reason to know that, any ERISA Event (or any similar event with respect to a Foreign Plan) has occurred that, alone or together with any other ERISA Event (or any similar event with respect to a Foreign Plan) could reasonably be expected to result in liability of any Loan Party or any ERISA Affiliate in an aggregate amount exceeding the Threshold Amount;

(d) a copy of any notice, summons, citation or other written communication concerning any actual, alleged, suspected or threatened violation of any Environmental Law by, Environmental Claim against or Environmental Liability of, any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries, in each case, which could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect;

(e) promptly after the same become publicly available, copies of all periodic and other reports, proxy statements and other materials filed by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any Governmental Authority succeeding to any or all of the functions of said Commission, or with any national securities exchange, or distributed by any Loan Party to its shareholders generally, as the case may be;

(f) promptly after the furnishing thereof, copies of any statement or report furnished to any holder of debt securities of any Loan Party or of any of its Subsidiaries pursuant to the terms of any indenture, loan or credit or similar agreement and not otherwise required to be furnished to the Lenders pursuant to any other clause of this Section 6.2;

(g) [reserved];

(h) [reserved];

(i) within five Business Days following the consummation of any acquisition for which the value of the total consideration paid by the Borrower or any Subsidiary (whether in cash or otherwise) is greater than or equal to $15,000,000, (1) a notice of such acquisition, which notice shall set forth evidence of pro forma compliance with all the financial covenants under the Loan Documents, and (2) true and complete copies of each acquisition document together with all schedules thereto, each executed by all of the parties thereto; and

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(j) the occurrence of any other development that has resulted in, or could reasonably be expected to result in, a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 6.3 Existence; Conduct of Business. The Borrower will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, do or cause to be done all things necessary to preserve, renew and keep in full force and effect (a) its legal existence and (b) except as would not reasonably be expected to cause a Material Adverse Effect, the rights, licenses, permits, privileges and franchises material to the conduct of its business, provided that the foregoing shall not prohibit any merger, consolidation, liquidation or dissolution permitted under Section 7.3 or any sale, lease, transfer or other disposition permitted by Section 7.5.

Section 6.4 Payment and Performance of Obligations. The Borrower will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, pay or perform its obligations, including Tax liabilities, that, if not paid or performed, could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect before the same shall become delinquent or in default, except where (a) the validity or amount thereof is being Contested in Good Faith and (b) the failure to make payment pending such contest could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, provided that nothing in this Section shall be deemed to require any Loan Party to pay any subordinated Indebtedness in violation of the subordination provisions applicable thereto.

Section 6.5 Maintenance of Properties. The Borrower will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, keep and maintain all property material to the conduct of its business in good working order and condition, ordinary wear and tear excepted.

Section 6.6 Books and Records; Inspection Rights. The Borrower will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, (a) keep proper books of record and account in which full, true and correct entries are made of all dealings and transactions in relation to its business and activities and (b) not more than once per fiscal year, permit any representatives designated by any Credit Party, upon reasonable prior notice, to visit and inspect its properties, to examine and make extracts from its books and records, and to discuss its affairs, finances and condition with its officers and independent accounting firm, all at the expense of the Borrower and at such reasonable times; provided, however, during the existence of an Event of Default, the Administrative Agent or any Lender (or any of their respective representatives or independent contractors) may do any of the foregoing as often as may be requested, at the expense of the Borrower, at any time during normal business hours and without advance notice.

Section 6.7 Compliance with Laws. The Borrower will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, comply with all laws, rules, regulations and orders of any Governmental Authority applicable to it or its property and maintain all permits and licenses necessary to conduct its business, except where the failure to do so, individually or in the aggregate, could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. In addition, and without limiting the foregoing sentence, each Loan Party will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, comply with all applicable Environmental Laws and Anti-Corruption Laws, applicable Sanctions and the USA PATRIOT Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder in all material respects.

Section 6.8 Use of Proceeds.

(a) The proceeds of the Loans and the Letters of Credit will be used only for general corporate purposes (including funding Permitted Acquisitions and other permitted Investments) and working capital purposes not inconsistent with the terms hereof or in contravention of any Law or any Loan Document.

(b) No part of the proceeds of any Loan or any Letter of Credit will be used, whether directly or indirectly, and whether immediately, incidentally or ultimately, (a) to purchase, acquire or carry any Margin Stock or (b) for any purpose that entails a violation of any of the regulations of the Federal

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Reserve Board, including Regulations T, U and X. The Borrower will not request any Credit Extension, and the Borrower shall not use, and shall ensure that each Loan Party, their respective Subsidiaries and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents shall not use, the proceeds of any Credit Extension (i) in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization of the payment or giving of money, or anything else of value, to any Person in violation of any Anti-Corruption Laws or (ii) in any manner that would result in the violation of any applicable Sanctions or any Anti-Terrorism Laws by any Person, including any Credit Party.

Section 6.9 Information Concerning Collateral. The Borrower will furnish to the Administrative Agent prompt written notice of any change in (a) the legal name or jurisdiction of incorporation or formation of any Loan Party, (b) the location of the chief executive office of any Loan Party, its principal place of business, any office in which it maintains books or records relating to Collateral owned or held by it or on its behalf or, except as provided in the applicable Collateral Documents, any office or facility at which Collateral owned or held by it or on its behalf with an aggregate book value in excess of $1,000,000 is located (including the establishment of any such new office or facility), (c) the identity or organizational structure of any Loan Party such that a filed financing statement becomes misleading or (d) the Federal Taxpayer Identification Number or company organizational number of any Loan Party. The Borrower also agrees promptly to notify the Administrative Agent if any material portion of the Collateral is damaged or destroyed.

Section 6.10 Insurance.

(a) The Borrower will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, maintain, with financially sound and reputable insurance companies, adequate insurance for its insurable properties, all to such extent and against such risks, including fire, casualty, business interruption and other risks insured against by extended coverage, as is customary with companies in the same or similar businesses operating in the same or similar locations and of same or similar size, including public liability insurance against claims for personal injury or death or property damage occurring upon, in, about or in connection with the use of any properties owned, occupied or controlled by it (including the insurance required pursuant to the Collateral Documents); and maintain such other insurance as may be required by law.

(b) With respect to any portion of any Mortgaged Property that is located in a Flood Zone within a community participating in the Flood Program, the Borrower will, and will cause any applicable Loan Party to, maintain through the Flood Program or through private insurance policies, with financially sound and reputable insurance companies (except to the extent that any insurance company insuring the Mortgaged Property of the Borrower and each other Loan Party ceases to be financially sound and reputable after the Closing Date, in which case, the Borrower shall promptly replace such insurance company with a financially sound and reputable insurance company), (A) such flood insurance coverage under policies issued pursuant to and in compliance with the Flood Insurance Laws (“Flood Insurance Policies”) in an amount equal to the maximum limit of coverage available for such Mortgaged Property under Flood Insurance Laws, subject only to deductibles consistent in scope and amount with those permitted under the Flood Program and (B) such additional coverage as required by Administrative Agent, if any, under supplemental private insurance policies in an amount not less than 100% of insurable replacement cost of the improvements on such Mortgaged Property;

(c) The Borrower will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, (i) cause all such policies of such Loan Party and its Subsidiaries to be endorsed or otherwise amended to include an additional insured endorsement or a “standard” or “New York” lender’s loss payable endorsement, as appropriate, each in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Administrative Agent, and which lender’s loss payable endorsement or amendment shall provide that, from and after the Closing Date, if the insurance carrier shall have received written notice from the Administrative Agent of the occurrence of an Event of Default, the insurance carrier shall pay all proceeds otherwise payable to such Loan Party under

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such policies directly to the Administrative Agent, (ii) cause all such policies to provide that neither such Loan Party, any Subsidiary or the Administrative Agent nor any other party shall be a co-insurer thereunder and to contain a “Replacement Cost Endorsement”, without any deduction for depreciation, and such other provisions as the Administrative Agent may reasonably require from time to time to protect its interests, (iii) deliver original or certified copies of all such policies to the Administrative Agent, (iv) cause each such policy to provide that it shall not be canceled, modified or not renewed for any other reason upon not less than 30 days’ (or in the case of Flood Insurance Policies issued by private insurance companies, 45 days’) prior written notice thereof by the insurer to the Administrative Agent, (v) deliver to the Administrative Agent, prior to the cancellation, modification or non-renewal of any such policy of insurance, a copy of a renewal or replacement policy (or other evidence of renewal of a policy previously delivered to the Administrative Agent) together with evidence satisfactory to the Administrative Agent of payment of the premium therefor; provided that the foregoing clauses (i) and (iv) shall not apply until the date on which insurance endorsements are required to be delivered pursuant to Section 6.15.

(d) The Borrower will promptly upon request of the Administrative Agent or any other Lender, deliver to the Administrative Agent (for distribution to all Lenders), evidence of compliance by all Loan Parties with the requirements contained Sections 6.10(a) through (c) in form and substance reasonably acceptable to the Administrative Agent and the Lenders, including, without limitation, evidence of annual renewals of such insurance.

(e) The Borrower will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, notify the Administrative Agent immediately whenever any separate insurance concurrent in form or contributing in the event of loss with that required to be maintained under this Section 6.10 is taken out by any Loan Party; and promptly deliver to the Administrative Agent a duplicate original copy of such policy or policies.

(f) In connection with the covenants set forth in this Section 6.10, it is understood and agreed that:

(i) no Credit Party or any of its Related Parties shall be liable for any loss or damage insured by the insurance policies required to be maintained under this Section 6.10, it being understood that (A) each Loan Party shall look solely to its insurance companies or any other parties other than the aforesaid parties for the recovery of such loss or damage and (B) such insurance companies shall have no rights of subrogation against any Credit Party or any of their Related Parties, provided, however, that if the insurance policies do not provide waiver of subrogation rights against such parties, as required above, then the Borrower (for itself and each of its Subsidiaries) hereby agrees, to the extent permitted by law, to waive its right of recovery, if any, against the Credit Parties and their Related Parties; and

(ii) the designation of any form, type or amount of insurance coverage by the Administrative Agent or the Required Lenders under this Section 6.10 shall in no event be deemed a representation, warranty or advice by any Credit Party that such insurance is adequate for the purposes of the business of any Loan Party or its Subsidiaries or the protection of their properties and the Administrative Agent and the Required Lenders shall have the right from time to time to require the Loan Parties and their respective Subsidiaries to keep other insurance in such form and amount as the Administrative Agent or the Required Lenders may reasonably request; provided that such insurance shall be obtainable on commercially reasonable terms.

Section 6.11 [Reserved].

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Section 6.12 Covenant to Guarantee and Provide Security.

(a) Subsidiary Guarantors. If any Domestic Subsidiary of a Loan Party (other than an Excluded Subsidiary or a Subsidiary that is a party to this Credit Agreement and the Collateral Documents) is formed or acquired after the Agreement Date or if an Excluded Subsidiary ceases to be an Excluded Subsidiary, the Borrower will notify the Credit Parties in writing thereof within 30 days following the date on which such Subsidiary is formed or acquired or such Excluded Subsidiary ceases to be an Excluded Subsidiary (or such later date as may be acceptable to the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion) and, by such date:

(i) the Borrower will cause each such Subsidiary to (A) execute and deliver a Subsidiary Joinder Agreement and a Perfection Certificate and (B) promptly take such actions to create and perfect Liens on such Subsidiary’s assets to secure the Secured Obligations as the Administrative Agent shall reasonably request (including the execution and delivery of any collateral document necessary or appropriate to create and perfect Liens with respect to such Subsidiary’s Material Real Property),

(ii) if any Equity Interests issued by any such Subsidiary are owned or held by or on behalf of any Loan Party, the Borrower will cause such Equity Interests to be pledged pursuant to the Collateral Documents not later than the 30th day after the date on which such Subsidiary is formed or acquired or ceases to be an Excluded Subsidiary,

(iii) the Borrower will cause each such Subsidiary to become a party to the Master Intercompany Note not later than the 30th day after the date on which such Subsidiary is formed or acquired or ceases to be an Excluded Subsidiary, and

(iv) the Borrower will deliver or cause to be delivered to the Administrative Agent such certificates and legal opinions, as would have been required had such Subsidiary been a Subsidiary Guarantor on the Closing Date.

(b) Real Property.

(i) Upon the acquisition by any Loan Party after Closing Date of any Material Owned Real Property, the Borrower shall immediately notify the Administrative Agent, setting forth with specificity a description of such Material Owned Real Property, including the location thereof, any structures or improvements thereon and, as determined by the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion, either an appraisal or Borrower’s good faith estimate of the current value of such Material Owned Real Property. Within 90 days of the delivery of such notice and unless the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion determines not to require a Mortgage on such Material Owned Real Property:

(A) the Loan Party that owns such Material Owned Real Property shall have satisfied the Mortgage Requirement, and

(B) the Borrower shall, or shall cause such Loan Party to, pay all fees and expenses, including Attorney Costs, and all title insurances charges and premiums, in connection with each Loan Party’s obligations under this Section.

(ii) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrative Agent shall not enter into any Mortgage in respect of any improved real property acquired by any Loan Party after the Closing Date or to be mortgaged in connection with a MIRE Event unless the Administrative Agent has provided to the Lenders:

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(A) if such Mortgage relates to an improved real property not located in a Flood Zone, a completed Flood Certificate from a third party vendor at least 10 days prior to entering into such Mortgage; or

(B) if such Mortgage relates to an improved real property located in a Flood Zone, the following documents with respect to such improved real property at least 30 days prior to entering into such Mortgage: (i) a Flood Certificate a third party vendor; (ii) a notification to the applicable Loan Parties of that fact and (if applicable) notification to the applicable Loan Parties that flood insurance coverage is not available, (iii) evidence of the receipt by the applicable Loan Parties of such notice; and (iv) if required by the Flood Program, evidence of required flood insurance;

provided that the Administrative Agent may enter into any such Mortgage prior to the end of any notice period set forth above if the Administrative Agent shall have received confirmation from each applicable Lender that such Lender has completed any necessary flood insurance due diligence to its reasonable satisfaction.

(c) Further Assurances.

(i) The Borrower will, and will cause each of the Loan Parties to, grant to the Administrative Agent, for the benefit of the Secured Parties, security interests in such of its assets and properties as are not covered by the Collateral Documents in order that the Borrower be in compliance with the Collateral and Guarantee Requirement. Such security interests shall (i) be granted pursuant to documentation reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Administrative Agent and (ii) constitute valid and enforceable perfected security interests superior to and prior to the rights of all third Persons, and subject to no other Liens, except Liens permitted by Section 7.2. Such additional collateral documents and the other instruments related thereto shall have been duly recorded or filed in such manner and in such places as are required by law to establish, perfect, preserve and protect the Liens in favor of the Administrative Agent required to be granted pursuant to such additional collateral documents and all taxes, fees and other charges payable in connection therewith shall have been paid in full.

(ii) The Borrower will, and will cause each of the Loan Parties to, at its own expense, make, execute, endorse, acknowledge, file or deliver to the Administrative Agent from time to time such vouchers, invoices, schedules, confirmatory assignments, conveyances, financing statements, transfer endorsements, powers of attorney, certificates, surveys, reports and other assurances or instruments, and take such further steps relating to the Collateral covered by any of the Collateral Documents as the Administrative Agent may reasonably require. The Borrower shall cause to be delivered to the Administrative Agent such opinions of counsel and other documents as may be reasonably requested by the Administrative Agent.

(iii) Each action required by this Section 6.12(c) shall be completed as soon as possible, but in no event later than 60 days (or such longer period in the case of actions involving third parties as determined by the Administrative Agent in its reasonable discretion) after any such assets or properties are acquired or such action is requested to be taken by the Administrative Agent, as the case may be.

Section 6.13 Environmental Matters. Except as would not be reasonably expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, the Borrower will, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries to, (a) conduct its operations in material compliance with all applicable Environmental Laws, (b) implement any and all investigation, remediation, removal and response actions that either are necessary to materially comply with Environmental Laws pertaining to the presence, generation, treatment, storage, use, disposal, transportation

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or Release of any Hazardous Material on, at, under, or from any of their owned or leased property or are requested by Government Authorities pursuant to Environmental Law, (c) c the Administrative Agent promptly upon becoming aware of any violation of Environmental Laws or any Release of Hazardous Materials on, at, under, or from, any property that is reasonably likely to result in an Environmental Claim against any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries in excess of the Threshold Amount in the aggregate and promptly forward to the Administrative Agent a copy of any written communication received in connection therewith. If the Administrative Agent at any time has a reasonable basis to believe that there may be a violation of any Environmental Laws or a Release of Hazardous Materials on, at, under, or from any property owned or leased by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries that could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, then, subject to Section 9.3(d), upon request by the Administrative Agent the Borrower shall cause such Loan Party to permit the Administrative Agent to appoint a nationally-recognized independent environmental testing firm or such other consultant as the Administrative Agent shall determine, at the Loan Parties’ expense, to have access to all property owned or leased by each Loan Party and each of its Subsidiaries for the purpose of conducting such environmental testing, including subsurface sampling of soil and groundwater, as the Administrative Agent deems appropriate to investigate the subject of the potential violation or Release.

Section 6.14 [Reserved].

Section 6.15 Certain Post-Closing Obligations. As promptly as practicable, and in any event within the time periods after the Closing Date specified in Schedule 6.15 or such later date as the Administrative Agent reasonably agrees to in writing, the Borrower and each other Loan Party shall deliver the documents or take the actions specified on Schedule 6.15, in each case except to the extent otherwise agreed by the Administrative Agent pursuant to its authority as set forth in the definition of the term “Collateral and Guarantee Requirement”.

Section 6.16 Cash Management. At all times from and after the 45th day following the Closing Date, the Borrower and its Subsidiaries shall maintain cash deposits with Citizens Bank and it is Affiliates in an aggregate amount of at least $10,000,000.

Article 7

Negative Covenants

Until the Termination Date, the Borrower covenants and agrees with the Credit Parties that:

Section 7.1 Indebtedness; Equity Interests.

(a) The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, create, incur, assume or permit to exist any Indebtedness, except:

(i) Indebtedness created under the Loan Documents;

(ii) Indebtedness existing on the Agreement Date and set forth in Schedule 7.1, and any and any Refinancing Indebtedness with respect thereto;

(iii) Indebtedness of the Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries incurred to finance the acquisition, construction or improvement of any fixed or capital assets, including Capitalized Lease Obligations and any Indebtedness assumed in connection with the acquisition of any such assets or secured by a Lien on any such assets prior to the acquisition thereof, and any Refinancing Indebtedness with respect thereto, provided that (A) such Indebtedness is incurred prior to or within 90 days after such acquisition or the completion of such construction or improvement and (B) the

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aggregate outstanding principal amount of Indebtedness permitted by this clause (iii) shall not, without duplication, exceed $5,000,000 at any time outstanding;

(iv) Indebtedness of any Person that becomes a Subsidiary of the Borrower after the Agreement Date, and any Refinancing Indebtedness with respect thereto, provided that (A) such Indebtedness exists at the time such Person becomes a Subsidiary and is not created in contemplation of or in connection with such Person becoming a Subsidiary and (B) the aggregate outstanding principal amount of Indebtedness permitted by this clause (iv) shall not, without duplication, exceed $7,500,000 at any time;

(v) intercompany Indebtedness of the Borrower or any Subsidiary owing to and held by the Borrower or any Subsidiary; provided, however, that (A) if the Borrower or any Subsidiary Guarantor is the obligor on such Indebtedness and any Subsidiary (other than a Subsidiary Guarantor) is the obligee thereof, such Indebtedness must be unsecured and expressly subordinated to the prior payment in full in cash of all Secured Obligations (including, with respect to any Subsidiary Guarantor, its obligations under the Security Agreement), other than unasserted contingent indemnification and unasserted expense reimbursement obligations, in each case not then due and payable, (B) Indebtedness owed to the Borrower or any Subsidiary Guarantor must be evidenced by the Master Intercompany Note or an unsubordinated promissory note pledged to the Administrative Agent under the Security Agreement and (C) any Indebtedness of Subsidiaries incurred in reliance on this clause (a)(v) must be permitted under Section 7.4(c);

(vi) Guarantees by (A) any Loan Party of Indebtedness of any other Loan Party, (B) any Non-Loan Party Subsidiary of Indebtedness of any other Non-Loan Party Subsidiary, and (C) any Non-Loan Party Subsidiary of any Indebtedness of any Loan Party, provided that, in each case, such Indebtedness is otherwise permitted by this Section 7.1(a);

(vii) obligations under any Swap Agreement permitted by Section 7.7;

(viii) Indebtedness arising from the honoring by a bank or other financial institution of a check, draft or other similar instrument drawn against insufficient funds in the ordinary course of business;

(ix) contingent liabilities arising with respect to (i) unsecured guarantees arising as a result of customary indemnification obligations to purchasers that are not Affiliates of a Loan Party in connection with any Disposition permitted by Section 7.5 and (ii) the guaranty by any of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries of a lease, sublease, license, or sublicense entered into in the ordinary course of business by another Loan Party;

(x) Indebtedness incurred in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past business practice under (A) appeal bonds or similar instruments and (B) surety bonds, payment bonds, performance bonds, bid bonds, completion guarantees and similar obligations, workers’ compensation claims, health, disability or other employee benefits, and bankers acceptances issued for the account of any Loan Party or its Subsidiaries and unsecured guarantees thereof;

(xi) unsecured Indebtedness, including Earn-Out Obligations, owing to sellers incurred in connection with a Permitted Acquisition so long as the maximum amount of potential liability in respect of such Earn-Out Obligations (the amount of which shall be that reasonably expected to be payable in connection therewith, as reasonably estimated by the Borrower or, upon the amount of any such Earn-Out Obligation becoming fixed and determined, in the amount so determined) does not exceed $7,500,000 in the aggregate at any time outstanding;

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(xii) contingent payment obligations and contingent liabilities in respect of any indemnification obligations and adjustments of purchase price, in each case in connection with a Permitted Acquisition;

(xiii) Indebtedness incurred in the ordinary course of business in respect of credit cards, credit card processing services, debit cards, stored value cards, commercial cards (including so-called “purchase cards”, “procurement cards” or “p-cards”), or Cash Management Services in an amount not to exceed $7,500,000 in the aggregate at any time outstanding;

(xiv) Indebtedness resulting from the financing of insurance premiums (with the insurance company providing such financing) in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past business practices;

(xv) to the extent constituting Indebtedness, obligations in respect of purchase price adjustments, non-competition agreements, and other similar arrangements, representing consideration and incurred in connection with any Permitted Acquisition; provided that to the extent such purchase price adjustment is subject to a contingency, such purchase price adjustment shall be valued at the amount of reserves, if any, required under GAAP, and to the extent that the amount payable pursuant to such purchase price adjustment is reflected, or would otherwise be required to be reflected, on a balance sheet prepared in accordance with GAAP, it shall be valued at such reflected amount;

(xvi) Indebtedness arising in connection with endorsement of instruments for deposit or owed in respect of business credit card programs and any netting services, overdrafts and related liabilities arising from treasury, depository and cash management services, in each case arising in the ordinary course of business;

(xvii) contingent liabilities arising with respect to (i) customary indemnification obligations by any of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries in favor of purchasers in connection with Dispositions permitted under this Credit Agreement and (ii) the guaranty by any of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries of a lease, sublease, license, or sublicense entered into in the ordinary course of business by another Loan Party;

(xviii) to the extent constituting Indebtedness, deferred compensation earned in the ordinary course of business payable to directors, officers and employees of the Borrower or any Subsidiary; and

(xix) additional unsecured Indebtedness in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $7,500,000 at any one time outstanding.

(b) The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, (i) issue any Disqualified Equity Interests, or (ii) be or become liable in respect of any obligation (contingent or otherwise) to purchase, redeem, retire, acquire or make any other payment in respect of any Equity Interests of any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries, except as permitted under Section 7.8.

Section 7.2 Liens. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, create, incur, assume or permit to exist any Lien on any property or asset now owned or hereafter acquired by it, or assign or sell any income or revenues (including accounts receivable) or rights in respect of any thereof, except:

(a) Liens created under the Loan Documents;

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(b) Permitted Encumbrances;

(c) any Lien on any property or asset of the Borrower or any Subsidiary existing on the Agreement Date and set forth in Schedule 7.2, provided that (i) such Lien shall not apply to any other property or asset of the Borrower or any Subsidiary and (ii) such Lien shall secure only those obligations which it secures on the Agreement Date and any extensions, renewals and replacements thereof that do not increase the outstanding principal amount thereof;

(d) any Lien on fixed or capital assets acquired, constructed or improved by the Borrower or any Subsidiary, provided that (i) such Lien secures Indebtedness permitted by Section 7.1(a)(iii), (ii) such Lien and the Indebtedness secured thereby are incurred prior to or within 180 days after such acquisition or the completion of such construction or improvement, (iii) the Indebtedness secured thereby does not exceed the cost of acquiring, constructing or improving such fixed or capital assets and (iv) such Lien shall not apply to any other property or assets of the Borrower or any Subsidiary;

(e) any Lien existing on any property or asset prior to the acquisition thereof by the Borrower or any Subsidiary or existing on any property or asset of any Person that becomes a Subsidiary after the Agreement Date prior to the time such Person becomes a Subsidiary, provided that (i) such Lien secures Indebtedness permitted by Section 7.1(a)(iv), (ii) such Lien is not created in contemplation of or in connection with such acquisition or such Person becoming a Subsidiary, as applicable, (iii) such Lien shall not apply to any other property or assets of the Borrower or any Subsidiary and (iv) such Lien shall secure only the Indebtedness and other obligations that it secures on the date of such acquisition or the date such Person becomes a Subsidiary, as applicable, and any extensions, renewals and replacements thereof that do not increase the outstanding principal amount thereof;

(f) Liens of a depository bank or securities intermediary permitted by any Control Agreement;

(g) Liens incurred to secure Cash Management Services or to implement cash pooling arrangements in the ordinary course of business, provided that the Indebtedness secured thereby does not exceed not to exceed $7,500,000; and

(h) other Liens, in addition to the Liens listed above, not incurred in connection with the incurrence of Indebtedness, securing obligations in the aggregate not to exceed $7,500,000 at any time.

Section 7.3 Fundamental Changes; Business; Fiscal Year.

(a) The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, merge into or consolidate with any other Person, or permit any other Person to merge into or consolidate with it, or sell, transfer, lease or otherwise Dispose of (in one transaction or in a series of transactions) all or substantially all of its assets, or all or substantially all of the Equity Interests issued by any of its Subsidiaries (in each case, whether now owned or hereafter acquired), or liquidate or dissolve or consummate a Division, provided that, if at the time thereof and immediately after giving effect thereto, no Event of Default shall or would have occurred and be continuing:

(i) any Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of the Borrower may merge into or consolidate with (A) the Borrower in a transaction in which the Borrower is the surviving entity, (B) any Subsidiary Guarantor in a transaction in which such Subsidiary Guarantor is the surviving entity, and (C) to the extent such Subsidiary is a Non-Loan Party Subsidiary, any other Non-Loan Party Subsidiary;

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(ii) the Borrower or any Subsidiary may merge into or consolidate with any Person in a transaction that is not permitted by Section 7.3(a)(i), provided that (x) in the case of a merger involving the Borrower, the Borrower shall be the surviving entity of such merger, (y) such merger is permitted by Section 7.4 and either (A) the Subsidiary Guarantor shall be the surviving entity or (B) such other Person shall become a Subsidiary Guarantor pursuant to Section 6.12, and (z) such merger shall not be prohibited by Section 7.5;

(iii) (A) any Subsidiary of a Loan Party may sell, transfer, lease or otherwise Dispose of all or substantially all of its assets to the Borrower or to any Subsidiary Guarantor and (B) any Non-Loan Party Subsidiary may sell, transfer, lease or otherwise Dispose of all or substantially all of its assets to the Borrower or any Subsidiary of the Borrower;

(iv) the Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries may sell, transfer, lease or otherwise Dispose of its assets in a transaction that is not permitted by Section 7.3(a)(iii), provided that such sale, transfer, lease or other Disposition is permitted by Section 7.5; and

(v) (A) any Non‑Loan Party Subsidiary may liquidate or dissolve so long as any remaining assets are transferred to another Non‑Loan Party Subsidiary or a Loan Party and (B) any Subsidiary Guarantor may liquidate or dissolve so long as any remaining assets of such Subsidiary Guarantor are transferred to another Loan Party; provided that, in each case, the Borrower determines in good faith that such liquidation or dissolution is in the best interests of Borrower and its Subsidiaries and is not disadvantageous to the Administrative Agent or any Lender in any material respect;

(b) The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, engage to any material extent in any business other than an Approved Line of Business; and

(c) The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, change its Fiscal Year.

Section 7.4 Investments, Loans, Advances, Guarantees and Acquisitions. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, purchase, hold or acquire (including pursuant to any merger or Division) any Investment, make or permit to exist any Guarantees of any obligations of, or make or permit to exist any investment or any other interest in, any other Person, make any Acquisition or purchase or otherwise enter into or become party to any derivative transaction, except:

(a) Investments in cash and Cash Equivalents;

(b) Investments existing on the Agreement Date and set forth in Schedule 5.13 and Schedule 7.4;

(c) Investments made by the Borrower in any Subsidiary Guarantor or any Non-Loan Party Subsidiary and made by any Subsidiary Guarantor in any other Subsidiary Guarantor or any Non-Loan Party Subsidiary; provided that (i) Investments pursuant to this Section 7.4(c) in any Subsidiary Guarantor with respect to which a legal opinion is required to be delivered pursuant to Section 6.15 shall be deemed to constitute Investments in Non-Loan Party Subsidiaries, and to use the basket under clause (ii) of this subsection (c) on a dollar for dollar basis, from and after the Closing Date until delivery of the relevant legal opinion and (ii) Investments by Loan Parties pursuant to this Section 7.4(c) in any Non-Loan Party Subsidiary, together with the aggregate amount of Permitted Acquisitions of Persons that do not thereupon become Subsidiary Guarantors, or assets that are not acquired by a Loan Party, shall not exceed $5,000,000 in the aggregate after the Agreement Date less any amounts expended in reliance on subsection (e) below;

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(d) the Closing Date Acquisition;

(e) acquisitions made by (i) any Loan Party from any other Loan Party, (ii) any Non-Loan Party Subsidiary from any other Non-Loan Party Subsidiary and (iii) any Non-Loan Party Subsidiary from any Loan Party; provided that, with respect to this clause (iii), such Investment shall be permitted by subsection (c) above;

(f) Guarantees permitted by Section 7.1(a);

(g) Swap Agreements permitted by Section 7.7;

(h) Permitted Acquisitions;

(i) payroll, commission, travel and other similar cash advances made to directors (or comparable Persons), officers or employees in the ordinary course of business, provided that the aggregate outstanding amount permitted by this clause (i) shall not, without duplication, exceed $500,000 at any time outstanding;

(j) (i) promissory notes and other non-cash consideration received in connection with Dispositions permitted by Section 7.5 and (ii) Investments received in settlement of amounts due to any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries effected in the ordinary course of business as a result of insolvency, bankruptcy, reorganization, or other similar proceeding involving an account debtor or upon the foreclosure or enforcement of any Lien in favor of a Loan Party or its Subsidiaries;

(k) Investments of any Person existing at the time such Person becomes a Subsidiary or consolidates or merges with Borrower or any Subsidiary thereof (including in connection with a Permitted Acquisition) so long as such Investments were not made in contemplation of such Person becoming a Subsidiary or of such consolidation or merger;

(l) deposits of cash made in the ordinary course of business to secure performance of (i) operating leases and (ii) other contractual obligations that do not constitute Indebtedness, including earnest money deposits made in cash in connection with any letter of intent or purchase agreement in connection with a Permitted Acquisition;

(m) Investments in negotiable instruments deposited or to be deposited for collection in the ordinary course of business;

(n) Investments in joint ventures, corporate collaborations, or strategic alliances, including, without limitation, in connection with the licensing of technology, the development of technology and/or the providing of technical support; provided, that the aggregate outstanding amount of all such Investments shall not at any time exceed $5,000,000;

(o) Investments consisting of extensions of credit by the Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries in the nature of accounts receivable, prepaid royalties or notes receivable arising from the grant of trade credit or licensing activities of the Borrower or such Subsidiary, in each case in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past business practices;

(p) Investments by any Loan Party in any Non-Loan Party Subsidiary arising from customary cost plus services agreements entered into in the ordinary course of business and on terms that are, when taken as a whole and in the good faith judgment of the Borrower, no less favorable to the Loan Parties than would be obtained in arm’s length transaction with a nonaffiliated third party; provided, that the aggregate amount of all such Investments shall not exceed $5,000,000 in any Fiscal Year;

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(q) so long as Voxter is a Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of the Borrower, cash Investments in Voxter in an amount not exceeding $10,000,000 in any Fiscal Year, the proceeds of which are promptly applied to the working capital requirements of Voxter, and not to any Investment by, or the repayment of Indebtedness of, any Person; and

(r) other Investments by the Borrower and its Subsidiaries after the Agreement Date; provided, that the aggregate outstanding amount of Investments in reliance on this clause (r) shall not at any time exceed $5,000,000.

In determining the amount of Investments, acquisitions, loans, and advances permitted under this Section 7.4, Investments and acquisitions shall always be taken at the original cost thereof (regardless of any subsequent appreciation or depreciation therein) minus all returns of principal, capital, dividends, distributions and other cash returns thereof and minus all liabilities expressly assumed by another Person in connection with the sale or other Disposition of any Investment, and loans and advances shall be taken at the principal amount thereof then remaining unpaid. No Loan Party may make, hold or acquire any Investment in any Person other than a Loan Party owning or having an exclusive right to use any Material Assets.

Section 7.5 Dispositions. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, Dispose of any of its assets except:

(a) issuances of Qualified Equity Interests by any Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of a Loan Party to a Loan Party, in each case subject to the Collateral and Guarantee Requirement;

(b) the sale or lease of inventory in the ordinary course of business;

(c) the use or transfer of money, cash or Cash Equivalents in a manner that is not prohibited by the terms of this Credit Agreement or the other Loan Documents;

(d) the licensing and sublicensing on a non-exclusive basis of patents, trademarks, copyrights, and other intellectual property rights in the ordinary course of business, and the leasing and subleasing of any other property, in each case, solely to the extent that such licensing, sublicensing, leasing and/or subleasing does not detract from the value of such real or personal property or interfere in any material respect with the business of the Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries;

(e) the granting of Liens permitted hereunder and the other transactions permitted by Section 7.2;

(f) any Casualty Event and the Disposition of any property subject thereto;

(g) the abandonment, cancellation or lapse of issued patents, registered trademarks and other registered intellectual property of a Loan Party or Subsidiary thereof to the extent, in such Loan Party’s reasonable business judgment, not economically or otherwise desirable in the conduct of such Loan Party’s business or so long as such lapse is not materially adverse to the interests of the Lenders and (ii) the expiration of patents in accordance with their statutory terms;

(h) [reserved];

(i) Dispositions of assets acquired by the Borrower and its Subsidiaries pursuant to a Permitted Acquisition consummated within 12 months of the date of such Permitted Acquisition in an aggregate amount not to exceed $5,000,000 for each such Permitted Acquisition;

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(j) any trade in of equipment in exchange for other equipment in the ordinary course of business;

(k) the unwinding or termination of hedging arrangements or transactions contemplated by any Swap Agreement which are not prohibited hereunder;

(l) the sale or issuance of Equity Interests (other than Disqualified Equity Interests) by or of the Borrower; and

(m) other Dispositions of any other assets in an aggregate amount not to exceed $5,000,000 in any Fiscal Year.

To the extent the Required Lenders or all the Lenders, as applicable, waive the provisions of this Section 7.5 with respect to the sale of any Collateral, or any Collateral is sold as permitted by this Section 7.5, such Collateral (unless sold to a Loan Party) shall be sold automatically free and clear of the Liens created by the Collateral Documents and, at the expense of the Loan Parties, the Administrative Agent shall take all reasonable actions any Loan Party reasonably requests in writing in order to effect the foregoing.

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section 7.5, in no event shall the Borrower or any other Loan Party dispose of (including by exclusive license) any Material Assets to any Person other than a Loan Party.

Section 7.6 Sale and Lease Back Transactions. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, enter into any Sale and Leaseback arrangement, directly or indirectly, with any Person.

Section 7.7 Swap Agreements. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, enter into any Swap Agreement, except (a) Swap Agreements entered into in the ordinary course of business to hedge or mitigate risks to which the Borrower or any Subsidiary has actual exposure (other than those in respect of Equity Interests of the Borrower or any Subsidiary) and that are not for speculative purposes, and (b) Swap Agreements entered into in order to effectively cap, collar or exchange interest rates (from fixed to floating rates, from one floating rate to another floating rate or otherwise) with respect to any interest-bearing liability or investment of such Loan Party or Subsidiary including the Swap Agreements required under Section 6.14.

Section 7.8 Restricted Payments. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, declare or make, or agree to pay for or make, directly or indirectly, any Restricted Payment, or incur any obligation (contingent or otherwise) to do so, except:

(a) subject to the Collateral and Guarantee Requirement, any Subsidiary of the Borrower may declare and pay, and agree to pay, dividends and other distributions with respect to its Equity Interests payable solely in perpetual common Equity Interests (other than Disqualified Equity Interests),

(b) any Subsidiary of the Borrower may declare and pay dividends or other distributions with respect to its Equity Interests to the Borrower or any Subsidiary Guarantor,

(c) so long as no Specified Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing at the time of such payment or immediately thereafter, the Borrower and any Subsidiaries may (i) repurchase Equity Interests from any current or former officer, director, employee or consultant (or family member or trust (or other similar entity) established for the benefit of any of the foregoing) upon the grant or award of such Equity Interests (or upon vesting thereof) and (ii) make Restricted Payments constituting share repurchases or redemptions pursuant to and in accordance with stock option plans or other benefit plans for management or employees of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries, in each case, in a manner consistent with

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past business practices and in an aggregate amount for all Restricted Payments made in reliance on this clause (c) not to exceed $5,000,000;

(d) so long as no Specified Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing at the time of such payment or immediately thereafter, the Borrower and any Subsidiaries may purchase Equity Interests from present or former officers, directors or employees of the Borrower or any Subsidiary upon the death, disability, retirement or termination of employment or service of such officer, director or employee in a manner consistent with past business practices and in an aggregate amount not to exceed $5,000,000 in any Fiscal Year of the Borrower;

(e) so long as no Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing both before and after (including on a Pro Forma Basis) giving effect thereto, the payment of Earn-Out Obligations as and when due and payable; and

(f) the making of dividends or distributions by a Non-Loan Party Subsidiary to a Non‑Loan Party Subsidiary.

Section 7.9 Transactions with Affiliates. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, Dispose (including pursuant to a merger or Division) of any property or assets to, or purchase, lease or otherwise acquire (including pursuant to a merger or Division) any property or assets from, or otherwise engage in any other transactions with, any of its Affiliates, except for (i) any transactions so long as (A) the aggregate consideration or value for any such transaction or series of related transactions does not exceed $1,000,000 and (B) the consideration or value for all such transactions consummated after the Closing Date does not exceed $5,000,000 in the aggregate, (ii) the payment of customary and reasonable directors’ fees to directors who are not employees of the Borrower or an Affiliate, (iii) any employment agreement, employee benefit plan, stock option plan, officer, director, consultant or employee indemnification agreement (and the payment of indemnities and fees pursuant to such arrangements) or any similar arrangement entered into by the Borrower or any Subsidiary in the ordinary course of business and (iv) transactions in the ordinary course of business and at prices and on terms and conditions not less favorable to such Loan Party or such Subsidiary than could be obtained on an arm’s-length basis from unrelated third parties (it being understood that this Section shall not apply to (A) any transaction that is expressly permitted under Sections 7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5 or 7.8 of this Credit Agreement between or among the Loan Parties and not involving any other Affiliate or (B) any Investment expressly permitted under Section 7.4(p) or Section 7.04(q)).

Section 7.10 Restrictive Agreements. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, directly or indirectly, enter into, incur or permit to exist any agreement or other arrangement that prohibits, restricts or imposes any condition upon (a) the ability of any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries to create, incur or permit to exist any Lien upon any of its property or assets (unless such agreement or arrangement does not prohibit, restrict or impose any condition upon the ability of any Loan Party to create, incur or permit to exist, or the ability of the Administrative Agent to exercise any right or remedy with respect to, any Lien in favor of the Secured Parties created under the Loan Documents) or (b) the ability of any Subsidiary to pay dividends or make other distributions with respect to any of its Equity Interests or to make or repay loans or advances to the Borrower or any other Subsidiary or to Guarantee Indebtedness of the Borrower or any other Subsidiary, provided that (i) the foregoing shall not apply to (A) restrictions and conditions imposed by law or by the Loan Documents, (B) restrictions and conditions existing on the Agreement Date identified on Schedule 7.10 (but shall apply to any extension or renewal of, or any amendment or modification expanding the scope of, any such restriction or condition), (C) customary restrictions and conditions contained in agreements relating to the sale of a subsidiary pending such sale, (provided that such restrictions and conditions apply only to its Subsidiary that is to be sold and such sale is permitted hereunder), (D) customary restrictions in security agreements or mortgages securing Indebtedness, or capital leases, of the Borrower or a Subsidiary to the extent such restrictions shall only

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restrict the transfer of the property subject to such security agreement, mortgage or lease, (E) any encumbrance or restriction with respect to the equity interests of any joint venture or similar arrangement created after the Closing Date and pursuant to provisions of the joint venture or similar agreements with respect to such joint venture or similar arrangements permitted under this Credit Agreement, so long as such encumbrance or restriction was not entered into in contemplation hereof, (F) customary restrictions contained in the organizational documents of any Non-Loan Party Subsidiary, (G) any agreement, document, or instrument of any Subsidiary imposing restrictions or requirements with respect to any property in existence at the time such Subsidiary or property was acquired, so long as such restrictions or requirements are not entered into in contemplation of such person becoming a Subsidiary or the acquisition of such property (and any amendment, modification, or extension thereof that does not expand the scope of any such restriction or requirement), (H) customary restrictions and conditions contained in an agreement related to the sale or other disposition of any property that limit the transfer of such property pending the consummation of such sale or disposition, solely as to property being sold or disposed of and (I) customary restrictions on Liens on deposit and security accounts subject to, and pursuant to, cash management agreements, (ii) clause (a) of this Section shall not apply to restrictions or conditions imposed by any agreement relating to secured Indebtedness permitted by this Credit Agreement if such restrictions or conditions apply only to the property or assets securing such Indebtedness, and (iii) clause (a) of this Section shall not apply to customary provisions in agreements restricting the assignment thereof.

Section 7.11 Amendment of Material Documents. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, amend, supplement modify or waive any of its rights under any Subordinated Debt Document or any of its Organizational Documents, other than immaterial amendments, modifications or waivers that could not reasonably be expected to adversely affect the Credit Parties, provided that the Borrower shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the Administrative Agent and each Lender a copy of all amendments, modifications or waivers thereto promptly after the execution and delivery thereof.

Section 7.12 Financial Covenants.

(a) Recurring Revenue. The Borrower will not permit Recurring Revenue for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters ending during any period set forth in the following table to be less than the corresponding amount set forth in such table:

Period	Amount
October 31, 2023	$175,000,000
January 31, 2024	$180,000,000
April 30, 2024	$185,000,000
July 31, 2024	$190,000,000
October 31, 2024	$195,000,000
January 31, 2025 and each April 30, July 31, October 31 and January 31 thereafter	$200,000,000

 

(b) Liquidity. The Borrower will not permit Liquidity to be less than $10 million as of the last day of any fiscal quarter ending after the Closing Date.

Section 7.13 Payments on Subordinated Debt. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, declare or make, or agree to pay for or make, directly or indirectly, any payment of principal or interest or any purchase, redemption, retirement, acquisition or defeasance with respect to any Indebtedness of such Person which is subordinated to the payment of the Loan Document Obligations

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except that so long as no Event of Default shall have occurred and shall be continuing or would immediately result therefrom, the Borrower or any Subsidiary may make payments of Subordinated Debt to the extent permitted by the subordination provisions applicable thereto.

Section 7.14 Government Regulation. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries to, (a) at any time be or become the subject of any law, regulation, or list of any government agency (including the United States Office of Foreign Asset Control list) that prohibits or limits any Lender from making any loans or extension of credit (including the Loans and the Letters of Credit) to any Loan Party or from otherwise conducting business with any Loan Party, or (b) fail to provide documentary and other evidence of any Loan Party’s identity as may be requested by any Credit Party at any time to enable such Credit Party to verify any Loan Party’s identity or to comply with any Applicable Law or regulation, including Section 326 of the USA PATRIOT Act.

Section 7.15 Hazardous Materials. The Borrower will not, and will not permit any of its Subsidiaries or agents to, cause or permit a Release or threat of Release of Hazardous Materials on, at, in, above, to, from or about any of the property where such Release or threat of Release would (a) violate, or form the basis for any Environmental Claims under, any Environmental Law or any Environmental Permit or (b) otherwise adversely impact the value or marketability of any property of any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries or any of the Collateral, other than such Release, violation or Environmental Claim as could not reasonably be expected to result in a material Environmental Liability.

Article 8

Events of Default

Section 8.1 Events of Default. Any of the following shall constitute an Event of Default:

(a) Non-Payment of Principal or L/C Disbursement. Any Loan Party shall fail to pay any principal of any Loan or any reimbursement obligation in respect of any L/C Disbursement when and as the same shall become due and payable, whether at the due date thereof or at a date fixed for prepayment thereof or otherwise.

(b) Other Non-Payment. Any Loan Party shall fail to pay any interest on any Loan or on any reimbursement obligation in respect of any L/C Disbursement or any fee, commission or any other amount (other than an amount referred to in clause (a) of this Section) payable under any Loan Document, when and as the same shall become due and payable, and such failure shall continue unremedied for a period of five Business Days.

(c) Representations and Warranties. Any representation or warranty made or deemed made by or on behalf of any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries in or in connection with any Loan Document or any amendment or modification hereof or waiver thereunder, or in any report, certificate, financial statement or other document furnished pursuant to or in connection with any Loan Document or any amendment or modification thereof or waiver thereunder, shall prove to have been incorrect in any material respect when made or deemed made.

(d) Specific Covenants. Any Loan Party shall fail to observe or perform any covenant, condition or agreement contained in Sections 6.1(a), 6.1(b), 6.1(c), 6.2(a), 6.3(a), 6.7, 6.8, 6.10, 6.12, 6.15 or 6.16, in Article 7 or any Loan Party shall fail to observe or perform any covenant, condition or agreement contained in the Guarantee Agreement or any Collateral Document to which it is a party.

(e) Other Covenants. Any Loan Party shall fail to observe or perform any covenant, condition or agreement contained in any Loan Document to which it is a party (other than those specified

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in clause (a), (b) or (d) of this Article), and such failure shall continue unremedied for a period of 30 days after the occurrence thereof.

(f) [Reserved].

(g) Cross-Defaults. (i) Any event or condition occurs that results in any Material Indebtedness becoming due prior to its scheduled maturity or payment date, or that enables or permits (with or without the giving of notice, the lapse of time or both) the holder or holders of any Material Indebtedness or any trustee or agent on its or their behalf to cause any Material Indebtedness to become due prior to their scheduled maturity or payment date or to require the prepayment, repurchase, redemption or defeasance thereof prior to their scheduled maturity or payment date (in each case after giving effect to any applicable notice and any applicable cure period), provided that this clause (g) shall not apply to secured Indebtedness that becomes due solely as a result of the voluntary sale, transfer or other disposition of the property or assets securing such Indebtedness; or (ii) any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries shall breach or default on any payment obligation constituting a Swap Agreement Obligation.

(h) Involuntary Proceedings. An involuntary proceeding shall be commenced or an involuntary petition shall be filed seeking (i) liquidation, reorganization or other relief in respect of any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries or its debts, or of a substantial part of its assets, under any Debtor Relief Law now or hereafter in effect or (ii) the appointment of a receiver, trustee, custodian, sequestrator, conservator or similar official for any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries or for a substantial part of its assets, and, in any such case, such proceeding or petition shall continue undismissed for 60 days or an order or decree approving or ordering any of the foregoing shall be entered.

(i) Voluntary Proceedings. Any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries shall (i) voluntarily commence any proceeding or file any petition seeking liquidation, reorganization or other relief under any Debtor Relief Law now or hereafter in effect, (ii) consent to the institution of, or fail to contest in a timely and appropriate manner, any proceeding or petition described in clause (h) of this Article, (iii) apply for or consent to the appointment of a receiver, trustee, custodian, sequestrator, conservator or similar official for any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries or for a substantial part of its assets, (iv) file an answer admitting the material allegations of a petition filed against it in any such proceeding, (v) make a general assignment for the benefit of creditors or (vi) take any action for the purpose of effecting any of the foregoing.

(j) Inability to Pay Debts. Any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries shall become unable, admit in writing its inability or fail generally to pay its debts as they become due.

(k) Judgments. One or more (i) non-monetary judgments which could, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, or (ii) judgments for the payment of money in an aggregate amount in excess of the Threshold Amount shall be rendered against any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries or any combination thereof (which shall not be fully covered (without taking into account any applicable deductibles) by insurance from an unaffiliated insurance company with an A.M. Best financial strength rating of at least A-, it being understood that even if such amounts are covered by insurance from such an insurance company, such amounts shall count against such basket if responsibility for such amounts has been denied by such insurance company) and the same shall remain undischarged or unbonded for a period of 30 consecutive days during which execution shall not be effectively stayed, or any action shall be legally taken by a judgment creditor to attach or levy upon any assets of any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries to enforce any such judgment.

(l) ERISA Events. (i) An ERISA Event shall have occurred that, in the opinion of the Required Lenders, when taken together with all other ERISA Events that have occurred, could reasonably be expected to result in liability of any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries (or in the case of an ERISA

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Event described in subsection (b) of the definition of that term in Section 1.1, could reasonably be expected to subject any Loan Party, any of its Subsidiaries, any Pension Plan, any trust created thereunder, any trustee or administrator thereof, or any party dealing with any Pension Plan or trust to a tax or penalty on “prohibited transactions” under Section 502 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code) in an aggregate amount exceeding $5,000,000, (ii) an ERISA Event shall occur with respect to a Pension Plan or Multiemployer Plan that constitutes grounds for appointment of a trustee for or termination by the PBGC of any Pension Plan or Multiemployer Plan (except to the extent that such event could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect); (iii) a Loan Party or ERISA Affiliate shall fail in any material respect to pay when due any installment payment with respect to its withdrawal liability under Section 4201 of ERISA under a Multiemployer Plan (except to the extent that such event could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect); or (iv) any event similar to the foregoing shall occur or exist with respect to a Foreign Plan.

(m) Invalidity of Loan Documents. Any Loan Document shall cease, for any reason, to be in full force and effect, or any Loan Party shall so assert in writing or shall disavow any of its obligations thereunder.

(n) Liens. Any Lien purported to be created under any Collateral Document shall cease to be, or shall be asserted by any Loan Party not to be, a valid and perfected Lien on any Collateral, with the priority required by the applicable Collateral Document, except (i) as a result of the sale or other disposition of the applicable Collateral in a transaction permitted under the Loan Documents or (ii) as a result of the Administrative Agent’s failure to maintain possession of any stock certificates, promissory notes or other instruments delivered to it under the Security Agreement.

(o) Change of Control. A Change of Control shall occur.

(p) Invalidity of Subordination Provisions. The subordination provisions of any agreement or instrument governing any Subordinated Debt shall for any reason be revoked or invalidated, or otherwise cease to be in full force and effect, or any Loan Party shall contest in any manner the validity or enforceability thereof or deny that it has any further liability or obligation thereunder, or the Obligations for any reason shall not have the priority contemplated by this Credit Agreement or such subordination provisions.

(q) Invalidity of Intercreditor Provisions. The provisions of any intercreditor agreement governing any Liens securing Indebtedness subordinated in right of Lien priority to the Liens securing the Obligations shall for any reason be revoked or invalidated, or otherwise cease to be in full force and effect, or any Loan Party shall contest in any manner the validity or enforceability thereof or deny that it has any further liability or obligation thereunder, or the Obligations for any reason shall not have the priority contemplated by this Credit Agreement or such intercreditor provisions.

Section 8.2 Remedies Upon Event of Default. If any Event of Default occurs and is continuing, then, and in every such event (other than an event described in Section 8.1(h) or (i)), and at any time thereafter during the continuance of such event, the Administrative Agent may, and at the request of the Required Lenders shall, by notice to the Borrower, take either or both of the following actions (whether before or after the Closing Date), at the same or different times: (i) terminate the Commitments, and thereupon the Commitments shall terminate immediately, (ii) declare the Loans then outstanding to be due and payable in whole (or in part, in which case any principal not so declared to be due and payable may thereafter be declared to be due and payable), and thereupon the principal of the Loans so declared to be due and payable, together with accrued interest thereon and all fees and other obligations of each Loan Party accrued under the Loan Documents, shall become due and payable immediately, without presentment, demand, protest or other notice of any kind, all of which are hereby waived by the Borrower, and (iii) require that the Borrower Cash Collateralize the L/C Obligations (in an amount equal to the Minimum

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Collateral Amount with respect thereto) and thereupon such Cash Collateral shall become due and payable immediately, without presentment, demand, protest or other notice of any kind, all of which are hereby waived by the Borrower, and in case of any event described in Section 8.1(h) or (i), the Commitments shall automatically terminate (whether before or after the Closing Date) the principal of the Loans then outstanding, together with accrued interest thereon and all fees and other obligations of each Loan Party accrued under the Loan Documents, shall automatically become due and payable, without presentment, demand, protest or other notice of any kind, all of which are hereby waived by the Borrower and Cash Collateral for the L/C Obligations as described above shall automatically become due and payable, without presentment, demand, protest or other notice of any kind, all of which are hereby waived by the Borrower.

Section 8.3 Application of Funds. After the exercise of remedies provided for in Section 8.2 (or after the Loans have automatically become immediately due and payable and the L/C Obligations have automatically been required to be Cash Collateralized as set forth in Section 2.10), any amounts received on account of the Secured Obligations shall be applied by the Administrative Agent in the following order:

First, to the payment of that portion of the Secured Obligations constituting fees, indemnities, expenses and other amounts (including fees, charges and disbursements of counsel to the Administrative Agent and amounts payable under Article 3), in each case payable to the Administrative Agent in its capacity as such;

Second, to the extent of any excess of such proceeds, to the payment of that portion of the Secured Obligations constituting fees, indemnities, expenses and other amounts (including fees, charges and disbursements of counsel to the L/C Issuer and the L/C Fronting Fee), in each case payable to the L/C Issuer in its capacity as such;

Third, to the extent of any excess of such proceeds, to the payment of that portion of the Secured Obligations constituting fees, indemnities and other amounts, payable to the Credit Parties (including fees, charges and disbursements of counsel to the respective Credit Parties and amounts payable under Article 3), ratably among them in proportion to the respective amounts described in this clause Third payable to them;

Fourth, to the extent of any excess of such proceeds, to the payment of that portion of the Secured Obligations constituting accrued and unpaid interest on the Loans, L/C Obligations and other Secured Obligations, ratably among the Credit Parties in proportion to the respective amounts described in this clause Fourth payable to them;

Fifth, to the extent of any excess of such proceeds, to the payment of that portion of the Secured Obligations constituting unpaid principal of the Loans and L/C Obligations, the Cash Management Obligations and the Swap Agreement Obligations, ratably among the Secured Parties in proportion to the respective amounts described in this clause Fifth held by them;

Sixth, to the extent of any excess of such proceeds, to the Administrative Agent for the account of the L/C Issuer, to Cash Collateralize that portion of L/C Obligations comprised of the aggregate undrawn amount of Letters of Credit;

Seventh, to the extent of any excess of such proceeds, to the payment of all other Secured Obligations of the Loan Parties owing under or in respect of the Loan Documents that are due and payable to the Secured Parties, or any of them, on such date, ratably based on the respective aggregate amounts of all such Secured Obligations owing to the Secured Parties on such date; and

Last, to the extent of any excess of such proceeds, the balance, if any, after all of the Secured Obligations (other than unasserted contingent indemnification and unasserted expense

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reimbursement obligations in each case not yet due and payable) have been paid in full, to the Borrower or as otherwise required by law.

Subject to Section 2.10, amounts used to Cash Collateralize the aggregate undrawn amount of Letters of Credit pursuant to clause Fifth above shall be applied to satisfy drawings under such Letters of Credit as they occur. If any amount remains on deposit as Cash Collateral after all Letters of Credit have either been fully drawn or expired, such remaining amount shall be applied to the Secured Obligations, if any, in the order set forth above. The Administrative Agent shall have no obligation to calculate the amount of any Swap Agreement Obligations or Cash Management Obligations and may request a reasonably detailed calculation thereof from the provider of such Secured Obligations. If the provider of any Swap Agreement Obligations or Cash Management Obligations fails to deliver the calculation of such Secured Obligations within five days following request thereof by the Administrative Agent, then the Administrative Agent may assume the amount of such Secured Obligations are zero. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth above, Excluded CEA Swap Obligations with respect to any Subsidiary Guarantor shall not be paid with amounts received from such Subsidiary Guarantor or its assets, but appropriate adjustments shall be made with respect to payments from other Loan Parties to preserve the allocation to Secured Obligations otherwise set forth above in this Section.

Article 9

The Administrative Agent

Section 9.1 Appointment and Authority. Each of the Lenders and the L/C Issuer hereby irrevocably appoints Citizens Bank to act on its behalf as the Administrative Agent hereunder and under the other Loan Documents and authorizes the Administrative Agent to take such actions on its behalf and to exercise such powers as are delegated to the Administrative Agent by the terms hereof or thereof, together with such actions and powers as are reasonably incidental thereto. The provisions of this Article are solely for the benefit of the Administrative Agent, the Lenders and the L/C Issuer, and neither the Borrower nor any other Loan Party shall have rights as a third-party beneficiary of any of such provisions. It is understood and agreed that the use of the term “agent” herein or in any other Loan Documents (or any other similar term) with reference to the Administrative Agent is not intended to connote any fiduciary or other implied (or express) obligations arising under agency doctrine of any Applicable Law. Instead such term is used as a matter of market custom, and is intended to create or reflect only an administrative relationship between contracting parties.

Section 9.2 Rights as a Lender or L/C Issuer. The Person serving as the Administrative Agent hereunder shall have the same rights and powers in its capacity as a Lender or L/C Issuer as any other Lender or L/C Issuer and may exercise the same as though it were not the Administrative Agent, and the term “Lender” or “Lenders” shall, unless otherwise expressly indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, include the Person serving as the Administrative Agent hereunder in its individual capacity. Such Person and its branches and Affiliates may accept deposits from, lend money to, own securities of, act as the financial advisor or in any other advisory capacity for, and generally engage in any kind of business with, the Borrower or any Subsidiary or other Affiliate thereof as if such Person were not the Administrative Agent hereunder and without any duty to account therefor to the Lenders.

Section 9.3 Exculpatory Provisions.

(a) The Administrative Agent shall not have any duties or obligations except those expressly set forth herein and in the other Loan Documents, and its duties hereunder shall be administrative in nature. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Administrative Agent:

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(i) shall not be subject to any fiduciary or other implied duties, regardless of whether a Default has occurred and is continuing;

(ii) shall not have any duty to take any discretionary action or exercise any discretionary powers, except discretionary rights and powers expressly contemplated hereby or by the other Loan Documents that the Administrative Agent is required to exercise as directed in writing by the Required Lenders (or such other number or percentage of the Lenders as shall be expressly provided for herein or in the other Loan Documents); provided that the Administrative Agent shall not be required to take any action that, in its opinion or the opinion of its counsel, may expose the Administrative Agent to liability or that is contrary to any Loan Document or Applicable Law, including for the avoidance of doubt any action that may be in violation of the automatic stay under any Debtor Relief Law or that may effect a forfeiture, modification or termination of property of a Defaulting Lender in violation of any Debtor Relief Law; and

(iii) shall not, except as expressly set forth herein and in the other Loan Documents, have any duty to disclose, and shall not be liable for the failure to disclose, any information relating to the Borrower or any of its Affiliates that is communicated to or obtained by the Person serving as the Administrative Agent or any of its branches or Affiliates in any capacity.

(b) The Administrative Agent shall not be liable for any action taken or not taken by it (i) with the consent or at the request of the Required Lenders (or such other number or percentage of the Lenders as shall be necessary, or as the Administrative Agent shall believe in good faith shall be necessary, under the circumstances as provided in Section 8.2 and Section 10.2), or (ii) in the absence of its own gross negligence or willful misconduct as determined by a court of competent jurisdiction by final and nonappealable judgment. The Administrative Agent shall be deemed not to have knowledge of any Default unless and until notice describing such Default is given to the Administrative Agent in writing by the Borrower, a Lender or the L/C Issuer.

(c) The Administrative Agent shall not be responsible for or have any duty to ascertain or inquire into (i) any statement, warranty or representation made in or in connection with this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document, (ii) the contents of any certificate, report or other document delivered hereunder or thereunder or in connection herewith or therewith, (iii) the performance or observance of any of the covenants, agreements or other terms or conditions set forth herein or therein or the occurrence of any Default, (iv) the validity, enforceability, effectiveness or genuineness of this Credit Agreement, any other Loan Document or any other agreement, instrument or document, or (v) the satisfaction of any condition set forth in Article 5 or elsewhere herein, other than to confirm receipt of items expressly required to be delivered to the Administrative Agent.

(d) The Administrative Agent shall not be responsible or have any liability for, or have any duty to investigate a violation or potential violation of an Environmental Law or a Release or threat of Release of a Hazardous Material pursuant to Section 6.13, nor shall it have any liability for any action it takes or does not take in connection with any such investigation.

Section 9.4 Reliance by Administrative Agent. The Administrative Agent shall be entitled to rely upon, and shall not incur any liability for relying upon, any notice, request, certificate, consent, statement, instrument, document or other writing (including any electronic message, Internet or intranet website posting or other distribution) believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed, sent or otherwise authenticated by the proper Person. The Administrative Agent also may rely upon any statement made to it orally or by telephone and believed by it to have been made by the proper Person, and shall not incur any liability for relying thereon. In determining compliance with any condition hereunder to the making of a Loan, or the issuance, extension, amendment, increase, reinstatement or renewal of a Letter of Credit, that by its terms must be fulfilled to the satisfaction of a Lender or the L/C Issuer, the Administrative Agent

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may presume that such condition is satisfactory to such Lender or the L/C Issuer unless the Administrative Agent shall have received notice to the contrary from such Lender or the L/C Issuer prior to the making of such Loan or the issuance of such Letter of Credit. The Administrative Agent may consult with legal counsel (who may be counsel for the Borrower), independent accountants and other experts selected by it, and shall not be liable for any action taken or not taken by it in accordance with the advice of any such counsel, accountants or experts.

Section 9.5 Delegation of Duties. The Administrative Agent may perform any and all of its duties and exercise its rights and powers hereunder or under any other Loan Document by or through any one or more sub-agents appointed by the Administrative Agent. The Administrative Agent and any such sub-agent may perform any and all of its duties and exercise its rights and powers by or through their respective Related Parties. The exculpatory provisions of this Article shall apply to any such sub-agent and to the Related Parties of the Administrative Agent and any such sub-agent, and shall apply to their respective activities in connection with the syndication of the Credit Facilities as well as activities as Administrative Agent. The Administrative Agent shall not be responsible for the negligence or misconduct of any sub-agents except to the extent that a court of competent jurisdiction determines in a final and nonappealable judgment that the Administrative Agent acted with gross negligence or willful misconduct in the selection of such sub-agents.

Section 9.6 Resignation of Administrative Agent.

(a) The Administrative Agent may at any time give notice of its resignation to the Lenders, the L/C Issuer and the Borrower. Upon receipt of any such notice of resignation, the Required Lenders shall have the right, in consultation with the Borrower, to appoint a successor, which shall be a bank with an office in New York, New York, or an Affiliate of any such bank with an office in New York, New York. If no such successor shall have been so appointed by the Required Lenders and shall have accepted such appointment within 30 days after the retiring Administrative Agent gives notice of its resignation (or such earlier day as shall be agreed by the Required Lenders) (the “Resignation Effective Date”), then the retiring Administrative Agent may (but shall not be obligated to), on behalf of the Lenders and the L/C Issuer, appoint a successor Administrative Agent meeting the qualifications set forth above, provided that in no event shall any such successor Administrative Agent be a Defaulting Lender. Whether or not a successor has been appointed, such resignation shall become effective in accordance with such notice on the Resignation Effective Date.

(b) If the Person serving as Administrative Agent is a Defaulting Lender pursuant to clause (d) of the definition thereof, the Required Lenders may, to the extent permitted by Applicable Law, by notice in writing to the Borrower and such Person remove such Person as Administrative Agent and, in consultation with the Borrower, appoint a successor. If no such successor shall have been so appointed by the Required Lenders and shall have accepted such appointment within 30 days (or such earlier day as shall be agreed by the Required Lenders) (the “Removal Effective Date”), then such removal shall nonetheless become effective in accordance with such notice on the Removal Effective Date.

(c) With effect from the Resignation Effective Date or the Removal Effective Date (as applicable) (i) the retiring or removed Administrative Agent shall be discharged from its duties and obligations hereunder and under the other Loan Documents and (ii) except for any indemnity payments owed to the retiring or removed Administrative Agent, all payments, communications and determinations provided to be made by, to or through the Administrative Agent shall instead be made by or to each Lender and the L/C Issuer directly, until such time, if any, as the Required Lenders appoint a successor Administrative Agent as provided for above. Upon the acceptance of a successor’s appointment as Administrative Agent hereunder, such successor shall succeed to and become vested with all of the rights, powers, privileges and duties of the retiring or removed Administrative Agent (other than any rights to indemnity payments owed to the retiring or removed Administrative Agent), and the retiring or removed

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Administrative Agent shall be discharged from all of its duties and obligations hereunder or under the other Loan Documents. The fees payable by the Borrower to a successor Administrative Agent shall be the same as those payable to its predecessor unless otherwise agreed between the Borrower and such successor. After the retiring or removed Administrative Agent’s resignation or removal hereunder and under the other Loan Documents, the provisions of this Article and Section 10.3 shall continue in effect for the benefit of such retiring or removed Administrative Agent, its sub-agents and their respective Related Parties in respect of any actions taken or omitted to be taken by any of them while the retiring or removed Administrative Agent was acting as Administrative Agent. To the extent the retiring or removed Administrative Agent is holding cash, deposit account balances or other credit support as collateral for Cash Collateralized Letters of Credit, the retiring or removed Administrative Agent shall on or reasonably promptly following the Resignation Effective Date or the Removal Effective Date (as applicable) cause such collateral to be transferred to the successor Administrative Agent or, if no successor Administrative Agent has been appointed and accepted such appointment, to the respective L/C Issuers ratably according to the outstanding amount of Cash Collateralized Letters of Credit issued by them, in each case to be held as collateral for such Cash Collateralized Letters of Credit in accordance with this Credit Agreement.

Section 9.7 Non-Reliance on Administrative Agent, L/C Issuers and Other Lenders. Each Lender and L/C Issuer expressly acknowledges that that none of the Administrative Agent nor any arranger or bookrunner (collectively the “Arranger”) has made any representation or warranty to it, and that no act by the Administrative Agent or the Arranger hereafter taken, including any consent to, and acceptance of any assignment or review of the affairs of any Loan Party or any Affiliate thereof, shall be deemed to constitute any representation or warranty by the Administrative Agent or the Arranger to any Lender or L/C Issuer as to any matter, including whether the Administrative Agent or the Arranger have disclosed material information in their (or their Related Parties’) possession. Each Lender and L/C Issuer represents to the Administrative Agent and the Arranger that it has, independently and without reliance upon the Administrative Agent, any Arranger, or any other Lender or any of their Related Parties and based on such documents and information as it has deemed appropriate, made its own credit analysis of, appraisal of, and investigation into, the business, prospects, operations, property, financial and other condition and creditworthiness of the Loan Parties and their Subsidiaries, and all applicable bank or other regulatory Laws relating to the transactions contemplated hereby, and made its own decision to enter into this Credit Agreement and to extend credit to the Borrower hereunder. Each Lender and L/C Issuer also acknowledges that it will, independently and without reliance upon the Administrative Agent, any Arranger, or any other Lender or any of their Related Parties and based on such documents and information as it shall from time to time deem appropriate, continue to make its own credit analyses, appraisals and decisions in taking or not taking action under or based upon this Credit Agreement, any other Loan Document or any related agreement or any document furnished hereunder or thereunder, and to make such investigations as it deems necessary to inform itself as to the business, prospects, operations, property, financial and other condition and creditworthiness of the Loan Parties. Each Lender and L/C Issuer represents and warrants that (i) the Loan Documents set forth the terms of a commercial lending facility and (ii) it is engaged in making, acquiring and/or holding commercial loans in the ordinary course and is entering into this Credit Agreement as a Lender or L/C Issuer for the purpose of making, acquiring or holding commercial loans and providing other facilities set forth herein as may be applicable to such Lender or L/C Issuer, and not for the purpose of purchasing, acquiring or holding any other type of financial instrument, and each Lender and L/C Issuer agrees not to assert a claim in contravention of the foregoing. Each Lender and L/C Issuer represents and warrants that it is sophisticated with respect to decisions to make, acquire and/or hold commercial loans and to provide other facilities set forth herein, as may be applicable to such Lender or such L/C Issuer, and either it, or the Person exercising discretion in making its decision to make, acquire and/or hold such commercial loans or to provide such other facilities, is experienced in making, acquiring and/or holding such commercial loans or providing such other facilities.

Section 9.8 No Other Duties, Etc. Anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding, none of the Lead Arranger or any agent listed on the cover page hereof shall have any powers, duties or responsibilities

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under this Credit Agreement or any of the other Loan Documents, except in its capacity, as applicable, as the Administrative Agent, a Lender or the L/C Issuer hereunder.

Section 9.9 Administrative Agent May File Proofs of Claim. In case of the pendency of any proceeding under any Debtor Relief Law or any other judicial proceeding relative to any Loan Party, the Administrative Agent (irrespective of whether the principal of any Loan or reimbursement for any L/C Disbursement shall then be due and payable as herein expressed or by declaration or otherwise and irrespective of whether the Administrative Agent shall have made any demand on the Borrower) shall be entitled and empowered (but not obligated) by intervention in such proceeding or otherwise:

(a) to file and prove a claim for the whole amount of the principal and interest owing and unpaid in respect of the Loans, L/C Obligations and all other Loan Document Obligations that are owing and unpaid and to file such other documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Lenders, the L/C Issuer and the Administrative Agent (including any claim for the reasonable compensation, expenses, disbursements and advances of the Lenders, the L/C Issuer and the Administrative Agent and their respective agents and counsel and all other amounts due the Lenders, the L/C Issuer and the Administrative Agent under Section 10.3) allowed in such judicial proceeding; and

(b) to collect and receive any monies or other property payable or deliverable on any such claims and to distribute the same;

and any custodian, receiver, assignee, trustee, liquidator, sequestrator or other similar official in any such judicial proceeding is hereby authorized by each Lender and the L/C Issuer to make such payments to the Administrative Agent and, in the event that the Administrative Agent shall consent to the making of such payments directly to the Lenders and the L/C Issuer, to pay to the Administrative Agent any amount due for the reasonable compensation, expenses, disbursements and advances of the Administrative Agent and its agents and counsel, and any other amounts due the Administrative Agent Section 10.3.

Section 9.10 Collateral and Guarantee Matters.

(a) The Secured Parties irrevocably authorize the Administrative Agent, at its option and in its discretion,

(i) to release any Lien on any property granted to or held by the Administrative Agent under any Loan Document (A) at the Termination Date, (B) that is sold or otherwise Disposed of or to be sold or otherwise Disposed of as part of or in connection with any sale or other Disposition permitted under the Loan Documents to a Person that is not and is not required to become a Loan Party; provided, however, any sale or Disposition of all or substantially all of the Collateral or all or substantially all of the value of the Guarantees under the Guarantee Agreement shall be subject to Section 10.2(b), or (C) subject to Section 10.2, if approved, authorized or ratified in writing by the Required Lenders;

(ii) to subordinate any Lien on any property granted to or held by the Administrative Agent under any Loan Document to the holder of any Lien on such property that is permitted by Section 7.2(d); and

(iii) to release any Subsidiary Guarantor from its obligations under the Loan Documents if such Person ceases to be a Subsidiary as a result of a transaction permitted under the Loan Documents, provided, however, that the release of all or substantially all of the Collateral or all or substantially all of the value of the Guarantees under the Guarantee Agreement shall be subject to Section 10.2(b).

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Upon request by the Administrative Agent at any time, the Required Lenders will confirm in writing the Administrative Agent’s authority to release or subordinate its interest in particular types or items of property, or to release any Subsidiary Guarantor from its obligations under the Loan Documents pursuant to this Section 9.10.

(b) The Administrative Agent shall not be responsible for or have a duty to ascertain or inquire into any representation or warranty regarding the existence, value or collectability of the Collateral, the existence, priority or perfection of the Administrative Agent’s Lien thereon, or any certificate prepared by any Loan Party in connection therewith, nor shall the Administrative Agent be responsible or liable to the Lenders for any failure to monitor or maintain any portion of the Collateral.

Section 9.11 Compliance with Flood Insurance Laws. The Administrative Agent has adopted internal policies and procedures that address requirements placed on federally regulated lenders under the Flood Insurance Laws and will post on the applicable electronic platform (or otherwise distribute to each Lender documents that it receives in connection with the Flood Insurance Laws (collectively, the “Flood Documents”); provided, however that the Administrative Agent makes no representation or warranty with respect to the adequacy of the Flood Documents or their compliance with the Flood Insurance Laws. Each Lender acknowledges and agrees that it is individually responsible for its own compliance with the Flood Insurance Laws and that it shall, independently and without reliance upon Administrative Agent or any other Lender and based on such documents and information as it shall from time to time deem appropriate, including the Flood Documents posted or distributed by the Administrative Agent, continue to do its own due diligence to ensure its compliance with the Flood Insurance Laws.

Section 9.12 Cash Management Obligations and Swap Agreement Obligations. Except as otherwise expressly set forth herein or in the Security Agreement, any other Collateral Document or any other Loan Document, no Person holding Cash Management Obligations or Swap Agreement Obligations that obtains the benefits of any Guarantee under the Guarantee Agreement or any Collateral by virtue of the provisions hereof or of any Loan Document shall have any right to notice of any action or to consent to, direct or object to any action hereunder or under any other Loan Document or otherwise in respect of the Collateral (including the release or impairment of any Collateral or amendment to any Loan Document (including any Collateral Document) other than in its capacity as a Lender or Administrative Agent and, in such case, only to the extent expressly provided in the Loan Documents. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article 9 to the contrary, the Administrative Agent shall not be required to verify the payment of, or that other satisfactory arrangements have been made with respect to, Cash Management Obligations or Swap Agreement Obligations except to the extent expressly required hereunder, provided that the Administrative Agent has received a Secured Obligation Designation Notice, together with such supporting documentation as the Administrative Agent may request, from the applicable Person holding such Secured Obligations. The Administrative Agent shall not be required to verify the payment of, or that other satisfactory arrangements have been made with respect to, Cash Management Obligations and Swap Agreement Obligations.

Section 9.13 Erroneous Payments.

(a) If the Administrative Agent (x) notifies a Lender, L/C Issuer or Secured Party, or any Person who has received funds on behalf of a Lender, L/C Issuer or Secured Party (any such Lender, L/C Issuer, Secured Party or other recipient (and each of their respective successors and assigns), a “Payment Recipient”) that the Administrative Agent has determined in its sole discretion (whether or not after receipt of any notice under Section 9.13(b)) that any funds (as set forth in such notice from the Administrative Agent) received by such Payment Recipient from the Administrative Agent or any of its Affiliates were erroneously or mistakenly transmitted to, or otherwise erroneously or mistakenly received by, such Payment Recipient (whether or not known to such Lender, L/C Issuer, Secured Party or other Payment Recipient on its behalf) (any such funds, whether transmitted or received as a payment, prepayment or repayment of

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principal, interest, fees, distribution or otherwise, individually and collectively, an “Erroneous Payment”) and (y) demands the return of such Erroneous Payment (or a portion thereof), such Erroneous Payment shall at all times remain the property of the Administrative Agent pending its return or repayment as contemplated below in this Section 9.13 and held in trust for the benefit of the Administrative Agent, and such Lender, L/C Issuer or Secured Party shall (or, with respect to any Payment Recipient who received such funds on its behalf, shall cause such Payment Recipient to) promptly, but in no event later than two (2) Business Days thereafter (or such later date as the Administrative Agent may, in its sole discretion, specify in writing), return to the Administrative Agent the amount of any such Erroneous Payment (or portion thereof) as to which such a demand was made, in same day funds (in the currency so received), together with interest thereon (except to the extent waived in writing by the Administrative Agent) in respect of each day from and including the date such Erroneous Payment (or portion thereof) was received by such Payment Recipient to the date such amount is repaid to the Administrative Agent in same day funds at the greater of the Federal Funds Rate and a rate determined by the Administrative Agent in accordance with banking industry rules on interbank compensation from time to time in effect. A notice of the Administrative Agent to any Payment Recipient under this Section 9.13(a) shall be conclusive, absent manifest error.

(b) Without limiting the provisions of Section 9.13(a), each Payment Recipient (and each of their respective successors and assigns) hereby further agrees that if it receives a payment, prepayment or repayment (whether received as a payment, prepayment or repayment of principal, interest, fees, distribution or otherwise) from the Administrative Agent (or any of its Affiliates) (x) that is in a different amount than, or on a different date from, that specified in this Credit Agreement or in a notice of payment, prepayment or repayment sent by the Administrative Agent (or any of its Affiliates) with respect to such payment, prepayment or repayment, (y) that was not preceded or accompanied by a notice of payment, prepayment or repayment sent by the Administrative Agent (or any of its Affiliates), or (z) that such Payment Recipient otherwise becomes aware was transmitted, or received, in error or by mistake (in whole or in part), in each case:

(i) it acknowledges and agrees that (A) in the case of immediately preceding clauses (x) or (y), an error shall be presumed to have been made (absent written confirmation from the Administrative Agent to the contrary) or (B) in the case of immediately preceding clause (z), an error and mistake has been made, in each case, with respect to such payment, prepayment or repayment; and

(ii) such Lender, L/C Issuer or Secured Party shall (and shall cause any other recipient that receives funds on its respective behalf to) promptly (and, in all events, within one Business Day of its knowledge of the occurrence of any of the circumstances described in immediately preceding clauses (x), (y) and (z)) notify the Administrative Agent of its receipt of such payment, prepayment or repayment, the details thereof (in reasonable detail) and that it is so notifying the Administrative Agent pursuant to this Section 9.13(b). For the avoidance of doubt, the failure to deliver a notice to the Administrative Agent pursuant to this Section 9.13(b) shall not have any effect on a Payment Recipient’s obligations pursuant to Section 9.13(a) or on whether or not an Erroneous Payment has been made.

(c) Each Lender, L/C Issuer or Secured Party hereby authorizes the Administrative Agent to set off, net and apply any and all amounts at any time owing to such Lender, L/C Issuer or Secured Party under any Loan Document, or otherwise payable or distributable by the Administrative Agent to such Lender, L/C Issuer or Secured Party under any Loan Document with respect to any payment of principal, interest, fees, or other amounts, against any amount that the Administrative Agent has demanded to be returned under Section 9.13(a).

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(d) (i) In the event that an Erroneous Payment (or portion thereof) is not recovered by the Administrative Agent for any reason, after demand therefor in accordance with Section 9.13(a), from any Lender that has received such Erroneous Payment (or portion thereof) (and/or from any Payment Recipient who received such Erroneous Payment (or portion thereof) on its respective behalf) (such unrecovered amount, an “Erroneous Payment Return Deficiency”), upon the Administrative Agent’s notice to such Lender at any time, then effective immediately (with the consideration therefor being acknowledged by the parties hereto), (A) such Lender shall be deemed to have assigned its Loans (but not its Commitments) of the relevant Class with respect to which such Erroneous Payment was made (the “Erroneous Payment Impacted Class”) in an amount equal to the Erroneous Payment Return Deficiency (or such lesser amount as the Administrative Agent may specify) (such assignment of the Loans (but not Commitments) of the Erroneous Payment Impacted Class, the “Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment”) (on a cashless basis and such amount calculated at par plus any accrued and unpaid interest (with the assignment fee to be waived by the Administrative Agent in such instance), and is hereby (together with the Borrower) deemed to execute and deliver an Assignment and Assumption with respect to such Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment, and such Lender shall deliver any Notes evidencing such Loans to the Borrower or the Administrative Agent (but the failure of such Person to deliver any such Notes shall not affect the effectiveness of the foregoing assignment), (B) the Administrative Agent as the assignee Lender shall be deemed to have acquired the Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment, (C) upon such deemed acquisition, the Administrative Agent as the assignee Lender shall become a Lender hereunder with respect to such Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment and the assigning Lender shall cease to be a Lender hereunder with respect to such Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment, excluding, for the avoidance of doubt, its obligations under the indemnification provisions of this Credit Agreement and its applicable Commitments which shall survive as to such assigning Lender, (D) the Administrative Agent and the Borrower shall be deemed to have waived any consents required under this Credit Agreement to any such Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment, and (E) the Administrative Agent may reflect in the Register its ownership interest in the Loans subject to the Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment. For the avoidance of doubt, no Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment will reduce the Commitments of any Lender and such Commitments shall remain available in accordance with the terms of this Credit Agreement.

(ii) The Administrative Agent may, in its discretion, sell any Loans acquired pursuant to an Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment and upon receipt of the proceeds of such sale, the Erroneous Payment Return Deficiency owing by the applicable Lender shall be reduced by the net proceeds of the sale of such Loan (or portion thereof), and the Administrative Agent shall retain all other rights, remedies and claims against such Lender (and/or against any recipient that receives funds on its respective behalf). In addition, an Erroneous Payment Return Deficiency owing by the applicable Lender (x) shall be reduced by the proceeds of prepayments or repayments of principal and interest or other distribution in respect of principal and interest, received by the Administrative Agent on or with respect to any such Loans acquired from such Lender pursuant to an Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment (to the extent that any such Loans are then owned by the Administrative Agent) and (y) may in the sole discretion of the Administrative Agent be reduced by any amount specified by the Administrative Agent in writing to the applicable Lender from time to time.

(e) The parties hereto agree (x) irrespective of whether the Administrative Agent may be equitably subrogated, in the event that an Erroneous Payment (or portion thereof) is not recovered from any Payment Recipient that has received such Erroneous Payment (or portion thereof) for any reason, the Administrative Agent shall be subrogated to all the rights and interests of such Payment Recipient (and, in the case of any Payment Recipient who has received funds on behalf of a Lender, L/C Issuer or Secured Party, to the rights and interests of such Lender, L/C Issuer or Secured Party, as the case may be) under the Loan Documents with respect to such amount (the “Erroneous Payment Subrogation Rights”) (provided that the Loan Parties’ Secured Obligations under the Loan Documents in respect of the Erroneous Payment

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Subrogation Rights shall not be duplicative of such Secured Obligations in respect of Loans that have been assigned to the Administrative Agent under an Erroneous Payment Deficiency Assignment) and (y) that an Erroneous Payment shall not pay, prepay, repay, discharge or otherwise satisfy any Secured Obligations owed by the Borrower or any other Loan Party; provided that this Section 9.13 shall not be interpreted to increase (or accelerate the due date for) the Obligations of the Borrower relative to the amount (and/or timing for payment) of the Obligations that would have been payable had such Erroneous Payment not been made by the Administrative Agent; provided, further, that for the avoidance of doubt, immediately preceding clauses (x) and (y) shall not apply to the extent any such Erroneous Payment is, and solely with respect to the amount of such Erroneous Payment that is, comprised of funds received by the Administrative Agent from the Borrower for the purpose of making such Erroneous Payment.

(f) To the extent permitted by applicable law, no Payment Recipient shall assert any right or claim to an Erroneous Payment, and hereby waives, and is deemed to waive, any claim, counterclaim, defense or right of set-off or recoupment with respect to any demand, claim or counterclaim by the Administrative Agent for the return of any Erroneous Payment received, including without limitation any defense based on “discharge for value” or any similar doctrine.

(g) Each party’s obligations, agreements and waivers under this Section 9.13 shall survive the resignation or replacement of the Administrative Agent, any transfer of rights or obligations by, or the replacement of, a Lender or L/C Issuer, the termination of the Commitments and/or the repayment, satisfaction or discharge of all Secured Obligations (or any portion thereof).

Article 10

Miscellaneous

Section 10.1 Notices.

(a) Notices Generally. Except in the case of notices and other communications expressly permitted to be given by telephone (and except as provided in paragraph (b) below), all notices and other communications provided for herein shall be in writing and shall be delivered by hand or overnight courier service, mailed by certified or registered mail or sent by facsimile as follows:

(i) if to any Loan Party,

Ooma, Inc.

525 Alamanor Avenue, Suite 200

Sunnyvale, CA 94085

Attention: General Counsel and Chief Financial Officer

 

(ii) if to the Administrative Agent, Lead Arranger, or the L/C Issuer, to the address, facsimile number, electronic mail address or telephone number specified for such Person on Schedule 10.1 (Committed Loan Notices and Letter of Credit Applications shall additionally be delivered to the addressees set forth therein); and

(iii) if to any other Credit Party, the address, facsimile number, electronic mail address or telephone number specified in its Administrative Questionnaire.

Notices sent by hand or overnight courier service, or mailed by certified or registered mail, shall be deemed to have been given when received; notices sent by facsimile shall be deemed to have been given when sent

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(except that, if not given during normal business hours for the recipient, shall be deemed to have been given at the opening of business on the next Business Day for the recipient). Notices delivered through electronic communications to the extent provided in paragraph (b) below, shall be effective as provided in said paragraph (b).

(b) Electronic Communications. Notices and other communications hereunder may be delivered or furnished by electronic communication (including e-mail and Internet or intranet websites) pursuant to procedures approved by the Administrative Agent, provided that the foregoing shall not apply to notices to any Credit Party pursuant to Article 2 if such Credit Party has notified the Administrative Agent that it is incapable of receiving notices under such Article by electronic communication.

Unless the Administrative Agent otherwise prescribes, (i) notices and other communications sent to an e-mail address shall be deemed received upon the sender’s receipt of an acknowledgement of transmission to the intended recipient (such as by the “delivery receipt requested” function, return e-mail, confirmation of system-generated posting notices by a Platform or other written acknowledgement) and (ii) notices or communications posted to a Platform or an Internet or intranet website shall be deemed received upon the deemed receipt by the intended recipient at its e-mail address as described in the foregoing clause (i) of notification that such notice or communication is available and identifying the website address therefor; provided that for both clauses (i) and (ii) above, if such notice or other communication is not sent during the normal business hours of the recipient, such notice or communication shall be deemed to have been sent at the opening of business on the next Business Day for the recipient. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, borrowing requests and other notices to Administrative Agent, a Swing Line Lender or an L/C Issuer sent by email or posted to a Platform or an Internet or intranet website shall only be effective against such party if receipt of such transmission is affirmatively acknowledged by such party.

(c) Change of Address, Etc. Any party hereto may change its address or facsimile number for notices and other communications hereunder by notice to the other parties hereto.

(d) Platform.

(i) The Borrower that the Administrative Agent may, but shall not be obligated to, make the Communications available to the L/C Issuer and the other Lenders by posting the Communications on the Platform and that certain of the Lenders (each, a “Public Lender”) may have personnel who do not wish to receive material non-public information with respect to the Loan Parties or their Affiliates, or the respective securities of any of the foregoing, and who may be engaged in investment and other market-related activities with respect to such Persons’ securities.

(ii) The Borrower hereby agrees that so long as any Loan Party is the issuer of any outstanding debt or equity securities that are registered or issued pursuant to a private offering or is actively contemplating issuing any such securities it will use commercially reasonable efforts to identify that portion of the Communications that may be distributed to the Public Lenders and that: (A) all such (i) shall be clearly and conspicuously marked “PUBLIC” which, at a minimum, means that the word “PUBLIC” shall appear prominently on the first page thereof; (B) by marking (ii) “PUBLIC,” the Borrower shall be deemed to have authorized the Administrative Agent, Lead Arranger and the Lenders to treat such Communications as not containing any material non-public information (although it may be sensitive and proprietary) with respect to any Loan Party or its securities for purposes of United States Federal and state securities laws (provided, however, that to the extent such Communications constitute Information, they shall be treated as set forth in Section 10.14); (C) all Communications marked “PUBLIC” are permitted to be made available through a portion of the Platform designated “Public Side Information”; and (D) the Administrative Agent and the Lead Arranger shall be entitled to treat any Communications that are not marked

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“PUBLIC” as being suitable only for posting on a portion of the Platform not designated “Public Side Information”.

(iii) The Platform is provided “as is” and “as available.” The Agent Parties (as defined below) do not warrant the adequacy of the Platform and expressly disclaim liability for errors or omissions in the Communications. No warranty of any kind, express, implied or statutory, including any warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement of third-party rights or freedom from viruses or other code defects, is made by any Agent Party in connection with the Communications or the Platform. In no event shall the Administrative Agent or any of its Related Parties (collectively, the “Agent Parties”) have any liability to the Borrower or the other Loan Parties, any Lender or any other Person or entity for damages of any kind, including direct or indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages, losses or expenses (whether in tort, contract or otherwise) arising out of any Loan Party’s or the Administrative Agent’s transmission of communications through the Platform.

Section 10.2 Waivers; Amendments.

(a) No failure or delay by any Credit Party in exercising any right or power under any Loan Document shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any such right or power, or any abandonment or discontinuance of steps to enforce such a right or power, preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right or power. The rights and remedies of the Credit Parties under the Loan Documents are cumulative and are not exclusive of any rights or remedies that they would otherwise have. No waiver of any provision of any Loan Document or consent to any departure by any Loan Party therefrom shall in any event be effective unless the same shall be permitted by paragraph (b) of this Section, and then such waiver or consent shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the purpose for which given. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the making of a Loan and/or the issuance, amendment, extension or renewal of a Letter of Credit shall not be construed as a waiver of any Default, regardless of whether any Credit Party may have had notice or knowledge of such Default at the time.

(b) Except as expressly provided by Section 2.11, Section 3.1(e), Section 3.8 or in the other paragraphs of this Section 10.2, neither this Credit Agreement, any other Loan Document (other than the Engagement Letter) nor any provision thereof may be waived, amended or modified except pursuant to an agreement or agreements in writing entered into by the Loan Parties and the Required Lenders (or, in the case of waivers of any condition precedent to any Revolving Borrowing set forth in Section 4.2, the Required Class Lenders in respect of the Revolving Facility), or by the Borrower and the Administrative Agent with the consent of the Required Lenders; provided that no such agreement shall:

(i) extend or increase any Commitment of any Lender without the written consent of such Lender or increase the L/C Sublimit without the consent of the L/C Issuer (it being understood that a waiver of any condition precedent set forth in Article 4 or the waiver of any Default shall not constitute an extension or increase of any Commitment of any Lender or an increase of the L/C Sublimit);

(ii) reduce the principal amount of any Loan or any reimbursement obligation with respect to a L/C Disbursement, or reduce the rate of any interest, or reduce any fees or other amounts, payable under the Loan Documents, without the written consent of each Credit Party directly and adversely affected thereby; provided that only the consent of the Required Lenders shall be necessary to amend or modify any Financial Covenant, any defined terms used therein or the definition of “Default Rate” or to waive any obligation of the Borrower to pay interest at the Default Rate, in each case, notwithstanding the fact that any such amendment or modification actually results in reduction in the rate of interest or fees;

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(iii) postpone any date scheduled for any payment of principal of, or interest on, any Loan or reimbursement obligation with respect to any L/C Disbursement, or any fees or other amounts payable hereunder or under any other Loan Document, or reduce the amount of, waive or excuse any such payment, or postpone the stated termination or expiration of the Revolving Commitments or reduce the amount of or postpone the date of any prepayment required by Section 2.7(b) without the written consent of each Credit Party directly and adversely affected thereby;

(iv) except as provided in Section 2.10 and subsection (c) below change any provision hereof in a manner that would alter the pro rata sharing of payments required by Section 2.8(b) or the pro rata reduction of Revolving Commitments required by Section 2.5(d), without the written consent of each Credit Party directly and adversely affected thereby;

(v) change any of the provisions of this Section or the definition of the terms “Required Lenders” or “Required Class Lenders” or any other provision hereof specifying the number or percentage of Lenders required to waive, amend or modify any rights hereunder or make any determination or grant any consent hereunder;

(vi) amend, modify or waive any provision of Section 2.10 without the written consent of the Administrative Agent and the L/C Issuer;

(vii) change the currency in which any Commitment or Loan is, or is to be, denominated, Letters of Credit are to be issued or payment under the Loan Documents is to be made without the written consent of each Lender directly affected thereby;

(viii) release any Loan Party from its Guarantee under the Guarantee Agreement (except as expressly provided therein or in Section 9.10), or limit its liability in respect of such Guarantee, without the written consent of each Lender; or

(ix) release all or substantially all of the Collateral from the Liens of the Loan Documents (except as expressly provided in the applicable Collateral Document or in connection with a transaction permitted by Section 7.3), without the consent of each Lender; and

provided, further, that no such amendment, waiver or consent shall amend, modify or otherwise affect the rights or duties hereunder or under any other Loan Document of (A) the Administrative Agent, unless in writing executed by the Administrative Agent and (B) any Issuing Bank, unless in writing executed by such Issuing Bank.

(c) Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, no Defaulting Lender shall have any right to approve or disapprove any amendment, waiver or consent hereunder (and any amendment, waiver or consent that by its terms requires the consent of all the Lenders or each affected Lender may be effected with the consent of the applicable Lenders other than Defaulting Lenders, except that (x) the Commitment of any Defaulting Lender may not be increased or extended, or the maturity of any of its Loan may not be extended, the rate of interest on any of its Loans may not be reduced and the principal amount of any of its Loans may not be forgiven, in each case without the consent of such Defaulting Lender and (y) any amendment, waiver or consent requiring the consent of all the Lenders or each affected Lender that by its terms affects any Defaulting Lender more adversely than the other affected Lenders shall require the consent of such Defaulting Lender.

(d) In addition, notwithstanding anything in this Section to the contrary, if the Administrative Agent and the Borrower shall have jointly identified an obvious error or any error or omission of a technical nature, in each case, in any provision of the Loan Documents, then the

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Administrative Agent and the Borrower shall be permitted to amend such provision, and, in each case, such amendment shall become effective without any further action or consent of any other party to any Loan Document if the same is not objected to in writing by the Required Lenders to the Administrative Agent within 10 Business Days following receipt of notice thereof.

Section 10.3 Expenses; Indemnity; Damage Waiver.

(a) Costs and Expenses. The Loan Parties, jointly and severally, shall pay (i) all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the Administrative Agent, Lead Arranger and their respective Affiliates (including Attorney Costs of counsel for the Administrative Agent), in connection with the syndication of the credit facilities provided for herein, the preparation, negotiation, execution, delivery and administration of this Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents or any amendments, modifications or waivers of the provisions hereof or thereof (whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby shall be consummated), (ii) all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the L/C Issuer in connection with the issuance, amendment, renewal or extension of any Letter of Credit or any demand for payment thereunder and (iii) all out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the Administrative Agent, Lead Arranger or any Credit Party (including Attorney Costs of the Administrative Agent or any Credit Party), in connection with the enforcement or protection of its rights (whether through negotiations, legal proceedings or otherwise) (A) in connection with this Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents, including its rights under this Section, or (B) in connection with the Loans made or Letters of Credit issued hereunder, including all such out-of-pocket expenses incurred during any workout, restructuring or negotiations in respect of such Loans or Letters of Credit.

(b) Indemnification by Loan Parties. The Loan Parties, jointly and severally, shall indemnify the Administrative Agent (and any sub-agent thereof), each Credit Party, and each Related Party of any of the foregoing Persons (each such Person being called an “Indemnitee”) against, and hold each Indemnitee harmless from, any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities and related expenses (including Attorney Costs), incurred by any Indemnitee or asserted against any Indemnitee by any third party or by any Loan Party arising out of, in connection with, or as a result of (i) the execution or delivery of this Credit Agreement, any other Loan Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby or thereby, the performance by the parties hereto of their respective obligations hereunder or thereunder or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, (ii) any Loan or Letter of Credit or the use or proposed use of the proceeds therefrom (including any refusal by the L/C Issuer to honor a demand for payment under a Letter of Credit if the documents presented in connection with such demand do not strictly comply with the terms of such Letter of Credit), (iii) any actual or alleged presence or Release of Hazardous Materials at, on, under or from any property owned or operated by any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries, or any Environmental Claim or Environmental Liability related in any way to any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries, (iv) any actual or prospective claim, litigation, investigation or proceeding relating to any of the foregoing, whether based on contract, tort or any other theory, whether brought by a third party or by any Loan Party, and regardless of whether any Indemnitee is a party thereto or (v) any government investigation, audit, hearing or enforcement action resulting from any Loan Party’s or any of its Affiliate’s noncompliance (or purported noncompliance) with any applicable Sanctions, other Anti-Terrorism Laws or Anti-Corruption Laws (it being understood and agreed that the Indemnitees shall be entitled to indemnification pursuant to this clause (including indemnification for fines, penalties and other expenses) regardless of whether any adverse finding is made against any Loan Party or any of its Affiliates), provided that such indemnity shall not, as to any Indemnitee, be available to the extent that such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or related expenses (x) are determined by a court of competent jurisdiction by final and non-appealable judgment to have resulted from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of such Indemnitee or (y) result from a claim brought by any Loan Party against an Indemnitee for breach in bad faith of such Indemnitee’s obligations hereunder or under any other Loan Document, if such Loan Party has obtained a final and non-appealable judgment in its favor on such claim as determined by a court of competent jurisdiction. To the extent that the indemnity set forth above in this paragraph shall be held to

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be unenforceable in whole or in part because it is violative of any law or public policy, the Borrower shall contribute the maximum portion that it is permitted to pay and satisfy under applicable law to the payment and satisfaction of all indemnified amounts incurred by Indemnitees or any of them. This Section 10.3(b) shall not apply with respect to Taxes other than any Taxes that represent losses, claims, damages, liabilities or related expenses arising from any non-Tax claim.

(c) Reimbursement by Lenders. To the extent that the Borrower for any reason fails to indefeasibly pay any amount required under paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section to be paid by it to the Administrative Agent (or any sub-agent thereof), the L/C Issuer or any Related Party of any of the foregoing, each Lender severally agrees to pay to the Administrative Agent (or any such sub-agent), the L/C Issuer or such Related Party, as the case may be, such Lender’s pro rata share (determined as of the time that the applicable unreimbursed expense or indemnity payment is sought based on each Lender’s share of the Total Credit Exposure at such time) of such unpaid amount (including any such unpaid amount in respect of a claim asserted by such Lender); provided that with respect to such unpaid amounts owed to the L/C Issuer solely in its capacity as such, only the Revolving Lenders shall be required to pay such unpaid amounts, such payment to be made severally among them based on such Revolving Lender’s Applicable Percentage (determined as of the time that the applicable unreimbursed expense or indemnity payment is sought) provided, further, that the unreimbursed expense or indemnified loss, claim, damage, liability or related expense, as the case may be, was incurred by or asserted against the Administrative Agent (or any such sub-agent), the L/C Issuer in its capacity as such, or against any Related Party of any of the foregoing acting for the Administrative Agent (or any such sub-agent), the L/C Issuer in connection with such capacity. The obligations of the Lenders under this paragraph (c) are subject to the provisions of Section 2.8(d).

(d) Waiver of Consequential Damages, Etc. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, no Loan Party shall assert, and each Loan Party hereby waives, any claim against the Administrative Agent (and any sub-agent thereof), any Lender and any L/C Issuer, and any Related Party of any of the foregoing Persons (each such Person being called a “Protected Person”), on any theory of liability, for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages (as opposed to direct or actual damages) arising out of, in connection with, or as a result of, this Credit Agreement, any other Loan Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby or thereby, the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, any Loan or Letter of Credit or the use of the proceeds thereof. No Protected Person shall be liable for any damages arising from the use by unintended recipients of any information or other materials distributed by it through telecommunications, electronic or other information transmission systems in connection with this Credit Agreement or the other Loan Documents or the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby.

(e) Payments. All amounts due under this Section shall be payable promptly and in no event later than 10 Business Days after demand therefor.

Section 10.4 Successors and Assigns.

(a) Successors and Assigns Generally. The provisions of this Credit Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns permitted hereby, except that no Loan Party may assign or otherwise transfer any of its rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of the Administrative Agent, each L/C Issuer and each Lender (and any other attempted assignment or transfer by any party hereto shall be null and void) and no Lender may assign or otherwise transfer any of its rights or obligations hereunder except (i) to an assignee in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (b) of this Section, (ii) by way of participation in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (d) of this Section or (iii) by way of pledge or assignment of a security interest subject to the restrictions of paragraph (e) of this Section. Nothing in this Credit Agreement, expressed or implied, shall be construed to confer upon any Person (other than the parties hereto, their respective successors and assigns permitted hereby, Participants to the extent provided in paragraph (d) of

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this Section and, to the extent expressly contemplated hereby, the Related Parties of each Credit Party) any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or by reason of this Credit Agreement.

(b) Assignments by Lenders. Any Lender may at any time assign to one or more assignees all or a portion of its rights and obligations under this Credit Agreement (including all or a portion of its applicable Commitments and the applicable Loans at the time owing to it); provided that any such assignment shall be subject to the following conditions:

(i) Minimum Amounts.

(A) in the case of an assignment of the entire remaining amount of the assigning Lender’s applicable Commitment and/or the applicable Loans at the time owing to it (in each case with respect to any Credit Facility) or contemporaneous assignments to or by related Approved Funds (determined after giving effect to such assignments) that equal at least the amount specified in paragraph (b)(i)(B) of this Section in the aggregate or in the case of an assignment to a Lender, an Affiliate of a Lender or an Approved Fund, no minimum amount need be assigned; and

(B) in any case not described in paragraph (b)(i)(A) of this Section, the aggregate amount of the applicable Commitment (which for this purpose includes Loans outstanding thereunder) or, if the applicable Commitment is not then in effect, the principal outstanding balance of the applicable Loans of the assigning Lender subject to each such assignment (determined as of the date the Assignment and Assumption with respect to such assignment is delivered to the Administrative Agent or, if “Trade Date” is specified in the Assignment and Assumption, as of the Trade Date) shall not be less than $5,000,000, in the case of any assignment in respect of a Revolving Facility, unless each of the Administrative Agent and, so long as no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, the Borrower otherwise consents (each such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed).

(ii) Proportionate Amounts. Each partial assignment shall be made as an assignment of a proportionate part of all the assigning Lender’s rights and obligations under this Credit Agreement with respect to the applicable Loan or the applicable Commitment assigned, except that this clause (ii) shall not prohibit any Lender from assigning all or a portion of its rights and obligations among separate Tranches on a non-pro rata basis.

(iii) Required Consents. No consent shall be required for any assignment except to the extent required by paragraph (b)(i)(B) of this Section and, in addition:

(A) the consent of the Borrower (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed) shall be required unless (x) an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing at the time of such assignment or (y) such assignment is to a Lender (other than a Defaulting Lender), an Affiliate of a Lender (other than a Defaulting Lender) or an Approved Fund, provided that the Borrower shall be deemed to have consented to any such assignment unless it shall object thereto by written notice to the Administrative Agent within five Business Days after written notice of such assignment shall have delivered to the Borrower; and provided, further, that the Borrower’s consent shall not be required during the primary syndication of the Credit Facilities;

(B) the consent of the Administrative Agent (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed) shall be required for assignments in respect of (i) the Revolving Facility or any unfunded Term Loan Commitment if such assignment is to a

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Person that is not a Lender with a Commitment in respect of such facility, an Affiliate of such Lender or an Approved Fund with respect to such Lender or (ii) a funded Term Facility to a Person who is not a Lender, an Affiliate of a Lender or an Approved Fund; and

(C) the consent of the L/C Issuer shall be required for any assignment in respect of the Revolving Facility.

(iv) Assignment and Assumption. The parties to each assignment shall execute and deliver to the Administrative Agent an Assignment and Assumption, together with a processing and recordation fee of $3,500, and the assignee, if it is not a Lender, shall deliver to the Administrative Agent an Administrative Questionnaire. In addition, each assignee shall, on or before the effective date of such assignment, deliver to the Borrower and the Administrative Agent certification as to exemption from deduction or withholding of any United States Taxes in accordance with Section 3.6(g).

(v) No Assignment to Certain Persons. No such assignment shall be made to (A) the Borrower or any of the Borrower’s Affiliates or Subsidiaries, (B) any Defaulting Lender or any of its Subsidiaries, or any Person who, upon becoming a Lender hereunder, would constitute a Defaulting Lender or a Subsidiary thereof or (C) a Person who, at the time of such assignment, is a Sanctioned Person if such assignment would violate Applicable Law.

(vi) No Assignment to Natural Persons. No such assignment shall be made to a natural person (or a holding company, investment vehicle or trust for, or owned and operated for the primary benefit of, a natural person).

(vii) Certain Additional Payments. In connection with any assignment of rights and obligations of any Defaulting Lender hereunder, no such assignment shall be effective unless and until, in addition to the other conditions thereto set forth herein, the parties to the assignment shall make such additional payments to the Administrative Agent in an aggregate amount sufficient, upon distribution thereof as appropriate (which may be outright payment, purchases by the assignee of participations or subparticipations, or other compensating actions, including funding, with the prior written consent of the Borrower and the Administrative Agent, the applicable pro rata share of Loans previously requested but not funded by the Defaulting Lender, to each of which the applicable assignee and assignor hereby irrevocably consent), to (x) pay and satisfy in full all payment liabilities then owed by such Defaulting Lender to the Administrative Agent or any Lender hereunder (and interest accrued thereon) and (y) acquire (and fund as appropriate) its full pro rata share of all Loans and participations in Letters of Credit, as applicable, in accordance with its Applicable Percentage. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that any assignment of rights and obligations of any Defaulting Lender hereunder shall become effective under Applicable Law without compliance with the provisions of this paragraph, then the assignee of such interest shall be deemed to be a Defaulting Lender for all purposes of this Credit Agreement until such compliance occurs.

Subject to acceptance and recording thereof by the Administrative Agent pursuant to paragraph (c) of this Section, from and after the effective date specified in each Assignment and Assumption, the assignee thereunder shall be a party to this Credit Agreement and, to the extent of the interest assigned by such Assignment and Assumption, have the rights and obligations of a Lender under this Credit Agreement, and the assigning Lender thereunder shall, to the extent of the interest assigned by such Assignment and Assumption, be released from its obligations under this Credit Agreement (and, in the case of an Assignment and Assumption covering all of the assigning Lender’s rights and obligations under this Credit Agreement, such Lender shall cease to be a party hereto) but shall continue to be entitled to the benefits of

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Section 3.5 and Section 10.3 with respect to facts and circumstances occurring prior to the effective date of such assignment. Any assignment or transfer by a Lender of rights or obligations under this Credit Agreement that does not comply with this paragraph shall be treated for purposes of this Credit Agreement as a sale by such Lender of a participation in such rights and obligations in accordance with paragraph (d) of this Section.

(c) Register. The Administrative Agent, acting solely for this purpose as a non-fiduciary agent of the Borrower, shall maintain a copy of each Assignment and Assumption delivered to it and a register for the recordation of the names and addresses of the applicable Lenders, and the applicable Commitments of, and principal amounts of the applicable Loans owing to, each Lender pursuant to the terms hereof from time to time (the “Register”). The entries in the Register shall be conclusive, and the Borrower, the Administrative Agent, the L/C Issuers and the applicable Lenders shall treat each Person whose name is recorded in the Register pursuant to the terms hereof as a Lender hereunder for all purposes of this Credit Agreement, notwithstanding notice to the contrary. The Register shall be available for inspection by the Borrower and any L/C Issuer or Lender, at any reasonable time and from time to time upon reasonable prior notice.

(d) Participations. Any Lender may at any time, without the consent of, or notice to, the Borrower, any L/C Issuer or the Administrative Agent, sell participations to any Person (other than (w) a natural person (or a holding company, investment vehicle or trust for, or owned and operated for the primary benefit of, a natural person), (x) the Borrower or any of the Borrower’s Affiliates or Subsidiaries, (y) any Defaulting Lender or any of its subsidiaries or (z) a Person who, at the time of such participation, is a Sanctioned Person if the sale of such participation would violate Applicable Law) (each, a “Participant”) in all or a portion of such Lender’s rights and/or obligations under this Credit Agreement (including all or a portion of its applicable Revolving Commitment and/or the applicable Loans owing to it); provided that (i) such Lender’s obligations under this Credit Agreement shall remain unchanged, (ii) such Lender shall remain solely responsible to the other parties hereto for the performance of such obligations and (iii) the Borrower, the Administrative Agent and each Credit Party shall continue to deal solely and directly with such Lender in connection with such Lender’s rights and obligations under this Credit Agreement.

Any agreement or instrument pursuant to which a Lender sells such a participation shall provide that such Lender shall retain the sole right to enforce this Credit Agreement and to approve any amendment, modification or waiver of any provision of this Credit Agreement; provided that such agreement or instrument may provide that such Lender will not, without the consent of the Participant, agree to any amendment, modification or waiver described in Section 10.2(b) that affects such Participant. The Borrower agrees that each Participant shall be entitled to the benefits of Sections 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 (subject to the requirements and limitations therein, including the requirements under Section 3.6 (it being understood that the documentation required under Section 3.6(g) shall be delivered to the participating Lender)) to the same extent as if it were a Lender and had acquired its interest by assignment pursuant to paragraph (b) of this Section; provided that such Participant (A) agrees to be subject to the provisions of Sections 3.7 as if it were an assignee under paragraph (b) of this Section; and (B) shall not be entitled to receive any greater payment under Sections 3.5 or 3.6, with respect to any participation, than its participating Lender would have been entitled to receive, except to the extent such entitlement to receive a greater payment results from a Change in Law that occurs after the Participant acquired the applicable participation. Each Lender that sells a participation agrees, at the Borrower’s request and expense, to use reasonable efforts to cooperate with the Borrower to effectuate the provisions of Section 3.7(b) with respect to any Participant. To the extent permitted by law, each Participant also shall be entitled to the benefits of Section 10.8 as though it were a Lender; provided that such Participant agrees to be subject to Section 2.8(h) as though it were a Lender. Each Lender that sells a participation shall, acting solely for this purpose as a non-fiduciary agent of the Borrower, maintain a register on which it enters the name and address of each Participant and the principal amounts (and stated interest) of each Participant’s interest in the Loans or other obligations under the Loan Documents (the “Participant Register”); provided that no Lender shall have any

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obligation to disclose all or any portion of the Participant Register (including the identity of any Participant or any information relating to a Participant’s interest in any commitments, loans, letters of credit or its other obligations under any Loan Document) to any Person except to the extent that such disclosure is necessary to establish that such commitment, loan, letter of credit or other obligation is in registered form under Section 5f.103-1(c) and proposed Section 1.163-5(b) of the United States Treasury Regulations. The entries in the Participant Register shall be conclusive absent manifest error, and such Lender shall treat each Person whose name is recorded in the Participant Register as the owner of such participation for all purposes of this Credit Agreement notwithstanding any notice to the contrary. For the avoidance of doubt, the Administrative Agent (in its capacity as Administrative Agent) shall have no responsibility for maintaining a Participant Register.

(e) Certain Pledges. Any Lender may at any time pledge or assign a security interest in all or any portion of its rights under this Credit Agreement and the Loan Documents to secure obligations of such Lender, including any pledge or assignment to secure obligations to a Federal Reserve Bank; provided that no such pledge or assignment shall release such Lender from any of its obligations hereunder or substitute any such pledgee or assignee for such Lender as a party hereto.

(f) Cashless Settlement. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Credit Agreement, any Lender may exchange, continue or rollover all or a portion of its Loans in connection with any refinancing, extension, loan modification or similar transaction permitted by the terms of this Credit Agreement, pursuant to a cashless settlement mechanism approved by the Borrower, the Administrative Agent and such Lender.

Section 10.5 Survival. All covenants, agreements, representations and warranties made by the Borrower herein and in the certificates or other instruments prepared or delivered in connection with or pursuant to this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document shall be considered to have been relied upon by the other parties hereto and shall survive the execution and delivery of any Loan Document and the making of any Loans and the issuance of any Letter of Credit, regardless of any investigation made by any such other party or on its behalf and notwithstanding that any Credit Party may have had notice or knowledge of any Default or incorrect representation or warranty at the time any credit is extended hereunder, and shall continue in full force and effect as long as the principal of or any accrued interest on any Loan or any L/C Obligation or any fee or any other amount payable under the Loan Documents is outstanding and unpaid or any Letter of Credit is outstanding and so long as the Commitments have not expired or terminated. The provisions of Sections 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 10.3, 10.9, and 10.10 and Article 9 shall survive and remain in full force and effect regardless of the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby or the Termination Date.

Section 10.6 Counterparts; Integration; Effectiveness; Electronic Execution. This Credit Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Except as provided in Section 4.1, this Credit Agreement shall become effective when it shall have been executed by the Administrative Agent and when the Administrative Agent shall have received counterparts hereof that, when taken together, bear the signatures of each of the other parties hereto. Delivery of an executed signature page counterpart hereof by telecopy, emailed .pdf or any other electronic means that reproduces an image of the actual executed signature page shall be effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart hereof. The words “execution,” “signed,” “signature,” “delivery,” and words of like import in or relating to any document to be signed in connection with this Credit Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby shall be deemed to include electronic signatures, the electronic association of signatures and records on electronic platforms, deliveries or the keeping of records in electronic form, each of which shall be of the same legal effect, validity or enforceability as a manually executed signature, physical delivery thereof or the use of a paper-based recordkeeping system, as the case may be, to the extent and as provided for in any applicable law, including the Federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, the New York

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State Electronic Signatures and Records Act, any other similar state laws based on the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act or the Uniform Commercial Code, each as amended, and the parties hereto hereby waive any objection to the contrary, provided that (x) nothing herein shall require Administrative Agent to accept electronic signature counterparts in any form or format and (y) Administrative Agent reserves the right to require, at any time and at its sole discretion, the delivery of manually executed counterpart signature pages to any Loan Document and the parties hereto agree to promptly deliver such manually executed counterpart signature pages. This Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents, and any separate letter agreements with respect to fees payable to Administrative Agent, Lead Arranger or any Lender, constitute the entire contract among the parties relating to the subject matter hereof and supersede any and all previous agreements and understandings, oral or written, relating to the subject matter hereof.

Section 10.7 Severability. In the event any one or more of the provisions contained in this Credit Agreement should be held invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby (it being understood that the invalidity of a particular provision in a particular jurisdiction shall not in and of itself affect the validity of such provision in any other jurisdiction). The parties shall endeavor in good faith negotiations to replace the invalid, illegal or unenforceable provisions with valid provisions the economic effect of which comes as close as possible to that of the invalid, illegal or unenforceable provisions.

Section 10.8 Setoff. If an Event of Default shall have occurred and be continuing, each Credit Party and each of their respective branches and Affiliates is hereby authorized at any time and from time to time, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, to set off and apply any and all deposits (general or special, time or demand, provisional or final, in whatever currency) at any time held and other obligations (in whatever currency) at any time owing by such Credit Party or any such branch or Affiliate to or for the credit or the account of any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries against any and all of the obligations of such Loan Party or such Subsidiary now or hereafter existing under this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document to such Credit Party or such branch or Affiliate, irrespective of whether or not such Credit Party, branch or Affiliate shall have made any demand under this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document and although such obligations of such Loan Party or Subsidiary may be contingent or unmatured or are owed to a branch, office or Affiliate of such Credit Party different from the branch, office or Affiliate holding such deposit or obligated on such indebtedness, provided, that in the event that any Defaulting Lender shall exercise any right of setoff, (x) all amounts so set off shall be paid over immediately to the Administrative Agent for further application in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.8 and, pending such payment, shall be segregated by such Defaulting Lender from its other funds and deemed held in trust for the benefit of the Administrative Agent and the Lenders, and (y) the Defaulting Lender shall provide promptly to the Administrative Agent a statement describing in reasonable detail the Secured Obligations owing to such Defaulting Lender as to which it exercised such right of setoff. The rights of each Credit Party and its branches and Affiliates under this Section are in addition to other rights and remedies (including other rights of setoff) that such Credit Party and its branches and Affiliates may have. Each Credit Party agrees to notify the Borrower and the Administrative Agent promptly after any such setoff and application, provided that the failure to give such notice shall not affect the validity of such setoff and application.

Section 10.9 Governing Law; Jurisdiction; Consent to Service of Process.

(a) Governing Law. This Credit Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York.

(b) Submission to Jurisdiction. Each of the parties hereto irrevocably and unconditionally submits, for itself and its property, to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the State of New York sitting in New York County and of the United States District Court of the for the Southern

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District of New York and any appellate court from any thereof, in any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document, or for recognition or enforcement of any judgment, and each of the parties hereto irrevocably and unconditionally agrees that all claims in respect of any such action or proceeding may be heard and determined in such New York State court or, to the fullest extent permitted by Applicable Law, in such Federal court. Each of the parties hereto agrees that a final judgment in any such action or proceeding shall be conclusive and may be enforced in other jurisdictions by suit on the judgment or in any other manner provided by law. Nothing in this Credit Agreement or in any other Loan Document shall (i) affect any right that any Credit Party may otherwise have to bring any action or proceeding relating to this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document against the Borrower or any other Loan Party or its properties in the courts of any jurisdiction, (ii) waive any statutory, regulatory, common law, or other rule, doctrine, legal restriction, provision or the like providing for the treatment of bank branches, bank agencies, or other bank offices as if they were separate juridical entities for certain purposes, including Uniform Commercial Code Sections 4-106, 4-A-105(1)(b), and 5-116(b), UCP 600 Article 3 and ISP98 Rule 2.02, and URDG 758 Article 3(a), or (iii) affect which courts have or do not have personal jurisdiction over the issuing bank or beneficiary of any Letter of Credit or any advising bank, nominated bank or assignee of proceeds thereunder or proper venue with respect to any litigation arising out of or relating to such Letter of Credit with, or affecting the rights of, any Person not a party to this Credit Agreement, whether or not such Letter of Credit contains its own jurisdiction submission clause.

(c) Waiver of Objection to Venue. Each of the parties hereto irrevocably and unconditionally waives, to the fullest extent permitted by Applicable Law, any objection that it may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue of any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document in any court referred to in paragraph (b) of this Section. Each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by Applicable Law, the defense of an inconvenient forum to the maintenance of such action or proceeding in any such court.

(d) Service of Process. Each of the parties hereto irrevocably consents to service of process in the manner provided for notices in Section 10.1. Nothing in this Credit Agreement will affect the right of any party to this Credit Agreement to serve process in any other manner permitted by Applicable Law.

Section 10.10 WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL. EACH PARTY HERETO HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS CREDIT AGREEMENT OR ANY OTHER LOAN DOCUMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY OR THEREBY (WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT OR ANY OTHER THEORY). EACH PARTY HERETO HEREBY (A) CERTIFIES THAT NO REPRESENTATIVE, AGENT OR ATTORNEY OF ANY OTHER PERSON HAS REPRESENTED, EXPRESSLY OR OTHERWISE, THAT SUCH OTHER PERSON WOULD NOT, IN THE EVENT OF LITIGATION, SEEK TO ENFORCE THE FOREGOING WAIVER AND (B) ACKNOWLEDGES THAT IT AND THE OTHER PARTIES HERETO HAVE BEEN INDUCED TO ENTER INTO THIS CREDIT AGREEMENT AND THE OTHER LOAN DOCUMENTS BY, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MUTUAL WAIVERS AND CERTIFICATIONS IN THIS SECTION.

Section 10.11 Payments Set Aside. To the extent that any payment by or on behalf of the Borrower is made to the Administrative Agent or any Lender, or the Administrative Agent or any Lender exercises its right of setoff, and such payment or the proceeds of such setoff or any part thereof is subsequently invalidated, declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside or required (including pursuant to any settlement entered into by the Administrative Agent or such Lender in its discretion) to be repaid to a trustee, receiver or any other party, in connection with any proceeding under any Debtor Relief Law or Fraudulent Transfer Law, then (a) to the extent of such recovery, the obligation or part thereof originally intended to

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be satisfied shall be revived and continued in full force and effect as if such payment had not been made or such setoff had not occurred, and (b) each Lender severally agrees to pay to the Administrative Agent upon demand its applicable share of any amount so recovered from or repaid by the Administrative Agent, plus interest thereon from the date of such demand to the date such payment is made at a rate per annum equal to the greater of the Federal Funds Rate from time to time in effect and a rate determined by the Administrative Agent in accordance with banking industry rules on interbank compensation.

Section 10.12 Headings. Article and Section headings and the Table of Contents used herein are for convenience of reference only, are not part of this Credit Agreement and shall not affect the construction of, or be taken into consideration in interpreting, this Credit Agreement.

Section 10.13 Interest Rate Limitation. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if at any time the interest rate applicable to any Loan or L/C Obligation, together with all fees, charges and other amounts that are treated as interest thereon under applicable law (collectively the “charges”), shall exceed the maximum lawful rate (the “maximum rate”) that may be contracted for, charged, taken, received or reserved by the Lender holding an interest in such Loan or L/C Obligation in accordance with applicable law, the rate of interest payable in respect of such Loan or L/C Obligation hereunder, together with all of the charges payable in respect thereof, shall be limited to the maximum rate and, to the extent lawful, the interest and the charges that would have been payable in respect of such Loan or L/C Obligation but were not payable as a result of the operation of this Section shall be cumulated, and the interest and the charges payable to such Lender in respect of other Loans or L/C Obligations or periods shall be increased (but not above the maximum rate therefor) until such cumulated amount, together with interest thereon at the Federal Funds Rate to the date of repayment, shall have been received by such Lender.

Section 10.14 Confidentiality; Treatment of Certain Information.

(a) Each Credit Party agrees to maintain the confidentiality of the Information (as defined below), except that Information may be disclosed (i) to its Affiliates and to its and its Affiliates’ respective partners, directors, officers, employees, agents, advisors, consultants, contractors and other representatives (it being understood that the Persons to whom such disclosure is made will be informed of the confidential nature of such Information and instructed to keep such Information confidential), (ii) to the extent requested by any regulatory authority purporting to have jurisdiction over it (including any self-regulatory authority, such as the National Association of Insurance Commissioners), (iii) to the extent required by Applicable Law or regulations or by any subpoena or similar legal process, (iv) to any other party hereto, (v) in connection with the exercise of any remedies hereunder or under any other Loan Document or any action or proceeding relating to this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document or the enforcement of rights hereunder or thereunder, (vi) subject to an agreement containing provisions substantially the same as those of this Section, to (A) any assignee of or Participant in, or any prospective assignee of or Participant in, any of its rights or obligations under this Credit Agreement or (B) any actual or prospective party (or its Related Parties) to any swap, derivative or other transaction under which payments are to be made by reference to the Borrower and its obligations, this Credit Agreement or payments hereunder, (vii) on a confidential basis to (A) any rating agency in connection with rating the Borrower, its Subsidiaries or the Credit Facilities or (B) the CUSIP Service Bureau or any similar agency in connection with the issuance and monitoring of CUSIP numbers with respect to the Credit Facilities, (viii) with the consent of the Borrower or (ix) to the extent such Information (A) becomes publicly available other than as a result of a breach of this Section or (B) becomes available to the Administrative Agent, any Credit Party or any of their respective Affiliates on a non-confidential basis from a source other than the Borrower or (C) is independently generated by the Administrative Agent, any Credit Party or any of their respective Affiliates. In addition, the Administrative Agent and the Lenders may disclose the existence of this Credit Agreement and information about this Credit Agreement and the Loan Documents to (i) market data collectors, league table providers and other similar service providers to the lending industry and (ii)

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service providers to the Administrative Agent or any Lender in connection with the administration of this Credit Agreement, the other Loan Documents, and the Commitments.

(b) For purposes of this Section, “Information” means all information received from any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries relating to any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective businesses, other than any such information that is available to the Administrative Agent or any other Credit Party on a non-confidential basis prior to disclosure by any Loan Party or any Subsidiary or that is independently prepared by the Administrative Agent or any other Credit Party, provided that, in the case of information received from any Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries after the Agreement Date, such information is clearly identified at the time of delivery as confidential. Any Person required to maintain the confidentiality of Information as provided in this Section shall be considered to have complied with its obligation to do so if such Person has exercised the same degree of care to maintain the confidentiality of such Information as such Person would accord to its own confidential information. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, “Information” shall not include, and each Credit Party (and their Affiliates and respective partners, directors, officers, employees, agents, advisors and representatives) may disclose to any and all persons, without limitation of any kind, any information with respect to the U.S. federal income tax treatment and U.S. federal income tax structure of the transactions contemplated hereby and all materials of any kind (including opinions or other tax analyses) that are provided to such Credit Party relating to such tax treatment and tax structure.

(c) The Loan Parties agree, on behalf of themselves and their Affiliates, that they will not in the future issue any press releases or other public disclosure using the name of the Administrative Agent or any Lender or their respective Affiliates or referring to this Credit Agreement or any of the other Loan Documents without the prior written consent of such Person, unless (and only to the extent that) the Loan Parties or such Affiliate is required to do so under law and then, in any event, the Loan Parties or such Affiliate will consult with such Person before issuing such press release or other public disclosure.

(d) The Loan Parties consent to the publication by the Administrative Agent or any Lender of customary advertising material relating to the Transactions (including, without limitation amount and type of facility) using the names, product photographs, logos or trademarks of the Loan Parties.

Section 10.15 USA PATRIOT Act. Each Lender that is subject to the USA PATRIOT Act and the Administrative Agent (for itself and not on behalf of any Lender) hereby notifies the Borrower that pursuant to the requirements of the USA PATRIOT Act, it is required to obtain, verify and record information that identifies each Loan Party, which information includes the name and address of each Loan Party and other information that will allow such Lender or the Administrative Agent, as applicable, to identify each Loan Party in accordance with the USA PATRIOT Act. The Borrower shall, and shall cause each Subsidiary to, provide such information and take such actions as are reasonably requested by the Administrative Agent or any Lender in order to assist the Administrative Agent and the Lenders in maintaining compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act.

Section 10.16 No Fiduciary Duty. Each Loan Party agrees that in connection with all aspects of the transactions contemplated hereby and any communications in connection therewith, such Loan Party and its Affiliates, on the one hand, and the Administrative Agent, the Lead Arranger, the Documentation Agent, the Syndication Agent, the other Credit Parties and their respective Affiliates, on the other hand, will have a business relationship that does not create, by implication or otherwise, any fiduciary duty on the part of the Administrative Agent, the Lead Arranger, the Documentation Agent, the Syndication Agent, the other Credit Parties or their respective Affiliates and no such duty will be deemed to have arisen in connection with any such transactions or communications.

Section 10.17 Acknowledgement and Consent to Bail-In of Affected Financial Institutions. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any Loan Document or in any other agreement, arrangement

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or understanding among any such parties, each party hereto acknowledges that any liability of any Affected Financial Institution arising under any Loan Document, to the extent such liability is unsecured, may be subject to the Write-Down and Conversion Powers of the applicable Resolution Authority and agrees and consents to, and acknowledges and agrees to be bound by:

(a) the application of any Write-Down and Conversion Powers by the applicable Resolution Authority to any such liabilities arising hereunder which may be payable to it by any party hereto that is an Affected Financial Institution; and

(b) the effects of any Bail-In Action on any such liability, including, if applicable:

(i) a reduction in full or in part or cancellation of any such liability;

(ii) a conversion of all, or a portion of, such liability into shares or other instruments of ownership in such Affected Financial Institution, its parent undertaking, or a bridge institution that may be issued to it or otherwise conferred on it, and that such shares or other instruments of ownership will be accepted by it in lieu of any rights with respect to any such liability under this Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document; or

(iii) the variation of the terms of such liability in connection with the exercise of the Write-Down and Conversion Powers of any applicable Resolution Authority.

Section 10.18 Certain ERISA Matters.

(a) Each Lender (x) represents and warrants, as of the date such Person became a Lender party hereto, to, and (y) covenants, from the date such Person became a Lender party hereto to the date such Person ceases being a Lender party hereto, for the benefit of, the Administrative Agent and the Lead Arranger and their respective Affiliates, and not, for the avoidance of doubt, to or for the benefit of the Borrower or any other Loan Party, that at least one of the following is and will be true:

(i) such Lender is not using “plan assets” (within the meaning of 29 CFR § 2510.3-101, as modified by Section 3(42) of ERISA) of one or more Benefit Plans in connection with the Loans, the Letters of Credit or the Commitments,

(ii) the transaction exemption set forth in one or more PTEs, such as PTE 84-14 (a class exemption for certain transactions determined by independent qualified professional asset managers), PTE 95-60 (a class exemption for certain transactions involving insurance company general accounts), PTE 90-1 (a class exemption for certain transactions involving insurance company pooled separate accounts), PTE 91-38 (a class exemption for certain transactions involving bank collective investment funds) or PTE 96-23 (a class exemption for certain transactions determined by in-house asset managers), is applicable with respect to such Lender’s entrance into, participation in, administration of and performance of the Loans, the Letters of Credit, the Commitments and this Credit Agreement,

(iii) (A) such Lender is an investment fund managed by a “Qualified Professional Asset Manager” (within the meaning of Part VI of PTE 84-14), (B) such Qualified Professional Asset Manager made the investment decision on behalf of such Lender to enter into, participate in, administer and perform the Loans, the Letters of Credit, the Commitments and this Credit Agreement, (C) the entrance into, participation in, administration of and performance of the Loans, the Letters of Credit, the Commitments and this Credit Agreement satisfies the requirements of sub-sections (b) through (g) of Part I of PTE 84-14 and (D) to the best knowledge of such Lender, the requirements of subsection (a) of Part I of PTE 84-14 are satisfied with respect to such Lender’s

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entrance into, participation in, administration of and performance of the Loans, the Letters of Credit, the Commitments and this Credit Agreement, or

(iv) such other representation, warranty and covenant as may be agreed in writing between the Administrative Agent, in its sole discretion, and such Lender.

(b) In addition, unless sub-clause (i) in the immediately preceding clause (a) is true with respect to a Lender or such Lender has not provided another representation, warranty and covenant as provided in sub-clause (iv) in the immediately preceding clause (a), such Lender further (x) represents and warrants, as of the date such Person became a Lender party hereto, to, and (y) covenants, from the date such Person became a Lender party hereto to the date such Person ceases being a Lender party hereto, for the benefit of, the Administrative Agent and the Lead Arranger and their respective Affiliates, and not, for the avoidance of doubt, to or for the benefit of the Borrower or any other Loan Party, that:

(i) none of the Administrative Agent or the Lead Arranger or any of their respective Affiliates is a fiduciary with respect to the assets of such Lender (including in connection with the reservation or exercise of any rights by the Administrative Agent under this Credit Agreement, any Loan Document or any documents related to hereto or thereto),

(ii) the Person making the investment decision on behalf of such Lender with respect to the entrance into, participation in, administration of and performance of the Loans, the Letters of Credit, the Commitments and this Credit Agreement is independent (within the meaning of 29 CFR § 2510.3-21) and is a bank, an insurance carrier, an investment adviser, a broker-dealer or other person that holds, or has under management or control, total assets of at least $50 million, in each case as described in 29 CFR § 2510.3-21(c)(1)(i)(A)-(E),

(iii) the Person making the investment decision on behalf of such Lender with respect to the entrance into, participation in, administration of and performance of the Loans, the Letters of Credit, the Commitments and this Credit Agreement is capable of evaluating investment risks independently, both in general and with regard to particular transactions and investment strategies (including in respect of the Loan Document Obligations),

(iv) the Person making the investment decision on behalf of such Lender with respect to the entrance into, participation in, administration of and performance of the Loans, the Letters of Credit, the Commitments and this Credit Agreement is a fiduciary under ERISA or the Code, or both, with respect to the Loans, the Letters of Credit, the Commitments and this Credit Agreement and is responsible for exercising independent judgment in evaluating the transactions hereunder, and

(v) no fee or other compensation is being paid directly to the Administrative Agent or the Lead Arranger or any their respective Affiliates for investment advice (as opposed to other services) in connection with the Loans, the Letters of Credit, the Commitments or this Credit Agreement.

(c) The Administrative Agent and the Lead Arranger hereby inform the Lenders that each such Person is not undertaking to provide impartial investment advice, or to give advice in a fiduciary capacity, in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, and that such Person has a financial interest in the transactions contemplated hereby in that such Person or an Affiliate thereof (i) may receive interest or other payments with respect to the Loans, the Letters of Credit, the Commitments and this Credit Agreement, (ii) may recognize a gain if it extended the Loans, the Letters of Credit or the Commitments for an amount less than the amount being paid for an interest in the Loans, the Letters of Credit or the Commitments by such Lender or (iii) may receive fees or other payments in connection with the transactions

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contemplated hereby, the Loan Documents or otherwise, including structuring fees, commitment fees, arrangement fees, facility fees, upfront fees, underwriting fees, ticking fees, agency fees, administrative agent or collateral agent fees, utilization fees, minimum usage fees, letter of credit fees, fronting fees, deal-away or alternate transaction fees, amendment fees, processing fees, term out premiums, banker’s acceptance fees, breakage or other early termination fees or fees similar to the foregoing.

Section 10.19 Acknowledgement Regarding Any Supported QFCs. To the extent that the Loan Documents provide support, through a guarantee or otherwise, for Swap Agreements or any other agreement or instrument that is a QFC (such support, “QFC Credit Support” and each such QFC a “Supported QFC”), the parties acknowledge and agree as follows with respect to the resolution power of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (together with the regulations promulgated thereunder, the “U.S. Special Resolution Regimes”) in respect of such Supported QFC and QFC Credit Support (with the provisions below applicable notwithstanding that the Loan Documents and any Supported QFC may in fact be stated to be governed by the laws of the State of New York or of the United States or any other state of the United States):

(a) In the event a Covered Entity that is party to a Supported QFC (each, a “Covered Party”) becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the transfer of such Supported QFC and the benefit of such QFC Credit Support (and any interest and obligation in or under such Supported QFC and such QFC Credit Support, and any rights in property securing such Supported QFC or such QFC Credit Support) from such Covered Party will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if the Supported QFC and such QFC Credit Support (and any such interest, obligation and rights in property) were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. In the event a Covered Party or a BHC Act Affiliate of a Covered Party becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights under the Loan Documents that might otherwise apply to such Supported QFC or any QFC Credit Support that may be exercised against such Covered Party are permitted to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if the Supported QFC and the Loan Documents were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.

(b) As used in this Section 10.19, the following terms have the following meanings:

“BHC Act Affiliate” of a party means an “affiliate” (as such term is defined under, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. 1841(k)) of such party.

“Covered Entity” means any of the following:

(i) a “covered entity” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 252.82(b);

(ii) a “covered bank” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 47.3(b); or

(iii) a “covered FSI” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 382.2(b).

“Default Right” has the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. §§ 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable.

“QFC” has the meaning assigned to the term “qualified financial contract” in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. 5390(c)(8)(D).

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[Signature pages follow]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Credit Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized officers as of the day and year first above written.

OOMA, INC., as the Borrower
By:	/s/ Shig Hamamatsu
	Name:	Shig Hamamatsu
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer

 

 

CITIZENS BANK, N.A. as the Administrative Agent and the L/C Issuer
By:	/s/ Robert F. Roden
	Name:	Robert F. Roden
	Title:	Managing Director

 

CITIZENS BANK, N.A., as a Lender
By:	/s/ Robert F. Roden
	Name:	Robert F. Roden
	Title:	Managing Director

 

 

 

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Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

 

I, Eric B. Stang, certify that:

 

Date: December 7, 2023		By:		/s/ Eric B. Stang
				Eric B. Stang
				Chief Executive Officer
				(Principal Executive Officer)

 

 

 

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Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

 

I, Shig Hamamatsu, certify that:

 

Date: December 7, 2023		By:		/s/ Shig Hamamatsu
				Shig Hamamatsu
				Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

 

 

 

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Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Ooma, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Eric Stang, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

 

 

Date: December 7, 2023		By:		/s/ Eric B. Stang
				Eric B. Stang
				Chief Executive Officer
				(Principal Executive Officer)

 

 

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Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Ooma, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Shig Hamamatsu, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

 

Date: December 7, 2023		By:		/s/ Shig Hamamatsu
				Shig Hamamatsu
				Chief Financial Officer
				(Principal Financial Officer)

 

 

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